Breedveld A, Groot Kormelink T, van Egmond M, de Jong EC (October 2017). “Granulocytes as modulators of dendritic cell function”. Journal of Leukocyte Biology102 (4): 1003–1016. doi:10.1189/jlb.4MR0217-048RR. PMID28642280.
Linderkamp O, Ruef P, Brenner B, Gulbins E, Lang F (December 1998). “Passive deformability of mature, immature, and active neutrophils in healthy and septicemic neonates”. Pediatric Research44 (6): 946–50. doi:10.1203/00006450-199812000-00021. PMID9853933.
Hickey MJ, Kubes P (May 2009). “Intravascular immunity: the host-pathogen encounter in blood vessels”. Nature Reviews. Immunology9 (5): 364–75. doi:10.1038/nri2532. PMID19390567.
Clark SR, Ma AC, Tavener SA, McDonald B, Goodarzi Z, Kelly MM, Patel KD, Chakrabarti S, McAvoy E, Sinclair GD, Keys EM, Allen-Vercoe E, Devinney R, Doig CJ, Green FH, Kubes P (April 2007). “Platelet TLR4 activates neutrophil extracellular traps to ensnare bacteria in septic blood”. Nature Medicine13 (4): 463–9. doi:10.1038/nm1565. PMID17384648.
Gleich, Gerald J.; Adolphson, Cheryl R. (1986). “The Eosinophilic Leukocyte: Structure and Function”. Advances in Immunology Volume 39. Advances in Immunology. 39. pp. 177–253. doi:10.1016/S0065-2776(08)60351-X. ISBN978-0-12-022439-5
Kariyawasam HH, Robinson DS (April 2006). “The eosinophil: the cell and its weapons, the cytokines, its locations”. Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine27 (2): 117–27. doi:10.1055/s-2006-939514. PMID16612762.
Lee DM, Friend DS, Gurish MF, Benoist C, Mathis D, Brenner MB (September 2002). “Mast cells: a cellular link between autoantibodies and inflammatory arthritis”. Science297 (5587): 1689–92. doi:10.1126/science.1073176. PMID12215644.
Polyzoidis S, Koletsa T, Panagiotidou S, Ashkan K, Theoharides TC (September 2015). “Mast cells in meningiomas and brain inflammation”. Journal of Neuroinflammation12 (1): 170. doi:10.1186/s12974-015-0388-3. PMC4573939. PMID26377554. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4573939/. "MCs originate from a bone marrow progenitor and subsequently develop different phenotype characteristics locally in tissues. Their range of functions is wide and includes participation in allergic reactions, innate and adaptive immunity, inflammation, and autoimmunity [34]. In the human brain, MCs can be located in various areas, such as the pituitary stalk, the pineal gland, the area postrema, the choroid plexus, thalamus, hypothalamus, and the median eminence [35]. In the meninges, they are found within the dural layer in association with vessels and terminals of meningeal nociceptors [36]. MCs have a distinct feature compared to other hematopoietic cells in that they reside in the brain [37]. MCs contain numerous granules and secrete an abundance of prestored mediators such as corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), neurotensin (NT), substance P (SP), tryptase, chymase, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), TNF, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and varieties of chemokines and cytokines some of which are known to disrupt the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) [38–40].
They key role of MCs in inflammation [34] and in the disruption of the BBB [41–43] suggests areas of importance for novel therapy research. Increasing evidence also indicates that MCs participate in neuroinflammation directly [44–46] and through microglia stimulation [47], contributing to the pathogenesis of such conditions such as headaches, [48] autism [49], and chronic fatigue syndrome [50]. In fact, a recent review indicated that peripheral inflammatory stimuli can cause microglia activation [51], thus possibly involving MCs outside the brain."
Breedveld A, Groot Kormelink T, van Egmond M, de Jong EC (October 2017). “Granulocytes as modulators of dendritic cell function”. Journal of Leukocyte Biology102 (4): 1003–1016. doi:10.1189/jlb.4MR0217-048RR. PMID28642280.
Linderkamp O, Ruef P, Brenner B, Gulbins E, Lang F (December 1998). “Passive deformability of mature, immature, and active neutrophils in healthy and septicemic neonates”. Pediatric Research44 (6): 946–50. doi:10.1203/00006450-199812000-00021. PMID9853933.
Hickey MJ, Kubes P (May 2009). “Intravascular immunity: the host-pathogen encounter in blood vessels”. Nature Reviews. Immunology9 (5): 364–75. doi:10.1038/nri2532. PMID19390567.
Clark SR, Ma AC, Tavener SA, McDonald B, Goodarzi Z, Kelly MM, Patel KD, Chakrabarti S, McAvoy E, Sinclair GD, Keys EM, Allen-Vercoe E, Devinney R, Doig CJ, Green FH, Kubes P (April 2007). “Platelet TLR4 activates neutrophil extracellular traps to ensnare bacteria in septic blood”. Nature Medicine13 (4): 463–9. doi:10.1038/nm1565. PMID17384648.
Kariyawasam HH, Robinson DS (April 2006). “The eosinophil: the cell and its weapons, the cytokines, its locations”. Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine27 (2): 117–27. doi:10.1055/s-2006-939514. PMID16612762.
