Chatoor D, Emmnauel A (2009). “Constipation and evacuation disorders”. 《Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol》 23 (4): 517–30. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2009.05.001. PMID19647687.
American Gastroenterological Association; Bharucha, AE; Dorn, SD; Lembo, A; Pressman, A (January 2013). “American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement on constipation”. 《Gastroenterology》 (Review) 144 (1): 211–217. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2012.10.029. PMID23261064.
Andromanakos N, Skandalakis P, Troupis T, Filippou D (2006). “Constipation of anorectal outlet obstruction: Pathophysiology, evaluation and management”. 《Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology》 21 (4): 638–646. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2006.04333.x. PMID16677147.
Chatoor D, Emmnauel A (2009). “Constipation and evacuation disorders”. 《Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol》 23 (4): 517–30. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2009.05.001. PMID19647687.
American Gastroenterological Association; Bharucha, AE; Dorn, SD; Lembo, A; Pressman, A (January 2013). “American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement on constipation”. 《Gastroenterology》 (Review) 144 (1): 211–217. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2012.10.029. PMID23261064.
Andromanakos N, Skandalakis P, Troupis T, Filippou D (2006). “Constipation of anorectal outlet obstruction: Pathophysiology, evaluation and management”. 《Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology》 21 (4): 638–646. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2006.04333.x. PMID16677147.
niddk.nih.gov
“Constipation”. 《National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases》. February 2015. 15 March 2017에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 14 March 2017에 확인함.