Wallace, B. Alan Ph.D.. (November 1999) Is Buddhism Really Non-Theistic?. დაარქივებულია ორიგინალიდან — 2016-03-04. ციტირების თარიღი: 2014-07-22."Thus, in light of the theoretical progression from the bhavaºga to the tath›gatagarbha to the primordial wisdom of the absolute space of reality, Buddhism is not so simply non-theistic as it may appear at first
glance."
Holland, Aaron (1882-04-01). Agnosticism. in Flynn 2007, p. 34: "It is important to note that this interpretation of agnosticism is compatible with theism or atheism, since it is only asserted that knowledge of God's existence is unattainable." Flynn, Tom, ed. (25 October 2007). „The new encyclopedia of unbelief“. The New Encyclopedia of Unbelief. Prometheus Books. ISBN978-1-59102-391-3. OL8851140M.CS1-ის მხარდაჭერა: ref=harv (link)
Kenny, Anthony (2006). „Why I Am Not an Atheist“, What I believe. Continuum. ISBN0-8264-8971-0. „The true default position is neither theism nor atheism, but agnosticism ... a claim to knowledge needs to be substantiated; ignorance need only be confessed.“
Winston, Robert (Ed.) (2004). Human. New York: DK Publishing, Inc, გვ. 299. ISBN0-7566-1901-7. „Nonbelief has existed for centuries. For example, Buddhism and Jainism have been called atheistic religions because they do not advocate belief in gods.“
Levin, S. (May 1995). „Jewish Atheism“. New Humanist. 110 (2): 13–15.CS1-ის მხარდაჭერა: ref=harv (link)
Harvey, Van A.. Agnosticism and Atheism. in Flynn 2007, p. 35: "The terms ATHEISM and AGNOSTICISM lend themselves to two different definitions. The first takes the privative a both before the Greek theos (divinity) and gnosis (to know) to mean that atheism is simply the absence of belief in the gods and agnosticism is simply lack of knowledge of some specified subject matter. The second definition takes atheism to mean the explicit denial of the existence of gods and agnosticism as the position of someone who, because the existence of gods is unknowable, suspends judgment regarding them ... The first is the more inclusive and recognizes only two alternatives: Either one believes in the gods or one does not. Consequently, there is no third alternative, as those who call themselves agnostics sometimes claim. Insofar as they lack belief, they are really atheists. Moreover, since absence of belief is the cognitive position in which everyone is born, the burden of proof falls on those who advocate religious belief. The proponents of the second definition, by contrast, regard the first definition as too broad because it includes uninformed children along with aggressive and explicit atheists. Consequently, it is unlikely that the public will adopt it." Flynn, Tom, ed. (25 October 2007). „The new encyclopedia of unbelief“. The New Encyclopedia of Unbelief. Prometheus Books. ISBN978-1-59102-391-3. OL8851140M.CS1-ის მხარდაჭერა: ref=harv (link)
Rowe 1998: "As commonly understood, atheism is the position that affirms the nonexistence of God. So an atheist is someone who disbelieves in God, whereas a theist is someone who believes in God. Another meaning of 'atheism' is simply nonbelief in the existence of God, rather than positive belief in the nonexistence of God. ... an atheist, in the broader sense of the term, is someone who disbelieves in every form of deity, not just the God of traditional Western theology." Rowe, William L. (1998). „Atheism“. In Edward Craig (ed.). Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Taylor & Francis. ISBN978-0-415-07310-3. ციტირების თარიღი: 2011-04-09.CS1-ის მხარდაჭერა: ref=harv (link)
Drachmann, A. B. [1922] (1977). Atheism in Pagan Antiquity. Chicago: Ares Publishers. ISBN0-89005-201-8. „Atheism and atheist are words formed from Greek roots and with Greek derivative endings. Nevertheless they are not Greek; their formation is not consonant with Greek usage. In Greek they said átheos and atheotēs; to these the English words ungodly and ungodliness correspond rather closely. In exactly the same way as ungodly, átheos was used as an expression of severe censure and moral condemnation; this use is an old one, and the oldest that can be traced. Not till later do we find it employed to denote a certain philosophical creed.“
Martin 1990, p. 467–468: "In the popular sense an agnostic neither believes nor disbelieves that God exists, while an atheist disbelieves that God exists. However, this common contrast of agnosticism with atheism will hold only if one assumes that atheism means positive atheism. In the popular sense, agnosticism is compatible with negative atheism. Since negative atheism by definition simply means not holding any concept of God, it is compatible with neither believing nor disbelieving in God."
