블랙홀 (Korean Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "블랙홀" in Korean language version.

refsWebsite

Global rank Korean rank

67doi.org

2^nd place

3^rd place

59harvard.edu

18^th place

27^th place

43arxiv.org

69^th place

54^th place

27web.archive.org

1^st place

15books.google.com

3^rd place

9^th place

11archive.org

6^th place

18^th place

4worldcat.org

5^th place

11^th place

4livingreviews.org

low place

5,702^nd place

4nasa.gov

75^th place

67^th place

3nytimes.com

7^th place

36^th place

3jstor.org

26^th place

70^th place

3wikipedia.org

low place

3ligo.org

low place

2theguardian.com

12^th place

65^th place

2einstein-online.info

low place

2eso.org

3,034^th place

1,210^th place

2aps.org

1,503^rd place

540^th place

2caltech.edu

887^th place

606^th place

1asu.edu

2,187^th place

2,278^th place

1donga.com

812^th place

12^th place

1knaw.nl

2,678^th place

5,207^th place

1uu.nl

2,467^th place

1,585^th place

1ams.org

451^st place

121^st place

1zbmath.org

1,923^rd place

99^th place

1worldwidewords.org

4,329^th place

6,926^th place

1ucr.edu

1,553^rd place

1,049^th place

1free.fr

321^st place

641^st place

1iop.org

1,725^th place

811^th place

1cam.ac.uk

670^th place

936^th place

1imamu.edu.sa

low place

1cern.ch

1,959^th place

1,532^nd place

1nih.gov

4^th place

1webcitation.org

24^th place

58^th place

1discovery.com

1,299^th place

193^rd place

1sciencemag.org

857^th place

295^th place

1nature.com

234^th place

148^th place

1bbc.co.uk

8^th place

34^th place

1utoronto.ca

1,601^st place

836^th place

1eurekalert.org

3,538^th place

1,857^th place

1wolframscience.com

low place

1hawking.org.uk

low place

3,584^th place

ams.org

Bardeen, J. M.; Carter, B.; Hawking, S. W. (1973). “The four laws of black hole mechanics”. 《Communications in Mathematical Physics》 31 (2): 161–170. Bibcode:1973CMaPh..31..161B. doi:10.1007/BF01645742. MR MR0334798. Zbl 1125.83309.

aps.org

journals.aps.org

Abbott, B.P.; 외. (2016). “Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger”. 《Phys. Rev. Lett.》 116: 061102. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.061102.

link.aps.org

Abbott, B. P.; Abbott, R.; Abbott, T. D.; Abernathy, M. R.; Acernese, F.; Ackley, K.; Adams, C.; Adams, T.; Addesso, P. (2016년 2월 11일). “Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger”. 《Physical Review Letters》 (영어) 116 (6). doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.061102. ISSN 0031-9007.

archive.org

Schwarzschild, K. (1916). “Über das Gravitationsfeld eines Massenpunktes nach der Einsteinschen Theorie”. Sitzungsberichte der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 7: 189–196. and Schwarzschild, K. (1916). “Über das Gravitationsfeld eines Kugel aus inkompressibler Flüssigkeit nach der Einsteinschen Theorie”. Sitzungsberichte der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 18: 424–434.
Oppenheimer, J. R.; Volkoff, G. M. (1939). “On Massive Neutron Cores”. Physical Review 55 (4): 374–381. Bibcode:1939PhRv...55..374O. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.55.374.
Finkelstein, D. (1958). “Past-Future Asymmetry of the Gravitational Field of a Point Particle”. Physical Review 110 (4): 965–967. Bibcode:1958PhRv..110..965F. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.110.965.
Kruskal, M. (1960). “Maximal Extension of Schwarzschild Metric”. Physical Review 119 (5): 1743. Bibcode:1960PhRv..119.1743K. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.119.1743.
Bardeen, J. M.; Carter, B.; Hawking, S. W. (1973). “The four laws of black hole mechanics”. 《Communications in Mathematical Physics》 31 (2): 161–170. Bibcode:1973CMaPh..31..161B. doi:10.1007/BF01645742. MR MR0334798. Zbl 1125.83309.
Wheeler 2007, 179쪽 Wheeler, J. Craig (2007). Cosmic Catastrophes 2판. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-85714-7.
Wheeler 2007, 182쪽 Wheeler, J. Craig (2007). Cosmic Catastrophes 2판. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-85714-7.
Einstein, A. (1939). “On A Stationary System With Spherical Symmetry Consisting of Many Gravitating Masses”. Annals of Mathematics 40 (4): 922–936. doi:10.2307/1968902. JSTOR 1968902.
Rees, M. J.; Volonteri, M. (2007). “Massive black holes: formation and evolution”. Karas, V.; Matt, G. Black Holes from Stars to Galaxies—Across the Range of Masses. Cambridge University Press. 51–58쪽. arXiv:astro-ph/0701512. ISBN 978-0-521-86347-6.
Peskin, M. E. (2008). “The end of the world at the Large Hadron Collider?”. 《Physics》 1: 14. Bibcode:2008PhyOJ...1...14P. doi:10.1103/Physics.1.14.
McClintock, J. E.; Remillard, R. A. (2006). 〈Black Hole Binaries〉. Lewin, W.; van der Klis, M. 《Compact Stellar X-ray Sources》. Cambridge University Press. arXiv:astro-ph/0306213. ISBN 0-521-82659-4. section 4.1.5.

