Spignesi (2005, 47–48쪽) quotes from a geocities.com webpage of "Dr. George" that is no longer available. Spignesi quotes Pararas-Carayannis as saying that, in the 1556 earthquake, "in some counties the average death toll was 60 percent of the total population", and that it was reasonable to expect a similar proportion of deaths at Tangshan since the magnitudes were similar (assuming that the intensity of ground-shaking was also similar), and "since construction standards for this rural area had not changed significantly" (Spignesi 2005, 47–48쪽). However, that premise is false: the large death toll in Shaanxi has been attributed to the yaodong style of construction peculiar to that region, where rooms, and entire buildings, are carved out of a thick layer of soft sediments (loess) that blankets the region, leaving walls of weak material similar to adobe to support the roof (Golany 1992, 7, 1쪽). Spignesi, Stephen J. (2005), 〈Chapter 15: The 1976 Tangshan, China, Earthquake〉, 《Catastrophe!: The 100 Greatest Disasters of All Time》, Citadel Press, ISBN978-0-8065-2558-7. Spignesi, Stephen J. (2005), 〈Chapter 15: The 1976 Tangshan, China, Earthquake〉, 《Catastrophe!: The 100 Greatest Disasters of All Time》, Citadel Press, ISBN978-0-8065-2558-7. Golany, Gideon S. (1992), 《Chinese Earth-Sheltered Dwellings: Indigenous Lessons for Modern Urban Design》, University of Hawaii Press, ISBN978-0-8248-1369-7.
See figure 16 in Zhu 2002, 23쪽, and figure 13 in Guo 2002, 43쪽. The secondary quake occurred on a north oriented section of a fault in a zone that, coming from the southeast, turns north, and then gets complicated. Zhu, Chuanzhen (2002), 〈Seismic Activity in Tangshan and its Surrounding Areas〉(PDF), Housner, George W.; He, Duxin, 《The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976》1, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 1–23쪽. Guo, Shunmin (2002), 〈Occurrence of the Tangshan Earthquake from the View of Fault Block Movement〉, Housner, George W.; He, Duxin, 《The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976》 1, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 24–47쪽.
Liao & Gu 2002, 1쪽. Strengthening is primarily a matter of "joining beam ends" securely so they do not pull apart, crush together, or slip off of a support. Liao, Shuqiao; Gu, Zuoqin (2002), 〈Damage to Railway Engineering〉(PDF), Housner, George W.; He, Duxin, 《The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976》1, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 1–59쪽.
E.g.: Housner & He 2002, 17쪽, footnote. Housner, George W.; He, Duxin, 편집. (2002), 〈Overview Volume〉(PDF), 《The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976》, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology. English translation of the Chinese report of 1986.
See figure 16 in Zhu 2002, 23쪽, and figure 13 in Guo 2002, 43쪽. The secondary quake occurred on a north oriented section of a fault in a zone that, coming from the southeast, turns north, and then gets complicated. Zhu, Chuanzhen (2002), 〈Seismic Activity in Tangshan and its Surrounding Areas〉(PDF), Housner, George W.; He, Duxin, 《The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976》1, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 1–23쪽. Guo, Shunmin (2002), 〈Occurrence of the Tangshan Earthquake from the View of Fault Block Movement〉, Housner, George W.; He, Duxin, 《The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976》 1, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 24–47쪽.
Liao & Gu 2002, 1쪽. Strengthening is primarily a matter of "joining beam ends" securely so they do not pull apart, crush together, or slip off of a support. Liao, Shuqiao; Gu, Zuoqin (2002), 〈Damage to Railway Engineering〉(PDF), Housner, George W.; He, Duxin, 《The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976》1, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 1–59쪽.
E.g.: Housner & He 2002, 17쪽, footnote. Housner, George W.; He, Duxin, 편집. (2002), 〈Overview Volume〉(PDF), 《The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976》, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology. English translation of the Chinese report of 1986.