Flint 1903, p. 49–51: "The atheist may however be, and not unfrequently is, an agnostic. There is an agnostic atheism or atheistic agnosticism, and the combination of atheism with agnosticism which may be so named is not an uncommon one."
Holland, Aaron (1882-04-01). Agnosticism. in Flynn 2007, p. 34: "It is important to note that this interpretation of agnosticism is compatible with theism or atheism, since it is only asserted that knowledge of God's existence is unattainable." Flynn, Tom, ed. (25 October 2007). „The new encyclopedia of unbelief“. The New Encyclopedia of Unbelief. Prometheus Books. ISBN978-1-59102-391-3. OL8851140M.CS1-ის მხარდაჭერა: ref=harv (link)
Barker 2008, p. 96: "People are invariably surprised to hear me say I am both an atheist and an agnostic, as if this somehow weakens my certainty. I usually reply with a question like, "Well, are you a Republican or an American?" The two words serve different concepts and are not mutually exclusive. Agnosticism addresses knowledge; atheism addresses belief. The agnostic says, "I don't have a knowledge that God exists." The atheist says, "I don't have a belief that God exists." You can say both things at the same time. Some agnostics are atheistic and some are theistic."
Besant, Annie. Why Should Atheists Be Persecuted?. in Bradlaugh და სხვები. 1884, p. 185–186: "The Atheist waits for proof of God. Till that proof comes he remains, as his name implies, without God. His mind is open to every new truth, after it has passed the warder Reason at the gate."
Holyoake, George Jacob (1842). „Mr. Mackintosh's New God“. The Oracle of Reason, Or, Philosophy Vindicated. 1 (23): 186. ციტატა: „On the contrary, I, as an Atheist, simply profess that I do not see sufficient reason to believe that there is a god. I do not pretend to know that there is no god. The whole question of god's existence, belief or disbelief, a question of probability or of improbability, not knowledge.“
Johnson, Philip; Clifford, Ross; Lewis, Mark; Madsen, Ole Skjerbaek; Morehead, John W.; Mulholland, Ken; Payne, Simeon (2005) Religious and Non-Religious Spirituality in the Western World ("New Age"). William Carey Library, გვ. 194. ISBN978-0-87808-364-0. „Although Neo-Pagans share common commitments to nature and spirit there is a diversity of beliefs and practices ... Some are atheists, others are polytheists (several gods exist), some are pantheists (all is God) and others are panentheists (all is in God).“
Matthews, Carol S. (2009). New Religions. Chelsea House Publishers. ISBN978-0-7910-8096-2. „There is no universal worldview that all Neo-Pagans/Wiccans hold. One online information source indicates that depending on how the term God is defined, Neo-Pagans might be classified as monotheists, duotheists (two gods), polytheists, pantheists, or atheists.“
Chakravarti, Sitansu (1991). Hinduism, a way of life. Motilal Banarsidass Publ., გვ. 65. ISBN978-81-208-0899-7. ციტირების თარიღი: 2014-07-15. „For the thoroughgoing atheist, the path is extremely difficult, if not lonely, for he can not develop any relationship of love with God, nor can he expect any divine help on the long and arduous journey.“
(1996) Human Rights, Virtue, and the Common Good. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN978-0-8476-8279-9. ციტირების თარიღი: 2011-04-09. „That problem was brought home to us with dazzling clarity by Nietzsche, who had reflected more deeply than any of his contemporaries on the implications of godlessness and come to the conclusion that a fatal contradiction lay at the heart of modern theological enterprise: it thought that Christian morality, which it wished to preserve, was independent of Christian dogma, which it rejected. This, in Nietzsche's mind, was an absurdity. It amounted to nothing less than dismissing the architect while trying to keep the building or getting rid of the lawgiver while claiming the protection of the law.“
