박광균 의학박사 [Break News] 식물성 기름은 정말로 동물성 기름보다 좋은 걸까? 2021/08/29.....면실유는 상온에서 액체이기 때문에 고형으로 만들려면 라드와 우지를 가공 처리할 때 나오는 지방과 혼합해야 한다. 이러한 동물성 지방인 라드나 우지와 같은 핵심재료를 도축 업자에게 의존해야 한다는 사실이 못마땅할 수밖에 없었다. 이를 해결하기 위한 부단한 노력 끝에 라드나 우지를 사용하지 않고도 식물성 기름을 경화시키는 방법을 찾아 낸 것이다. 액체 형태의 식물성 기름에 고온에서 인위적으로 수소를 첨가하면(수소화 반응) 구불구불한 모양의 지방 분자가 수소와 결합해 일자 형태로 변하면서 응고가 쉽게 일어난다.
강헌 [조선일보] [119] 피시앤드칩스(fish and chips)......값싼 이 요리가 영국의 음식으로 자리 잡게 된 계기는 산업혁명과 노동자 계급의 등장이다. 면직산업의 폭발적인 성장으로 그 부산물인 면실유가 대량으로 공급되었고, 저인망어업의 발전으로 생선의 공급 또한 원활해졌다. 그리고 장시간 노동으로 집밥을 먹기 어려운 노동자 계급은 열량이 풍부한 피시앤드칩스 등 패스트푸드의 주력 소비자가 되었다.
O’Brien, Richard D., et al. “Cottonseed oil.” Chapter 5 in Bailey’s Industrial Oil and Fat Products, Volume 2: Edible Oil & Fat Products: Edible Oils. Editor, Fereidoon Shahidi. John Wiley and Sons, Inc 2005. ISBN9780471678496
Jackson & List (2007). "Giants of the Past: The Battle Over Hydrogenation (1903–1920)", Inform 18........Hydrogenation of organic substances in the gas phase was discovered by Sabatier in the latter part of the 19th century and applications to the liquid phase had been patented by Normann both in Britain and Germany in 1903. The British firm of Joseph Crosfield and sons, who acquired the rights to the Normann patent, began an extensive campaign to interest European soap manufacturers in the technology, hoping to sell the patent rights for profit. According to Joseph Wilson (The History of Unilever in two volumes), the struggle over the Normann patents in Europe were equally intense as the litigation in America that followed. By 1907, Crosfield had carried out sufficient research to bring their hydrogenation technology to the United States. By November 1907, Edwin Kayser, a Crosfield chemist, took up residence in Cincinnati, Ohio and, shortly thereafter, contacted John Burchenal, business manager of Proctor and Gamble. By early January 1908, a business arrangement had been made. Kayser then filed two U. S. patents applications; (U.S. 1,004,034, Process for Making Metallic Catalysts and U.S. 1,004,035, Method for Saturating Fatty Acids or their Glycerides with Hydrogen, granted September 11, 1911). Both patents were assigned to Proctor and Gamble Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. There can be little doubt that, at this point, the goal was to completely harden oils for the express purpose of producing raw materials for soap making. The work was kept secret except for Burchenal, Kayser and Wallace Macaw, whose company (Georgia Mills and Elevator Company) had been acquired through a merger with Proctor and Gamble. By late 1910, John Burchenal had filed two U.S. patent applications (Food Products 1,135,351 and 1,135,951, both granted April 13, 1915). Note that about five years elapsed from the time that the patents were applied for until their issuance. The former is based on partial hydrogenation of cottonseed while the latter is based on blending completely hydrogenated cottonseed oil with liquid cottonseed oil. Originally, the product was named "Krispo" followed by "Crsyt," but settled for Crisco (an acronym for crystallized cottonseed oil) because of trademark and for obvious religious reasons.