arxiv.org

Oldham, L. J.; Auger, M. W. (March 2016). “Galaxy structure from multiple tracers - II. M87 from parsec to megaparsec scales”. 《Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》 457 (1): 421–439. arXiv:1601.01323. Bibcode:2016MNRAS.457..421O. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv2982. ISSN 0035-8711.
Wald, R. M. (1997). “Gravitational Collapse and Cosmic Censorship”. arXiv:gr-qc/9710068 |class= 무시됨 (도움말).
Berger, B. K. (2002). “Numerical Approaches to Spacetime Singularities”. Living Reviews in Relativity 5: 1. arXiv:gr-qc/0201056. Bibcode:2002LRR.....5....1B. doi:10.12942/lrr-2002-1. 2007년 8월 4일에 확인함.
McClintock, J. E.; Shafee, R.; Narayan, R.; Remillard, R. A.; Davis, S. W.; Li, L.-X. (2006). “The Spin of the Near-Extreme Kerr Black Hole GRS 1915+105”. Astrophysical Journal 652 (1): 518–539. arXiv:astro-ph/0606076. Bibcode:2006ApJ...652..518M. doi:10.1086/508457.
Emparan, R.; Reall, H. S. (2008). “Black Holes in Higher Dimensions”. Living Reviews in Relativity 11 (6). arXiv:0801.3471. Bibcode:2008LRR....11....6E. doi:10.12942/lrr-2008-6. 2011년 3월 27일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2011년 2월 10일에 확인함.
Obers, N. A. (2009). Papantonopoulos, Eleftherios, 편집. “Black Holes in Higher-Dimensional Gravity”. Lecture Notes in Physics. Lecture Notes in Physics 769: 211–258. arXiv:0802.0519. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-88460-6. ISBN 978-3-540-88459-0.
Lewis, G. F.; Kwan, J. (2007). “No Way Back: Maximizing Survival Time Below the Schwarzschild Event Horizon”. Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 24 (2): 46–52. arXiv:0705.1029. Bibcode:2007PASA...24...46L. doi:10.1071/AS07012.
Nitta, Daisuke; Chiba, Takeshi; Sugiyama, Naoshi (September 2011). “Shadows of colliding black holes”. 《Physical Review D》 84 (6). arXiv:1106.2425. Bibcode:2011PhRvD..84f3008N. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.84.063008.
Nemiroff, R. J. (1993). “Visual distortions near a neutron star and black hole”. American Journal of Physics 61 (7): 619. arXiv:astro-ph/9312003. Bibcode:1993AmJPh..61..619N. doi:10.1119/1.17224.
Kerr, R. P. (2009). “The Kerr and Kerr-Schild metrics”. Wiltshire, D. L.; Visser, M.; Scott, S. M. The Kerr Spacetime. Cambridge University Press. arXiv:0706.1109. ISBN 978-0-521-88512-6.
Rees, M. J.; Volonteri, M. (2007). “Massive black holes: formation and evolution”. Karas, V.; Matt, G. Black Holes from Stars to Galaxies—Across the Range of Masses. Cambridge University Press. 51–58쪽. arXiv:astro-ph/0701512. ISBN 978-0-521-86347-6.
Carr, B. J. (2005). “Primordial Black Holes: Do They Exist and Are They Useful?”. Suzuki, H.; Yokoyama, J.; Suto, Y.; Sato, K. Inflating Horizon of Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology. Universal Academy Press. arXiv:astro-ph/0511743. ISBN 4-946443-94-0.
Giddings, S. B.; Thomas, S. (2002). “High energy colliders as black hole factories: The end of short distance physics”. Physical Review D 65 (5): 056010. arXiv:hep-ph/0106219. Bibcode:2002PhRvD..65e6010G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.65.056010.
Harada, T. (2006). “Is there a black hole minimum mass?”. Physical Review D 74 (8): 084004. arXiv:gr-qc/0609055. Bibcode:2006PhRvD..74h4004H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.74.084004.
Arkani–Hamed, N.; Dimopoulos, S.; Dvali, G. (1998). “The hierarchy problem and new dimensions at a millimeter”. Physics Letters B 429 (3–4): 263. arXiv:hep-ph/9803315. Bibcode:1998PhLB..429..263A. doi:10.1016/S0370-2693(98)00466-3.
Vesperini, E.; McMillan, S. L. W.; d'Ercole, A.; 외. (2010). “Intermediate-Mass Black Holes in Early Globular Clusters”. The Astrophysical Journal Letters 713 (1): L41–L44. arXiv:1003.3470. Bibcode:2010ApJ...713L..41V. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/713/1/L41.
Zwart, S. F. P.; Baumgardt, H.; Hut, P.; 외. (2004). “Formation of massive black holes through runaway collisions in dense young star clusters”. Nature 428 (6984): 724–6. arXiv:astro-ph/0402622. Bibcode:2004Natur.428..724P. doi:10.1038/nature02448. PMID 15085124.
O'Leary, R. M.; Rasio, F. A.; Fregeau, J. M.; 외. (2006). “Binary Mergers and Growth of Black Holes in Dense Star Clusters”. The Astrophysical Journal 637 (2): 937. arXiv:astro-ph/0508224. Bibcode:2006ApJ...637..937O. doi:10.1086/498446.
Page, D. N. (2005). “Hawking radiation and black hole thermodynamics”. New Journal of Physics 7: 203. arXiv:hep-th/0409024. Bibcode:2005NJPh....7..203P. doi:10.1088/1367-2630/7/1/203.
Giddings, S. B.; Mangano, M. L. (2008). “Astrophysical implications of hypothetical stable TeV-scale black holes”. Physical Review D 78 (3): 035009. arXiv:0806.3381. Bibcode:2008PhRvD..78c5009G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.78.035009.
Johnson, M. D.; Fish, V. L.; Doeleman, S. S.; Marrone, D. P.; Plambeck, R. L.; Wardle, J. F. C.; Akiyama, K.; Asada, K.; Beaudoin, C. (2015년 12월 4일). “Resolved magnetic-field structure and variability near the event horizon of Sagittarius A*”. 《Science》 (영어) 350 (6265): 1242–1245. arXiv:1512.01220. Bibcode:2015Sci...350.1242J. doi:10.1126/science.aac7087. ISSN 0036-8075.