Raleigh 외. (1977, 260쪽), quoting the Peking Review (1975, 20쪽), state: "The link between politics and earthquake prediction is well expressed by the following statement: 'This is eloquent proof that in socialist New China, under the leadership of Chairman Mao and the Communist Party and by relying on the masses and professional seismological workers armed with Marxism – Leninism – Mao Tze-tung thought and preserving in practice and summing up experience conscientiously, not only can signs indicating an earthquake be observed but predictions and forecasts can be made and damage can be greatly minimized by doing a good job of precautionary work'." See also Cha (1976, 7쪽), attributing achievement of rapid progress to "the victory of our great proletarian cultural revolution. Raleigh, C. B.; Bennett, G.; Craig, H.; Hanks, T.; Molnar, P.; Nur, A.; Savage, J.; Scholz, C.; Turner, R.; Wu, F. (May 1977), “Prediction of the Haicheng earthquake”, 《Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union》 58 (5): 236–272, Bibcode:1977EOSTr..58..236., doi:10.1029/EO058i005p00236.The Haicheng Earthquake Study Delegation. “Southern Liaoning: Results of earthquake prediction and forecasting”(PDF), 《Peking Review》 18 (12), 1975년 3월 21일, 20–21쪽 Cha, Chi-Yuan (August 1976), 〈General Conditions of Earthquake Studies and Actions in China〉(PDF), Muller, Paul M., 《Proceedings of Lectures by the Seismological Delegation of the PRC》, Special Report 43-32, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 5–11쪽. English translation by JPL of a lecture originally published in 1976 in a special issue of the Journal of the Seismological Society of Japan (in Japanese).
Raleigh 외. 1977, 266쪽; Cha 1976, 7쪽. Raleigh, C. B.; Bennett, G.; Craig, H.; Hanks, T.; Molnar, P.; Nur, A.; Savage, J.; Scholz, C.; Turner, R.; Wu, F. (May 1977), “Prediction of the Haicheng earthquake”, 《Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union》 58 (5): 236–272, Bibcode:1977EOSTr..58..236., doi:10.1029/EO058i005p00236.The Haicheng Earthquake Study Delegation. Cha, Chi-Yuan (August 1976), 〈General Conditions of Earthquake Studies and Actions in China〉(PDF), Muller, Paul M., 《Proceedings of Lectures by the Seismological Delegation of the PRC》, Special Report 43-32, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 5–11쪽. English translation by JPL of a lecture originally published in 1976 in a special issue of the Journal of the Seismological Society of Japan (in Japanese).
Raleigh 외. 1977, 258–259쪽. Raleigh, C. B.; Bennett, G.; Craig, H.; Hanks, T.; Molnar, P.; Nur, A.; Savage, J.; Scholz, C.; Turner, R.; Wu, F. (May 1977), “Prediction of the Haicheng earthquake”, 《Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union》 58 (5): 236–272, Bibcode:1977EOSTr..58..236., doi:10.1029/EO058i005p00236.The Haicheng Earthquake Study Delegation.
Raleigh 외. 1977, 259–260쪽. Raleigh, C. B.; Bennett, G.; Craig, H.; Hanks, T.; Molnar, P.; Nur, A.; Savage, J.; Scholz, C.; Turner, R.; Wu, F. (May 1977), “Prediction of the Haicheng earthquake”, 《Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union》 58 (5): 236–272, Bibcode:1977EOSTr..58..236., doi:10.1029/EO058i005p00236.The Haicheng Earthquake Study Delegation.
Hou 외. 1998, 549쪽. Hou, Jian-Jun; Han, Mu-Kang; Chai, Bao-Long; Han, Heng-Yue (May 1998), “Geomorphological observations of active faults in the epicentral region of the Huaxian large earthquake in 1556 in Shaanxi Province, China”, 《Journal of Structural Geology》 20 (5): 549–557, Bibcode:1998JSG....20..549H, doi:10.1016/S0191-8141(97)00112-0.
Kolbe, Athena R.; Hutson, Royce A.; Shannon, Harry; Trzcinski, Eileen; Miles, Bart; Levitz, Naomi; Puccio, Marie; James, Leah; Roger Noel, Jean; Muggah, Robert (2010). “Mortality, crime and access to basic needs before and after the Haiti earthquake: a random survey of Port-au-Prince households”. 《Medicine, Conflict and Survival》 26 (4): 281–297. doi:10.1080/13623699.2010.535279. PMID21314081. S2CID26000167.
Raleigh 외. (1977, 260쪽), quoting the Peking Review (1975, 20쪽), state: "The link between politics and earthquake prediction is well expressed by the following statement: 'This is eloquent proof that in socialist New China, under the leadership of Chairman Mao and the Communist Party and by relying on the masses and professional seismological workers armed with Marxism – Leninism – Mao Tze-tung thought and preserving in practice and summing up experience conscientiously, not only can signs indicating an earthquake be observed but predictions and forecasts can be made and damage can be greatly minimized by doing a good job of precautionary work'." See also Cha (1976, 7쪽), attributing achievement of rapid progress to "the victory of our great proletarian cultural revolution. Raleigh, C. B.; Bennett, G.; Craig, H.; Hanks, T.; Molnar, P.; Nur, A.; Savage, J.; Scholz, C.; Turner, R.; Wu, F. (May 1977), “Prediction of the Haicheng earthquake”, 《Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union》 58 (5): 236–272, Bibcode:1977EOSTr..58..236., doi:10.1029/EO058i005p00236.The Haicheng Earthquake Study Delegation. “Southern Liaoning: Results of earthquake prediction and forecasting”(PDF), 《Peking Review》 18 (12), 1975년 3월 21일, 20–21쪽 Cha, Chi-Yuan (August 1976), 〈General Conditions of Earthquake Studies and Actions in China〉(PDF), Muller, Paul M., 《Proceedings of Lectures by the Seismological Delegation of the PRC》, Special Report 43-32, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 5–11쪽. English translation by JPL of a lecture originally published in 1976 in a special issue of the Journal of the Seismological Society of Japan (in Japanese).