(11 May 2009) The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN978-1-4051-7657-6. ციტირების თარიღი: 2011-04-09. „Morality "has truth only if God is truth–it stands or falls with faith in God" (Nietzsche 1968, p. 70). The moral argument for the existence of God essentially takes Nietzsche's assertion as one of its premises: if there is no God, then "there are altogether no moral facts".“
(1991) Victorian Subjects. Duke University Press. ISBN978-0-8223-1110-2. ციტირების თარიღი: 2011-04-09. „Like other mid-nineteenth-century writers, George Eliot was not fully aware of the implications of her humanism, and, as Nietzsche saw, attempted the difficult task of upholding the Christian morality of altruism without faith in the Christian God.“
Feinberg, John S.; Feinberg, Paul D. (4 November 2010) Ethics for a Brave New World. Stand To Reason. ISBN978-1-58134-712-8. ციტირების თარიღი: 2007-10-18. „Over a half century ago, while I was still a child, I recall hearing a number of old people offer the following explanation for the great disasters that had befallen Russia: 'Men have forgotten God; that's why all this has happened.' Since then I have spent well-nigh 50 years working on the history of our revolution; in the process I have read hundreds of books, collected hundreds of personal testimonies, and have already contributed eight volumes of my own toward the effort of clearing away the rubble left by that upheaval. But if I were asked today to formulate as concisely as possible the main cause of the ruinous revolution that swallowed up some 60 million of our people, I could not put it more accurately than to repeat: 'Men have forgotten God; that's why all this has happened.'“
Nielsen 2013: "Instead of saying that an atheist is someone who believes that it is false or probably false that there is a God, a more adequate characterization of atheism consists in the more complex claim that to be an atheist is to be someone who rejects belief in God for the following reasons ... : for an anthropomorphic God, the atheist rejects belief in God because it is false or probably false that there is a God; for a nonanthropomorphic God ... because the concept of such a God is either meaningless, unintelligible, contradictory, incomprehensible, or incoherent; for the God portrayed by some modern or contemporary theologians or philosophers ... because the concept of God in question is such that it merely masks an atheistic substance—e.g., "God" is just another name for love, or ... a symbolic term for moral ideals." Nielsen, Kai (2013). „Atheism“. Encyclopædia Britannica. ციტირების თარიღი: 2013-11-25.CS1-ის მხარდაჭერა: ref=harv (link)
Nielsen 2013: "atheism, in general, the critique and denial of metaphysical beliefs in God or spiritual beings. As such, it is usually distinguished from theism, which affirms the reality of the divine and often seeks to demonstrate its existence. Atheism is also distinguished from agnosticism, which leaves open the question whether there is a god or not, professing to find the questions unanswered or unanswerable." Nielsen, Kai (2013). „Atheism“. Encyclopædia Britannica. ციტირების თარიღი: 2013-11-25.CS1-ის მხარდაჭერა: ref=harv (link)
V.A. Gunasekara, The Buddhist Attitude to God. დაარქივებულია ორიგინალიდან — 2008-01-02. In the Bhuridatta Jataka, "The Buddha argues that the three most commonly given attributes of God, viz. omnipotence, omniscience and benevolence towards humanity cannot all be mutually compatible with the existential fact of dukkha."
The word αθεοι—in any of its forms—appears nowhere else in the Septuagint or the New Testament. Robertson, A.T. [1932] (1960). „Ephesians: Chapter 2“, Word Pictures in the New Testament. Broadman Press. „Old Greek word, not in LXX, only here in N.T. Atheists in the original sense of being without God and also in the sense of hostility to God from failure to worship him. See Paul's words in Ro 1:18–32.“
Most dictionaries (see the OneLook query for "atheism") first list one of the more narrow definitions.