Abbott, Benjamin P.; 외. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration) (2016년 2월 11일). “Properties of the binary black hole merger GW150914”. arXiv:1602.03840.
Gillessen, S.; Eisenhauer, F.; Trippe, S.; 외. (2009). “Monitoring Stellar Orbits around the Massive Black Hole in the Galactic Center”. The Astrophysical Journal 692 (2): 1075. arXiv:0810.4674. Bibcode:2009ApJ...692.1075G. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/692/2/1075.
Ghez, A. M.; Klein, B. L.; Morris, M.; 외. (1998). “High Proper‐Motion Stars in the Vicinity of Sagittarius A*: Evidence for a Supermassive Black Hole at the Center of Our Galaxy”. The Astrophysical Journal 509 (2): 678. arXiv:astro-ph/9807210. Bibcode:1998ApJ...509..678G. doi:10.1086/306528.
Broderick, Avery; Loeb, Abraham; Narayan, Ramesh (August 2009). “The Event Horizon of Sagittarius A*”. 《The Astrophysical Journal》 701: 1357. arXiv:0903.1105. Bibcode:2009ApJ...701.1357B. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/701/2/1357.
McClintock, J. E.; Remillard, R. A. (2006). 〈Black Hole Binaries〉. Lewin, W.; van der Klis, M. 《Compact Stellar X-ray Sources》. Cambridge University Press. arXiv:astro-ph/0306213. ISBN 0-521-82659-4. section 4.1.5.
Celotti, A.; Miller, J. C.; Sciama, D. W. (1999). “Astrophysical evidence for the existence of black holes”. Classical and Quantum Gravity 16 (12A): A3–A21. arXiv:astro-ph/9912186. doi:10.1088/0264-9381/16/12A/301.
Winter, L. M.; Mushotzky, R. F.; Reynolds, C. S. (2006). “XMM‐Newton Archival Study of the Ultraluminous X‐Ray Population in Nearby Galaxies”. 《The Astrophysical Journal》 649 (2): 730. arXiv:astro-ph/0512480. Bibcode:2006ApJ...649..730W. doi:10.1086/506579.
Narayan, R.; McClintock, J. (2008). “Advection-dominated accretion and the black hole event horizon”. New Astronomy Reviews 51 (10–12): 733. arXiv:0803.0322. Bibcode:2008NewAR..51..733N. doi:10.1016/j.newar.2008.03.002.
King, A. (2003). “Black Holes, Galaxy Formation, and the MBH-σ Relation”. The Astrophysical Journal Letters 596 (1): 27–29. arXiv:astro-ph/0308342. Bibcode:2003ApJ...596L..27K. doi:10.1086/379143.
Ferrarese, L.; Merritt, D. (2000). “A Fundamental Relation Between Supermassive Black Holes and their Host Galaxies”. The Astrophysical Journal Letters 539 (1): 9–12. arXiv:astro-ph/0006053. Bibcode:2000ApJ...539L...9F. doi:10.1086/312838.
Bozza, V. (2010). “Gravitational Lensing by Black Holes”. 《General Relativity and Gravitation》 42 (42): 2269–2300. arXiv:0911.2187. Bibcode:2010GReGr..42.2269B. doi:10.1007/s10714-010-0988-2.
Kovacs, Z.; Cheng, K. S.; Harko, T. (2009). “Can stellar mass black holes be quark stars?”. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 400 (3): 1632–1642. arXiv:0908.2672. Bibcode:2009MNRAS.400.1632K. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15571.x.
Kusenko, A. (2006). “Properties and signatures of supersymmetric Q-balls”. arXiv:hep-ph/0612159.
Hansson, J.; Sandin, F. (2005). “Preon stars: a new class of cosmic compact objects”. Physics Letters B 616 (1–2): 1. arXiv:astro-ph/0410417. Bibcode:2005PhLB..616....1H. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2005.04.034.
Kiefer, C. (2006). “Quantum gravity: general introduction and recent developments”. Annalen der Physik 15 (1–2): 129. arXiv:gr-qc/0508120. Bibcode:2006AnP...518..129K. doi:10.1002/andp.200510175.
Skenderis, K.; Taylor, M. (2008). “The fuzzball proposal for black holes”. Physics Reports 467 (4–5): 117. arXiv:0804.0552. Bibcode:2008PhR...467..117S. doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2008.08.001.
Wald, R. M. (2001). “The Thermodynamics of Black Holes”. 《Living Reviews in Relativity》 4 (6): 12119. arXiv:gr-qc/9912119. Bibcode:1999gr.qc....12119W. doi:10.12942/lrr-2001-6. 2011년 2월 28일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2011년 2월 10일에 확인함.
't Hooft, G. (2001). “The Holographic Principle”. Zichichi, A. Basics and highlights in fundamental physics. Subnuclear series 37. World Scientific. arXiv:hep-th/0003004. ISBN 978-981-02-4536-8.
Strominger, A.; Vafa, C. (1996). “Microscopic origin of the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy”. Physics Letters B 379 (1–4): 99. arXiv:hep-th/9601029. Bibcode:1996PhLB..379...99S. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(96)00345-0.
Carlip, S. (2009). “Black Hole Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics”. Lecture Notes in Physics. Lecture Notes in Physics 769: 89. arXiv:0807.4520. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-88460-6_3. ISBN 978-3-540-88459-0.
Giddings, S. B. (1995). 〈The black hole information paradox〉. 《Particles, Strings and Cosmology》. Johns Hopkins Workshop on Current Problems in Particle Theory 19 and the PASCOS Interdisciplinary Symposium 5. arXiv:hep-th/9508151.
Mathur, S. D. (2011). 《The information paradox: conflicts and resolutions》. XXV International Symposium on Lepton Photon Interactions at High Energies. arXiv:1201.2079.

