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en.wikipedia.org
섭동은 파장의 푸리에 모드로 나타낼 수 있다. 각 푸리에 모드는 평균이 0인 정규 분포(보통 가우스라고 함)이다. 서로 다른 푸리에 성분은 상관 관계가 없다. 모드의 분산은 주어진 부피 내에서 각 파장이 섭동의 스펙트럼에 동일한 양의 파워(power)를 기여하는 방식으로 파장에만 의존한다. 푸리에 변환이 3차원이기 때문에, 이것은 어떤 부피 내에서 주어진 파동수 k를 갖는 모드의 수가 k3이라는 사실을 보상하기 위해 모드의 분산이 k-3로 간다는 것을 의미한다.