Navarro, Julien (2016). Donatella M. Viola. ed (英語). Routledge Handbook of European Elections. Routledge handbooks. ラウトレッジ. p. 55. ISBN978-0-415-59203-1. https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=7stgCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA552021年2月11日閲覧. "The Mouvement démocrate, MoDem (Democratic Movement) was founded in 2007 by the part of the UDF that had opposed the merger with the RPR in 2002 and that maintained its hostility towards any automatic alignment with the UMP (Abrial, 2011). Under the leadership of Francois Bayrou, the party has maintained the usual centrist, liberal and pro-European position of the former UDF."