asu.edu

cosmos.asu.edu

Davies, P. C. W. (1978). “Thermodynamics of Black Holes” (PDF). Reports on Progress in Physics 41 (8): 1313–1355. Bibcode:1978RPPh...41.1313D. doi:10.1088/0034-4885/41/8/004. 2013년 5월 10일에 원본 문서 (PDF)에서 보존된 문서. 2011년 2월 10일에 확인함.

bbc.co.uk

Einstein's gravitational waves 'seen' from black holes

books.google.com

Wald 1984, 299–300쪽 Wald, Robert M. (1984). General Relativity. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-87033-5.
Schutz, Bernard F. (2003). Gravity from the ground up. Cambridge University Press. 110쪽. ISBN 0-521-45506-5.
Gillispie, C. C. (2000). Pierre-Simon Laplace, 1749–1827: a life in exact science. Princeton paperbacks. Princeton University Press. 175쪽. ISBN 0-691-05027-9.
Israel, W. (1989). 〈Dark stars: the evolution of an idea〉. Hawking, S. W.; Israel, W. 《300 Years of Gravitation》. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-37976-2.
Kox, A. J. (1992). “General Relativity in the Netherlands: 1915–1920”. Eisenstaedt, J.; Kox, A. J. Studies in the history of general relativity. Birkhäuser. 41쪽. ISBN 978-0-8176-3479-7. 2016년 8월 10일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2016년 2월 24일에 확인함.
Eddington, Arthur (1926). The Internal Constitution of the Stars. Cambridge University Press. 6쪽.
Kip Thorne comments on this quote on pages 134-135 of his book Black Holes and Time Warps, writing that "The first conclusion was the Newtonian version of light not escaping; the second was a semi-accurate, relativistic description; and the third was typical Eddingtonian hyperbole ... when a star is as small as the critical circumference, the curvature is strong but not infinite, and space is definitely not wrapped around the star. Eddington may have known this, but his description made a good story, and it captured in a whimsical way the spirit of Schwarzschild's spacetime curvature."
Venkataraman, G. (1992). Chandrasekhar and his limit. Universities Press. 89쪽. ISBN 81-7371-035-X.
Harpaz, A. (1994). Stellar evolution. A K Peters. 105쪽. ISBN 1-56881-012-1.
Hawking & Ellis 1973, Appendix B Hawking, S. W.; Ellis, G. F. R. (1973). Large Scale Structure of space time. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-09906-4.
Seeds, Michael A.; Backman, Dana E. (2007). Perspectives on Astronomy. Cengage Learning. 167쪽. ISBN 0-495-11352-2.
Wald 1984, 124–125쪽 Wald, Robert M. (1984). General Relativity. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-87033-5.
Wald 1984, 212쪽 Wald, Robert M. (1984). General Relativity. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-87033-5.
Krolik, J. H. (1999). Active Galactic Nuclei. Princeton University Press. Ch. 1.2. ISBN 0-691-01151-6.
Sparke, L. S.; Gallagher, J. S. (2000). Galaxies in the Universe: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press. Ch. 9.1. ISBN 0-521-59740-4.

caltech.edu

authors.library.caltech.edu

Ruffini, R.; Wheeler, J. A. (1971). “Introducing the black hole” (PDF). 《Physics Today》 24 (1): 30–41. Bibcode:1971PhT....24a..30R. doi:10.1063/1.3022513.

theory.caltech.edu

Preskill, J. (1994년 10월 21일). 《Black holes and information: A crisis in quantum physics》 (PDF). Caltech Theory Seminar.

cam.ac.uk

damtp.cam.ac.uk

Hamade, R. (1996). “Black Holes and Quantum Gravity”. 《Cambridge Relativity and Cosmology》. University of Cambridge. 2009년 3월 26일에 확인함.

cern.ch

lsag.web.cern.ch

LHC Safety Assessment Group. “Review of the Safety of LHC Collisions” (PDF). CERN.