Runes, Dagobert D.(editor) (1942). Dictionary of Philosophy. New Jersey: Littlefield, Adams & Co. Philosophical Library. ISBN0-06-463461-2. ციტირების თარიღი: 2011-04-09. „(a) the belief that there is no God; (b) Some philosophers have been called "atheistic" because they have not held to a belief in a personal God. Atheism in this sense means "not theistic". The former meaning of the term is a literal rendering. The latter meaning is a less rigorous use of the term though widely current in the history of thought“
Schafersman, Steven D.. (February 1997) Naturalism is an Essential Part of Science and Critical Inquiry. Conference on Naturalism, Theism and the Scientific Enterprise. Department of Philosophy, The University of Texas. ციტირების თარიღი: 2011-04-07. Revised May 2007
Lyas, Colin (January 1970). „On the Coherence of Christian Atheism“. Philosophy: the Journal of the Royal Institute of Philosophy. 45 (171): 1–19. doi:10.1017/S0031819100009578.CS1-ის მხარდაჭერა: ref=harv (link)
Moreira-almeida, A.; Neto, F.; Koenig, H. G. (2006). „Religiousness and mental health: a review“. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria. 28 (3): 242–250. doi:10.1590/S1516-44462006005000006. PMID16924349.CS1-ის მხარდაჭერა: ref=harv (link)
Joshi, L.R. (1966). „A New Interpretation of Indian Atheism“. Philosophy East and West. 16 (3/4): 189–206. doi:10.2307/1397540. JSTOR1397540.CS1-ის მხარდაჭერა: ref=harv (link)
"Discrimination in the EU in 2012", Special Eurobarometer, 383 (European Union: European Commission): p. 233, 2012, http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_393_en.pdf. წაკითხვის თარიღი: 14 August 2013 The question asked was "Do you consider yourself to be...?", with a card showing: Catholic, Orthodox, Protestant, Other Christian, Jewish, Muslim, Sikh, Buddhist, Hindu, Atheist, and non-believer/agnostic. Space was given for Other (SPONTANEOUS) and DK. Jewish, Sikh, Buddhist, Hindu did not reach the 1% threshold.
"He who created god was a fool, he who spreads his name is a scoundrel, and he who worships him is a barbarian." Hiorth, Finngeir (1996). "Atheism in South India". International Humanist and Ethical Union, International Humanist News. Retrieved 2013-11-21
Joshi, L.R. (1966). „A New Interpretation of Indian Atheism“. Philosophy East and West. 16 (3/4): 189–206. doi:10.2307/1397540. JSTOR1397540.CS1-ის მხარდაჭერა: ref=harv (link)
„Atheism“. Encyclopædia Britannica Concise. Merriam Webster. ციტირების თარიღი: 2011-12-15. ციტატა: „Critique and denial of metaphysical beliefs in God or divine beings. Unlike agnosticism, which leaves open the question of whether there is a God, atheism is a positive denial. It is rooted in an array of philosophical systems.“
Moreira-almeida, A.; Neto, F.; Koenig, H. G. (2006). „Religiousness and mental health: a review“. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria. 28 (3): 242–250. doi:10.1590/S1516-44462006005000006. PMID16924349.CS1-ის მხარდაჭერა: ref=harv (link)
Most dictionaries (see the OneLook query for "atheism") first list one of the more narrow definitions.
Runes, Dagobert D.(editor) (1942). Dictionary of Philosophy. New Jersey: Littlefield, Adams & Co. Philosophical Library. ISBN0-06-463461-2. ციტირების თარიღი: 2011-04-09. „(a) the belief that there is no God; (b) Some philosophers have been called "atheistic" because they have not held to a belief in a personal God. Atheism in this sense means "not theistic". The former meaning of the term is a literal rendering. The latter meaning is a less rigorous use of the term though widely current in the history of thought“
Harvey, Van A.. Agnosticism and Atheism. in Flynn 2007, p. 35: "The terms ATHEISM and AGNOSTICISM lend themselves to two different definitions. The first takes the privative a both before the Greek theos (divinity) and gnosis (to know) to mean that atheism is simply the absence of belief in the gods and agnosticism is simply lack of knowledge of some specified subject matter. The second definition takes atheism to mean the explicit denial of the existence of gods and agnosticism as the position of someone who, because the existence of gods is unknowable, suspends judgment regarding them ... The first is the more inclusive and recognizes only two alternatives: Either one believes in the gods or one does not. Consequently, there is no third alternative, as those who call themselves agnostics sometimes claim. Insofar as they lack belief, they are really atheists. Moreover, since absence of belief is the cognitive position in which everyone is born, the burden of proof falls on those who advocate religious belief. The proponents of the second definition, by contrast, regard the first definition as too broad because it includes uninformed children along with aggressive and explicit atheists. Consequently, it is unlikely that the public will adopt it." Flynn, Tom, ed. (25 October 2007). „The new encyclopedia of unbelief“. The New Encyclopedia of Unbelief. Prometheus Books. ISBN978-1-59102-391-3. OL8851140M.CS1-ის მხარდაჭერა: ref=harv (link)
Holland, Aaron (1882-04-01). Agnosticism. in Flynn 2007, p. 34: "It is important to note that this interpretation of agnosticism is compatible with theism or atheism, since it is only asserted that knowledge of God's existence is unattainable." Flynn, Tom, ed. (25 October 2007). „The new encyclopedia of unbelief“. The New Encyclopedia of Unbelief. Prometheus Books. ISBN978-1-59102-391-3. OL8851140M.CS1-ის მხარდაჭერა: ref=harv (link)
Simon Blackburn, ed. (2008). „atheism“. The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy (2008 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ციტირების თარიღი: 2013-11-21. ციტატა: „Either the lack of belief that there exists a god, or the belief that there exists none. Sometimes thought itself to be more dogmatic than mere agnosticism, although atheists retort that everyone is an atheist about most gods, so they merely advance one step further.“
Religiously Unaffiliated. Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project (18 December 2012). დაარქივებულია ორიგინალიდან — 30 ივლისი 2013. ციტირების თარიღი: 14 ნოემბერი 2016.