Raleigh 외. 1977, 266쪽; Cha 1976, 7쪽. Raleigh, C. B.; Bennett, G.; Craig, H.; Hanks, T.; Molnar, P.; Nur, A.; Savage, J.; Scholz, C.; Turner, R.; Wu, F. (May 1977), “Prediction of the Haicheng earthquake”, 《Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union》 58 (5): 236–272, Bibcode:1977EOSTr..58..236., doi:10.1029/EO058i005p00236.The Haicheng Earthquake Study Delegation. Cha, Chi-Yuan (August 1976), 〈General Conditions of Earthquake Studies and Actions in China〉(PDF), Muller, Paul M., 《Proceedings of Lectures by the Seismological Delegation of the PRC》, Special Report 43-32, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 5–11쪽. English translation by JPL of a lecture originally published in 1976 in a special issue of the Journal of the Seismological Society of Japan (in Japanese).
Raleigh 외. 1977, 258–259쪽. Raleigh, C. B.; Bennett, G.; Craig, H.; Hanks, T.; Molnar, P.; Nur, A.; Savage, J.; Scholz, C.; Turner, R.; Wu, F. (May 1977), “Prediction of the Haicheng earthquake”, 《Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union》 58 (5): 236–272, Bibcode:1977EOSTr..58..236., doi:10.1029/EO058i005p00236.The Haicheng Earthquake Study Delegation.
Raleigh 외. 1977, 259–260쪽. Raleigh, C. B.; Bennett, G.; Craig, H.; Hanks, T.; Molnar, P.; Nur, A.; Savage, J.; Scholz, C.; Turner, R.; Wu, F. (May 1977), “Prediction of the Haicheng earthquake”, 《Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union》 58 (5): 236–272, Bibcode:1977EOSTr..58..236., doi:10.1029/EO058i005p00236.The Haicheng Earthquake Study Delegation.
Hou 외. 1998, 549쪽. Hou, Jian-Jun; Han, Mu-Kang; Chai, Bao-Long; Han, Heng-Yue (May 1998), “Geomorphological observations of active faults in the epicentral region of the Huaxian large earthquake in 1556 in Shaanxi Province, China”, 《Journal of Structural Geology》 20 (5): 549–557, Bibcode:1998JSG....20..549H, doi:10.1016/S0191-8141(97)00112-0.
Raleigh 외. (1977, 260쪽), quoting the Peking Review (1975, 20쪽), state: "The link between politics and earthquake prediction is well expressed by the following statement: 'This is eloquent proof that in socialist New China, under the leadership of Chairman Mao and the Communist Party and by relying on the masses and professional seismological workers armed with Marxism – Leninism – Mao Tze-tung thought and preserving in practice and summing up experience conscientiously, not only can signs indicating an earthquake be observed but predictions and forecasts can be made and damage can be greatly minimized by doing a good job of precautionary work'." See also Cha (1976, 7쪽), attributing achievement of rapid progress to "the victory of our great proletarian cultural revolution. Raleigh, C. B.; Bennett, G.; Craig, H.; Hanks, T.; Molnar, P.; Nur, A.; Savage, J.; Scholz, C.; Turner, R.; Wu, F. (May 1977), “Prediction of the Haicheng earthquake”, 《Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union》 58 (5): 236–272, Bibcode:1977EOSTr..58..236., doi:10.1029/EO058i005p00236.The Haicheng Earthquake Study Delegation. “Southern Liaoning: Results of earthquake prediction and forecasting”(PDF), 《Peking Review》 18 (12), 1975년 3월 21일, 20–21쪽 Cha, Chi-Yuan (August 1976), 〈General Conditions of Earthquake Studies and Actions in China〉(PDF), Muller, Paul M., 《Proceedings of Lectures by the Seismological Delegation of the PRC》, Special Report 43-32, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 5–11쪽. English translation by JPL of a lecture originally published in 1976 in a special issue of the Journal of the Seismological Society of Japan (in Japanese).