discovery.com

news.discovery.com

O'Neill, Ian (2015년 7월 2일). “Event Horizon Telescope Will Probe Spacetime's Mysteries”. 《Discovery News》. 2016년 5월 17일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2015년 12월 6일에 확인함.

doi.org

dx.doi.org

Oldham, L. J.; Auger, M. W. (March 2016). “Galaxy structure from multiple tracers - II. M87 from parsec to megaparsec scales”. 《Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》 457 (1): 421–439. arXiv:1601.01323. Bibcode:2016MNRAS.457..421O. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv2982. ISSN 0035-8711.
Davies, P. C. W. (1978). “Thermodynamics of Black Holes” (PDF). Reports on Progress in Physics 41 (8): 1313–1355. Bibcode:1978RPPh...41.1313D. doi:10.1088/0034-4885/41/8/004. 2013년 5월 10일에 원본 문서 (PDF)에서 보존된 문서. 2011년 2월 10일에 확인함.
Abbott, B.P.; 외. (2016). “Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger”. 《Phys. Rev. Lett.》 116: 061102. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.061102.
Michell, J. (1784). “On the Means of Discovering the Distance, Magnitude, &c. of the Fixed Stars, in Consequence of the Diminution of the Velocity of Their Light, in Case Such a Diminution Should be Found to Take Place in any of Them, and Such Other Data Should be Procured from Observations, as Would be Farther Necessary for That Purpose”. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 74 (0): 35–57. Bibcode:1784RSPT...74...35M. doi:10.1098/rstl.1784.0008. JSTOR 106576.
Detweiler, S. (1981). “Resource letter BH-1: Black holes”. American Journal of Physics 49 (5): 394–400. Bibcode:1981AmJPh..49..394D. doi:10.1119/1.12686.
Oppenheimer, J. R.; Volkoff, G. M. (1939). “On Massive Neutron Cores”. Physical Review 55 (4): 374–381. Bibcode:1939PhRv...55..374O. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.55.374.
Ruffini, R.; Wheeler, J. A. (1971). “Introducing the black hole” (PDF). 《Physics Today》 24 (1): 30–41. Bibcode:1971PhT....24a..30R. doi:10.1063/1.3022513.
Finkelstein, D. (1958). “Past-Future Asymmetry of the Gravitational Field of a Point Particle”. Physical Review 110 (4): 965–967. Bibcode:1958PhRv..110..965F. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.110.965.
Kruskal, M. (1960). “Maximal Extension of Schwarzschild Metric”. Physical Review 119 (5): 1743. Bibcode:1960PhRv..119.1743K. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.119.1743.
Hewish, A.; 외. (1968). “Observation of a Rapidly Pulsating Radio Source”. Nature 217 (5130): 709–713. Bibcode:1968Natur.217..709H. doi:10.1038/217709a0.
Pilkington, J. D. H.; 외. (1968). “Observations of some further Pulsed Radio Sources”. Nature 218 (5137): 126–129. Bibcode:1968Natur.218..126P. doi:10.1038/218126a0.
Hewish, A. (1970). “Pulsars”. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 8 (1): 265–296. Bibcode:1970ARA&A...8..265H. doi:10.1146/annurev.aa.08.090170.001405.
Newman, E. T.; 외. (1965). “Metric of a Rotating, Charged Mass”. Journal of Mathematical Physics 6 (6): 918. Bibcode:1965JMP.....6..918N. doi:10.1063/1.1704351.
Israel, W. (1967). “Event Horizons in Static Vacuum Space-Times”. Physical Review 164 (5): 1776. Bibcode:1967PhRv..164.1776I. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.164.1776.
Carter, B. (1971). “Axisymmetric Black Hole Has Only Two Degrees of Freedom”. Physical Review Letters 26 (6): 331. Bibcode:1971PhRvL..26..331C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.26.331.
Robinson, D. (1975). “Uniqueness of the Kerr Black Hole”. Physical Review Letters 34 (14): 905. Bibcode:1975PhRvL..34..905R. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.34.905.
Heusler, M. (1998). “Stationary Black Holes: Uniqueness and Beyond”. Living Reviews in Relativity 1 (6). doi:10.12942/lrr-1998-6. 1999년 2월 3일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2011년 2월 8일에 확인함.
Penrose, R. (1965). “Gravitational Collapse and Space-Time Singularities”. Physical Review Letters 14 (3): 57. Bibcode:1965PhRvL..14...57P. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.14.57.
Ford, L. H. (2003). “The Classical Singularity Theorems and Their Quantum Loopholes”. International Journal of Theoretical Physics 42 (6): 1219. doi:10.1023/A:1025754515197.
Bardeen, J. M.; Carter, B.; Hawking, S. W. (1973). “The four laws of black hole mechanics”. 《Communications in Mathematical Physics》 31 (2): 161–170. Bibcode:1973CMaPh..31..161B. doi:10.1007/BF01645742. MR MR0334798. Zbl 1125.83309.
Hawking, S. W. (1974). “Black hole explosions?”. Nature 248 (5443): 30–31. Bibcode:1974Natur.248...30H. doi:10.1038/248030a0.
Berger, B. K. (2002). “Numerical Approaches to Spacetime Singularities”. Living Reviews in Relativity 5: 1. arXiv:gr-qc/0201056. Bibcode:2002LRR.....5....1B. doi:10.12942/lrr-2002-1. 2007년 8월 4일에 확인함.
McClintock, J. E.; Shafee, R.; Narayan, R.; Remillard, R. A.; Davis, S. W.; Li, L.-X. (2006). “The Spin of the Near-Extreme Kerr Black Hole GRS 1915+105”. Astrophysical Journal 652 (1): 518–539. arXiv:astro-ph/0606076. Bibcode:2006ApJ...652..518M. doi:10.1086/508457.