Winfried Schröder, in: Matthias Knutzen: Schriften und Materialien (2010), p. 8. See also Rececca Moore, The Heritage of Western Humanism, Scepticism and Freethought (2011), calling Knutzen "the first open advocate of a modern atheist perspective" online hereდაარქივებული 2012-03-30 საიტზე Wayback Machine.
Harris, Sam. (2005)An Atheist Manifesto. Truthdig. დაარქივებულია ორიგინალიდან — 2011-05-16. ციტატა: „In a world riven by ignorance, only the atheist refuses to deny the obvious: Religious faith promotes human violence to an astonishing degree.“ ციტირების თარიღი: 2011-04-09.
V.A. Gunasekara, The Buddhist Attitude to God. დაარქივებულია ორიგინალიდან — 2008-01-02. In the Bhuridatta Jataka, "The Buddha argues that the three most commonly given attributes of God, viz. omnipotence, omniscience and benevolence towards humanity cannot all be mutually compatible with the existential fact of dukkha."
Bakunin, Michael. (1916)God and the State. New York: Mother Earth Publishing Association. დაარქივებულია ორიგინალიდან — 2011-05-21. ციტირების თარიღი: 2011-04-09.
Wallace, B. Alan Ph.D.. (November 1999) Is Buddhism Really Non-Theistic?. დაარქივებულია ორიგინალიდან — 2016-03-04. ციტირების თარიღი: 2014-07-22."Thus, in light of the theoretical progression from the bhavaºga to the tath›gatagarbha to the primordial wisdom of the absolute space of reality, Buddhism is not so simply non-theistic as it may appear at first
glance."
Harris, Sam. (2005)An Atheist Manifesto. Truthdig. დაარქივებულია ორიგინალიდან — 2011-05-16. ციტატა: „In a world riven by ignorance, only the atheist refuses to deny the obvious: Religious faith promotes human violence to an astonishing degree.“ ციტირების თარიღი: 2011-04-09.
Winfried Schröder, in: Matthias Knutzen: Schriften und Materialien (2010), p. 8. See also Rececca Moore, The Heritage of Western Humanism, Scepticism and Freethought (2011), calling Knutzen "the first open advocate of a modern atheist perspective" online hereდაარქივებული 2012-03-30 საიტზე Wayback Machine.
Religiously Unaffiliated. Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project (18 December 2012). დაარქივებულია ორიგინალიდან — 30 ივლისი 2013. ციტირების თარიღი: 14 ნოემბერი 2016.
WVS Database. Institute for Comparative Survey Research (March 2015). დაარქივებულია ორიგინალიდან — 2016-01-05. ციტირების თარიღი: 2016-11-14.
Holyoake, George Jacob (1842). „Mr. Mackintosh's New God“. The Oracle of Reason, Or, Philosophy Vindicated. 1 (23): 186. ციტატა: „On the contrary, I, as an Atheist, simply profess that I do not see sufficient reason to believe that there is a god. I do not pretend to know that there is no god. The whole question of god's existence, belief or disbelief, a question of probability or of improbability, not knowledge.“