Lee DM, Friend DS, Gurish MF, Benoist C, Mathis D, Brenner MB (September 2002). “Mast cells: a cellular link between autoantibodies and inflammatory arthritis”. Science297 (5587): 1689–92. doi:10.1126/science.1073176. PMID12215644.
Polyzoidis S, Koletsa T, Panagiotidou S, Ashkan K, Theoharides TC (September 2015). “Mast cells in meningiomas and brain inflammation”. Journal of Neuroinflammation12 (1): 170. doi:10.1186/s12974-015-0388-3. PMC4573939. PMID26377554. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4573939/. "MCs originate from a bone marrow progenitor and subsequently develop different phenotype characteristics locally in tissues. Their range of functions is wide and includes participation in allergic reactions, innate and adaptive immunity, inflammation, and autoimmunity [34]. In the human brain, MCs can be located in various areas, such as the pituitary stalk, the pineal gland, the area postrema, the choroid plexus, thalamus, hypothalamus, and the median eminence [35]. In the meninges, they are found within the dural layer in association with vessels and terminals of meningeal nociceptors [36]. MCs have a distinct feature compared to other hematopoietic cells in that they reside in the brain [37]. MCs contain numerous granules and secrete an abundance of prestored mediators such as corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), neurotensin (NT), substance P (SP), tryptase, chymase, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), TNF, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and varieties of chemokines and cytokines some of which are known to disrupt the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) [38–40].
They key role of MCs in inflammation [34] and in the disruption of the BBB [41–43] suggests areas of importance for novel therapy research. Increasing evidence also indicates that MCs participate in neuroinflammation directly [44–46] and through microglia stimulation [47], contributing to the pathogenesis of such conditions such as headaches, [48] autism [49], and chronic fatigue syndrome [50]. In fact, a recent review indicated that peripheral inflammatory stimuli can cause microglia activation [51], thus possibly involving MCs outside the brain."
Polyzoidis S, Koletsa T, Panagiotidou S, Ashkan K, Theoharides TC (September 2015). “Mast cells in meningiomas and brain inflammation”. Journal of Neuroinflammation12 (1): 170. doi:10.1186/s12974-015-0388-3. PMC4573939. PMID26377554. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4573939/. "MCs originate from a bone marrow progenitor and subsequently develop different phenotype characteristics locally in tissues. Their range of functions is wide and includes participation in allergic reactions, innate and adaptive immunity, inflammation, and autoimmunity [34]. In the human brain, MCs can be located in various areas, such as the pituitary stalk, the pineal gland, the area postrema, the choroid plexus, thalamus, hypothalamus, and the median eminence [35]. In the meninges, they are found within the dural layer in association with vessels and terminals of meningeal nociceptors [36]. MCs have a distinct feature compared to other hematopoietic cells in that they reside in the brain [37]. MCs contain numerous granules and secrete an abundance of prestored mediators such as corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), neurotensin (NT), substance P (SP), tryptase, chymase, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), TNF, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and varieties of chemokines and cytokines some of which are known to disrupt the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) [38–40].
They key role of MCs in inflammation [34] and in the disruption of the BBB [41–43] suggests areas of importance for novel therapy research. Increasing evidence also indicates that MCs participate in neuroinflammation directly [44–46] and through microglia stimulation [47], contributing to the pathogenesis of such conditions such as headaches, [48] autism [49], and chronic fatigue syndrome [50]. In fact, a recent review indicated that peripheral inflammatory stimuli can cause microglia activation [51], thus possibly involving MCs outside the brain."
Polyzoidis S, Koletsa T, Panagiotidou S, Ashkan K, Theoharides TC (September 2015). “Mast cells in meningiomas and brain inflammation”. Journal of Neuroinflammation12 (1): 170. doi:10.1186/s12974-015-0388-3. PMC4573939. PMID26377554. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4573939/. "MCs originate from a bone marrow progenitor and subsequently develop different phenotype characteristics locally in tissues. Their range of functions is wide and includes participation in allergic reactions, innate and adaptive immunity, inflammation, and autoimmunity [34]. In the human brain, MCs can be located in various areas, such as the pituitary stalk, the pineal gland, the area postrema, the choroid plexus, thalamus, hypothalamus, and the median eminence [35]. In the meninges, they are found within the dural layer in association with vessels and terminals of meningeal nociceptors [36]. MCs have a distinct feature compared to other hematopoietic cells in that they reside in the brain [37]. MCs contain numerous granules and secrete an abundance of prestored mediators such as corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), neurotensin (NT), substance P (SP), tryptase, chymase, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), TNF, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and varieties of chemokines and cytokines some of which are known to disrupt the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) [38–40].
They key role of MCs in inflammation [34] and in the disruption of the BBB [41–43] suggests areas of importance for novel therapy research. Increasing evidence also indicates that MCs participate in neuroinflammation directly [44–46] and through microglia stimulation [47], contributing to the pathogenesis of such conditions such as headaches, [48] autism [49], and chronic fatigue syndrome [50]. In fact, a recent review indicated that peripheral inflammatory stimuli can cause microglia activation [51], thus possibly involving MCs outside the brain."