Emparan, R.; Reall, H. S. (2008). “Black Holes in Higher Dimensions”. Living Reviews in Relativity 11 (6). arXiv:0801.3471. Bibcode:2008LRR....11....6E. doi:10.12942/lrr-2008-6. 2011년 3월 27일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2011년 2월 10일에 확인함.
Obers, N. A. (2009). Papantonopoulos, Eleftherios, 편집. “Black Holes in Higher-Dimensional Gravity”. Lecture Notes in Physics. Lecture Notes in Physics 769: 211–258. arXiv:0802.0519. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-88460-6. ISBN 978-3-540-88459-0.
Lewis, G. F.; Kwan, J. (2007). “No Way Back: Maximizing Survival Time Below the Schwarzschild Event Horizon”. Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 24 (2): 46–52. arXiv:0705.1029. Bibcode:2007PASA...24...46L. doi:10.1071/AS07012.
Poisson, E.; Israel, W. (1990). “Internal structure of black holes”. Physical Review D 41 (6): 1796. Bibcode:1990PhRvD..41.1796P. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.41.1796.
Nitta, Daisuke; Chiba, Takeshi; Sugiyama, Naoshi (September 2011). “Shadows of colliding black holes”. 《Physical Review D》 84 (6). arXiv:1106.2425. Bibcode:2011PhRvD..84f3008N. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.84.063008.
Nemiroff, R. J. (1993). “Visual distortions near a neutron star and black hole”. American Journal of Physics 61 (7): 619. arXiv:astro-ph/9312003. Bibcode:1993AmJPh..61..619N. doi:10.1119/1.17224.
Einstein, A. (1939). “On A Stationary System With Spherical Symmetry Consisting of Many Gravitating Masses”. Annals of Mathematics 40 (4): 922–936. doi:10.2307/1968902. JSTOR 1968902.
Hawking, S. W.; Penrose, R. (January 1970). “The Singularities of Gravitational Collapse and Cosmology”. Proceedings of the Royal Society A 314 (1519): 529–548. Bibcode:1970RSPSA.314..529H. doi:10.1098/rspa.1970.0021. JSTOR 2416467.
Penrose, R. (2002). “Gravitational Collapse: The Role of General Relativity” (PDF). General Relativity and Gravitation 34 (7): 1141. Bibcode:2002GReGr..34.1141P. doi:10.1023/A:1016578408204. 2013년 5월 26일에 원본 문서 (PDF)에서 보존된 문서. 2012년 6월 23일에 확인함.
Giddings, S. B.; Thomas, S. (2002). “High energy colliders as black hole factories: The end of short distance physics”. Physical Review D 65 (5): 056010. arXiv:hep-ph/0106219. Bibcode:2002PhRvD..65e6010G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.65.056010.
Harada, T. (2006). “Is there a black hole minimum mass?”. Physical Review D 74 (8): 084004. arXiv:gr-qc/0609055. Bibcode:2006PhRvD..74h4004H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.74.084004.
Arkani–Hamed, N.; Dimopoulos, S.; Dvali, G. (1998). “The hierarchy problem and new dimensions at a millimeter”. Physics Letters B 429 (3–4): 263. arXiv:hep-ph/9803315. Bibcode:1998PhLB..429..263A. doi:10.1016/S0370-2693(98)00466-3.
Vesperini, E.; McMillan, S. L. W.; d'Ercole, A.; 외. (2010). “Intermediate-Mass Black Holes in Early Globular Clusters”. The Astrophysical Journal Letters 713 (1): L41–L44. arXiv:1003.3470. Bibcode:2010ApJ...713L..41V. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/713/1/L41.
Zwart, S. F. P.; Baumgardt, H.; Hut, P.; 외. (2004). “Formation of massive black holes through runaway collisions in dense young star clusters”. Nature 428 (6984): 724–6. arXiv:astro-ph/0402622. Bibcode:2004Natur.428..724P. doi:10.1038/nature02448. PMID 15085124.
O'Leary, R. M.; Rasio, F. A.; Fregeau, J. M.; 외. (2006). “Binary Mergers and Growth of Black Holes in Dense Star Clusters”. The Astrophysical Journal 637 (2): 937. arXiv:astro-ph/0508224. Bibcode:2006ApJ...637..937O. doi:10.1086/498446.
Page, D. N. (2005). “Hawking radiation and black hole thermodynamics”. New Journal of Physics 7: 203. arXiv:hep-th/0409024. Bibcode:2005NJPh....7..203P. doi:10.1088/1367-2630/7/1/203.
Giddings, S. B.; Mangano, M. L. (2008). “Astrophysical implications of hypothetical stable TeV-scale black holes”. Physical Review D 78 (3): 035009. arXiv:0806.3381. Bibcode:2008PhRvD..78c5009G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.78.035009.
Peskin, M. E. (2008). “The end of the world at the Large Hadron Collider?”. 《Physics》 1: 14. Bibcode:2008PhyOJ...1...14P. doi:10.1103/Physics.1.14.
Fichtel, C. E.; Bertsch, D. L.; Dingus, B. L.; 외. (1994). “Search of the energetic gamma-ray experiment telescope (EGRET) data for high-energy gamma-ray microsecond bursts”. Astrophysical Journal 434 (2): 557–559. Bibcode:1994ApJ...434..557F. doi:10.1086/174758.
Johnson, M. D.; Fish, V. L.; Doeleman, S. S.; Marrone, D. P.; Plambeck, R. L.; Wardle, J. F. C.; Akiyama, K.; Asada, K.; Beaudoin, C. (2015년 12월 4일). “Resolved magnetic-field structure and variability near the event horizon of Sagittarius A*”. 《Science》 (영어) 350 (6265): 1242–1245. arXiv:1512.01220. Bibcode:2015Sci...350.1242J. doi:10.1126/science.aac7087. ISSN 0036-8075.
Castelvecchi, Davide; Witze, Witze (2016년 2월 11일). “Einstein's gravitational waves found at last”. 《Nature News》. doi:10.1038/nature.2016.19361. 2016년 2월 11일에 확인함.
Abbott, B. P.; Abbott, R.; Abbott, T. D.; Abernathy, M. R.; Acernese, F.; Ackley, K.; Adams, C.; Adams, T.; Addesso, P. (2016년 2월 11일). “Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger”. 《Physical Review Letters》 (영어) 116 (6). doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.061102. ISSN 0031-9007.
