Silva AM, Kong X, Hider RC (October 2009). “Determination of the pKa value of the hydroxyl group in the alpha-hydroxycarboxylates citrate, malate and lactate by 13C NMR: implications for metal coordination in biological systems”. 《Biometals》 22 (5): 771–8. doi:10.1007/s10534-009-9224-5. PMID19288211. S2CID11615864.
Offermanns S, Colletti SL, Lovenberg TW, Semple G, Wise A, IJzerman AP (June 2011). “International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXXII: Nomenclature and Classification of Hydroxy-carboxylic Acid Receptors (GPR81, GPR109A, and GPR109B)”. 《Pharmacological Reviews》 63 (2): 269–90. doi:10.1124/pr.110.003301. PMID21454438.
Parks, Scott K.; Mueller-Klieser, Wolfgang; Pouysségur, Jacques (2020). “Lactate and Acidity in the Cancer Microenvironment”. 《Annual Review of Cancer Biology》 4: 141–158. doi:10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-030419-033556.
Westhoff, Gerrit; Starr, John N. (2012), 〈Lactic Acids〉, 《울만 공업화학 백과사전(Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry)》, Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, doi:10.1002/14356007.a15_097.pub3
Shuklov, Ivan A.; Dubrovina, Natalia V.; Kühlein, Klaus; Börner, Armin (2016). “Chemo-Catalyzed Pathways to Lactic Acid and Lactates”. 《Advanced Synthesis and Catalysis》 358 (24): 3910–3931. doi:10.1002/adsc.201600768.지원되지 않는 변수 무시됨: |name-list-style= (도움말)
Robergs RA, Ghiasvand F, Parker D (September 2004). “Biochemistry of exercise-induced metabolic acidosis”. 《American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology》 287 (3): R502–R516. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00114.2004. PMID15308499. S2CID2745168.
Zilberter Y, Zilberter T, Bregestovski P (September 2010). “Neuronal activity in vitro and the in vivo reality: the role of energy homeostasis”. 《Trends in Pharmacological Sciences》 31 (9): 394–401. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2010.06.005. PMID20633934.
Pellerin L, Bouzier-Sore AK, Aubert A, Serres S, Merle M, Costalat R, Magistretti PJ (September 2007). “Activity-dependent regulation of energy metabolism by astrocytes: an update”. 《Glia》 55 (12): 1251–62. doi:10.1002/glia.20528. PMID17659524. S2CID18780083.
Holmgren CD, Mukhtarov M, Malkov AE, Popova IY, Bregestovski P, Zilberter Y (February 2010). “Energy substrate availability as a determinant of neuronal resting potential, GABA signaling and spontaneous network activity in the neonatal cortex in vitro”. 《Journal of Neurochemistry》 112 (4): 900–12. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06506.x. PMID19943846. S2CID205621542.
Offermanns S, Colletti SL, IJzerman AP, Lovenberg TW, Semple G, Wise A, Waters MG. “Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptors”. 《IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology》. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. 2018년 7월 13일에 확인함.
Silva AM, Kong X, Hider RC (October 2009). “Determination of the pKa value of the hydroxyl group in the alpha-hydroxycarboxylates citrate, malate and lactate by 13C NMR: implications for metal coordination in biological systems”. 《Biometals》 22 (5): 771–8. doi:10.1007/s10534-009-9224-5. PMID19288211. S2CID11615864.
Offermanns S, Colletti SL, Lovenberg TW, Semple G, Wise A, IJzerman AP (June 2011). “International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXXII: Nomenclature and Classification of Hydroxy-carboxylic Acid Receptors (GPR81, GPR109A, and GPR109B)”. 《Pharmacological Reviews》 63 (2): 269–90. doi:10.1124/pr.110.003301. PMID21454438.
Zilberter Y, Zilberter T, Bregestovski P (September 2010). “Neuronal activity in vitro and the in vivo reality: the role of energy homeostasis”. 《Trends in Pharmacological Sciences》 31 (9): 394–401. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2010.06.005. PMID20633934.
Pellerin L, Bouzier-Sore AK, Aubert A, Serres S, Merle M, Costalat R, Magistretti PJ (September 2007). “Activity-dependent regulation of energy metabolism by astrocytes: an update”. 《Glia》 55 (12): 1251–62. doi:10.1002/glia.20528. PMID17659524. S2CID18780083.
Holmgren CD, Mukhtarov M, Malkov AE, Popova IY, Bregestovski P, Zilberter Y (February 2010). “Energy substrate availability as a determinant of neuronal resting potential, GABA signaling and spontaneous network activity in the neonatal cortex in vitro”. 《Journal of Neurochemistry》 112 (4): 900–12. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06506.x. PMID19943846. S2CID205621542.
Silva AM, Kong X, Hider RC (October 2009). “Determination of the pKa value of the hydroxyl group in the alpha-hydroxycarboxylates citrate, malate and lactate by 13C NMR: implications for metal coordination in biological systems”. 《Biometals》 22 (5): 771–8. doi:10.1007/s10534-009-9224-5. PMID19288211. S2CID11615864.
Robergs RA, Ghiasvand F, Parker D (September 2004). “Biochemistry of exercise-induced metabolic acidosis”. 《American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology》 287 (3): R502–R516. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00114.2004. PMID15308499. S2CID2745168.
Pellerin L, Bouzier-Sore AK, Aubert A, Serres S, Merle M, Costalat R, Magistretti PJ (September 2007). “Activity-dependent regulation of energy metabolism by astrocytes: an update”. 《Glia》 55 (12): 1251–62. doi:10.1002/glia.20528. PMID17659524. S2CID18780083.
Holmgren CD, Mukhtarov M, Malkov AE, Popova IY, Bregestovski P, Zilberter Y (February 2010). “Energy substrate availability as a determinant of neuronal resting potential, GABA signaling and spontaneous network activity in the neonatal cortex in vitro”. 《Journal of Neurochemistry》 112 (4): 900–12. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06506.x. PMID19943846. S2CID205621542.
For example, in this USDA database entry for yoghurt the food energy is calculated using given coefficients for carbohydrate, fat, and protein. (One must click on "Full report" to see the coefficients.) The calculated value is based on 4.66 grams of carbohydrate, which is exactly equal to the sugars.