Jennings 1980, 84–85쪽, and see figure 4.14. Jennings, Paul C. (1980), 〈Chapter 4: Report on the Tangshan Earthquake〉, 《Earthquake Engineering and Hazards Reduction in China: A Trip Report of the American Earthquake Engineering and Hazards Reduction Delegation》, National Academy of Sciences, 69–133쪽, ISBN978-0-309-02937-7.
Jennings 1980, 89쪽, and see figure 4.17. Jennings, Paul C. (1980), 〈Chapter 4: Report on the Tangshan Earthquake〉, 《Earthquake Engineering and Hazards Reduction in China: A Trip Report of the American Earthquake Engineering and Hazards Reduction Delegation》, National Academy of Sciences, 69–133쪽, ISBN978-0-309-02937-7.
Raleigh 외. (1977, 260쪽), quoting the Peking Review (1975, 20쪽), state: "The link between politics and earthquake prediction is well expressed by the following statement: 'This is eloquent proof that in socialist New China, under the leadership of Chairman Mao and the Communist Party and by relying on the masses and professional seismological workers armed with Marxism – Leninism – Mao Tze-tung thought and preserving in practice and summing up experience conscientiously, not only can signs indicating an earthquake be observed but predictions and forecasts can be made and damage can be greatly minimized by doing a good job of precautionary work'." See also Cha (1976, 7쪽), attributing achievement of rapid progress to "the victory of our great proletarian cultural revolution. Raleigh, C. B.; Bennett, G.; Craig, H.; Hanks, T.; Molnar, P.; Nur, A.; Savage, J.; Scholz, C.; Turner, R.; Wu, F. (May 1977), “Prediction of the Haicheng earthquake”, 《Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union》 58 (5): 236–272, Bibcode:1977EOSTr..58..236., doi:10.1029/EO058i005p00236.The Haicheng Earthquake Study Delegation. “Southern Liaoning: Results of earthquake prediction and forecasting”(PDF), 《Peking Review》 18 (12), 1975년 3월 21일, 20–21쪽 Cha, Chi-Yuan (August 1976), 〈General Conditions of Earthquake Studies and Actions in China〉(PDF), Muller, Paul M., 《Proceedings of Lectures by the Seismological Delegation of the PRC》, Special Report 43-32, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 5–11쪽. English translation by JPL of a lecture originally published in 1976 in a special issue of the Journal of the Seismological Society of Japan (in Japanese).
Raleigh 외. 1977, 266쪽; Cha 1976, 7쪽. Raleigh, C. B.; Bennett, G.; Craig, H.; Hanks, T.; Molnar, P.; Nur, A.; Savage, J.; Scholz, C.; Turner, R.; Wu, F. (May 1977), “Prediction of the Haicheng earthquake”, 《Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union》 58 (5): 236–272, Bibcode:1977EOSTr..58..236., doi:10.1029/EO058i005p00236.The Haicheng Earthquake Study Delegation. Cha, Chi-Yuan (August 1976), 〈General Conditions of Earthquake Studies and Actions in China〉(PDF), Muller, Paul M., 《Proceedings of Lectures by the Seismological Delegation of the PRC》, Special Report 43-32, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 5–11쪽. English translation by JPL of a lecture originally published in 1976 in a special issue of the Journal of the Seismological Society of Japan (in Japanese).
Kolbe, Athena R.; Hutson, Royce A.; Shannon, Harry; Trzcinski, Eileen; Miles, Bart; Levitz, Naomi; Puccio, Marie; James, Leah; Roger Noel, Jean; Muggah, Robert (2010). “Mortality, crime and access to basic needs before and after the Haiti earthquake: a random survey of Port-au-Prince households”. 《Medicine, Conflict and Survival》 26 (4): 281–297. doi:10.1080/13623699.2010.535279. PMID21314081. S2CID26000167.
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唐山大地震简介 (2015년 7월 6일). “唐山大地震简介” (중국어 (중국)). 난징시 홈페이지. 2024년 5월 21일에 확인함.[깨진 링크(과거 내용 찾기)]
Kolbe, Athena R.; Hutson, Royce A.; Shannon, Harry; Trzcinski, Eileen; Miles, Bart; Levitz, Naomi; Puccio, Marie; James, Leah; Roger Noel, Jean; Muggah, Robert (2010). “Mortality, crime and access to basic needs before and after the Haiti earthquake: a random survey of Port-au-Prince households”. 《Medicine, Conflict and Survival》 26 (4): 281–297. doi:10.1080/13623699.2010.535279. PMID21314081. S2CID26000167.