“Astrophysical Implications of the Binary Black Hole Merger GW150914”. Astrophys. J. Lett. 818 (2): L22. doi:10.3847/2041-8205/818/2/L22.
Gillessen, S.; Eisenhauer, F.; Trippe, S.; 외. (2009). “Monitoring Stellar Orbits around the Massive Black Hole in the Galactic Center”. The Astrophysical Journal 692 (2): 1075. arXiv:0810.4674. Bibcode:2009ApJ...692.1075G. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/692/2/1075.
Ghez, A. M.; Klein, B. L.; Morris, M.; 외. (1998). “High Proper‐Motion Stars in the Vicinity of Sagittarius A*: Evidence for a Supermassive Black Hole at the Center of Our Galaxy”. The Astrophysical Journal 509 (2): 678. arXiv:astro-ph/9807210. Bibcode:1998ApJ...509..678G. doi:10.1086/306528.
Broderick, Avery; Loeb, Abraham; Narayan, Ramesh (August 2009). “The Event Horizon of Sagittarius A*”. 《The Astrophysical Journal》 701: 1357. arXiv:0903.1105. Bibcode:2009ApJ...701.1357B. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/701/2/1357.
Celotti, A.; Miller, J. C.; Sciama, D. W. (1999). “Astrophysical evidence for the existence of black holes”. Classical and Quantum Gravity 16 (12A): A3–A21. arXiv:astro-ph/9912186. doi:10.1088/0264-9381/16/12A/301.
Winter, L. M.; Mushotzky, R. F.; Reynolds, C. S. (2006). “XMM‐Newton Archival Study of the Ultraluminous X‐Ray Population in Nearby Galaxies”. 《The Astrophysical Journal》 649 (2): 730. arXiv:astro-ph/0512480. Bibcode:2006ApJ...649..730W. doi:10.1086/506579.
Bolton, C. T. (1972). “Identification of Cygnus X-1 with HDE 226868”. 《Nature》 235 (5336): 271–273. Bibcode:1972Natur.235..271B. doi:10.1038/235271b0.
Webster, B. L.; Murdin, P. (1972). “Cygnus X-1—a Spectroscopic Binary with a Heavy Companion ?”. 《Nature》 235 (5332): 37–38. Bibcode:1972Natur.235...37W. doi:10.1038/235037a0.
Shipman, H. L.; Yu, Z; Du, Y.W (1975년 1월 1일). “The implausible history of triple star models for Cygnus X-1 Evidence for a black hole”. 《Astrophysical Letters》 16 (1): 9–12. Bibcode:1975ApL....16....9S. doi:10.1016/S0304-8853(99)00384-4.
Narayan, R.; McClintock, J. (2008). “Advection-dominated accretion and the black hole event horizon”. New Astronomy Reviews 51 (10–12): 733. arXiv:0803.0322. Bibcode:2008NewAR..51..733N. doi:10.1016/j.newar.2008.03.002.
Kormendy, J.; Richstone, D. (1995). “Inward Bound—The Search For Supermassive Black Holes In Galactic Nuclei”. 《Annual Reviews of Astronomy and Astrophysics》 33 (1): 581–624. Bibcode:1995ARA&A..33..581K. doi:10.1146/annurev.aa.33.090195.003053.
King, A. (2003). “Black Holes, Galaxy Formation, and the MBH-σ Relation”. The Astrophysical Journal Letters 596 (1): 27–29. arXiv:astro-ph/0308342. Bibcode:2003ApJ...596L..27K. doi:10.1086/379143.
Ferrarese, L.; Merritt, D. (2000). “A Fundamental Relation Between Supermassive Black Holes and their Host Galaxies”. The Astrophysical Journal Letters 539 (1): 9–12. arXiv:astro-ph/0006053. Bibcode:2000ApJ...539L...9F. doi:10.1086/312838.
Bozza, V. (2010). “Gravitational Lensing by Black Holes”. 《General Relativity and Gravitation》 42 (42): 2269–2300. arXiv:0911.2187. Bibcode:2010GReGr..42.2269B. doi:10.1007/s10714-010-0988-2.
Kovacs, Z.; Cheng, K. S.; Harko, T. (2009). “Can stellar mass black holes be quark stars?”. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 400 (3): 1632–1642. arXiv:0908.2672. Bibcode:2009MNRAS.400.1632K. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15571.x.
Hansson, J.; Sandin, F. (2005). “Preon stars: a new class of cosmic compact objects”. Physics Letters B 616 (1–2): 1. arXiv:astro-ph/0410417. Bibcode:2005PhLB..616....1H. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2005.04.034.
Kiefer, C. (2006). “Quantum gravity: general introduction and recent developments”. Annalen der Physik 15 (1–2): 129. arXiv:gr-qc/0508120. Bibcode:2006AnP...518..129K. doi:10.1002/andp.200510175.
Skenderis, K.; Taylor, M. (2008). “The fuzzball proposal for black holes”. Physics Reports 467 (4–5): 117. arXiv:0804.0552. Bibcode:2008PhR...467..117S. doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2008.08.001.
Hawking, S. W. (1971). “Gravitational Radiation from Colliding Black Holes”. Physical Review Letters 26 (21): 1344–1346. Bibcode:1971PhRvL..26.1344H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.26.1344.
Wald, R. M. (2001). “The Thermodynamics of Black Holes”. 《Living Reviews in Relativity》 4 (6): 12119. arXiv:gr-qc/9912119. Bibcode:1999gr.qc....12119W. doi:10.12942/lrr-2001-6. 2011년 2월 28일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2011년 2월 10일에 확인함.
Strominger, A.; Vafa, C. (1996). “Microscopic origin of the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy”. Physics Letters B 379 (1–4): 99. arXiv:hep-th/9601029. Bibcode:1996PhLB..379...99S. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(96)00345-0.
Carlip, S. (2009). “Black Hole Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics”. Lecture Notes in Physics. Lecture Notes in Physics 769: 89. arXiv:0807.4520. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-88460-6_3. ISBN 978-3-540-88459-0.

donga.com

dongascience.donga.com

동아사이언스 (2019년 4월 10일). “인류가 최초로 관측한 블랙홀 모습”. 2019년 4월 10일에 확인함.

einstein-online.info

Cavaglià, M. (2010). “Particle accelerators as black hole factories?”. Einstein-Online (Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute)) 4: 1010. 2013년 5월 8일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2016년 2월 29일에 확인함.
“Evaporating black holes?”. 《Einstein online》. Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics. 2010. 2012년 6월 23일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2010년 12월 12일에 확인함.

eso.org

“Ripped Apart by a Black Hole”. 《ESO Press Release》. 2013년 7월 19일에 확인함.
“A Black Hole's Dinner is Fast Approaching”. 《ESO Press Release》. 2012년 2월 6일에 확인함.

eurekalert.org

“NASA scientists identify smallest known black hole”. Goddard Space Flight Center. 2008년 4월 1일. 2009년 3월 14일에 확인함.

free.fr

nrumiano.free.fr

“Inside a black hole”. 《Knowing the universe and its secrets》. 2009년 3월 26일에 확인함.

harvard.edu

adsabs.harvard.edu

Oldham, L. J.; Auger, M. W. (March 2016). “Galaxy structure from multiple tracers - II. M87 from parsec to megaparsec scales”. 《Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》 457 (1): 421–439. arXiv:1601.01323. Bibcode:2016MNRAS.457..421O. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv2982. ISSN 0035-8711.
Davies, P. C. W. (1978). “Thermodynamics of Black Holes” (PDF). Reports on Progress in Physics 41 (8): 1313–1355. Bibcode:1978RPPh...41.1313D. doi:10.1088/0034-4885/41/8/004. 2013년 5월 10일에 원본 문서 (PDF)에서 보존된 문서. 2011년 2월 10일에 확인함.
Michell, J. (1784). “On the Means of Discovering the Distance, Magnitude, &c. of the Fixed Stars, in Consequence of the Diminution of the Velocity of Their Light, in Case Such a Diminution Should be Found to Take Place in any of Them, and Such Other Data Should be Procured from Observations, as Would be Farther Necessary for That Purpose”. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 74 (0): 35–57. Bibcode:1784RSPT...74...35M. doi:10.1098/rstl.1784.0008. JSTOR 106576.
Detweiler, S. (1981). “Resource letter BH-1: Black holes”. American Journal of Physics 49 (5): 394–400. Bibcode:1981AmJPh..49..394D. doi:10.1119/1.12686.
Oppenheimer, J. R.; Volkoff, G. M. (1939). “On Massive Neutron Cores”. Physical Review 55 (4): 374–381. Bibcode:1939PhRv...55..374O. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.55.374.
Ruffini, R.; Wheeler, J. A. (1971). “Introducing the black hole” (PDF). 《Physics Today》 24 (1): 30–41. Bibcode:1971PhT....24a..30R. doi:10.1063/1.3022513.
Finkelstein, D. (1958). “Past-Future Asymmetry of the Gravitational Field of a Point Particle”. Physical Review 110 (4): 965–967. Bibcode:1958PhRv..110..965F. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.110.965.
Kruskal, M. (1960). “Maximal Extension of Schwarzschild Metric”. Physical Review 119 (5): 1743. Bibcode:1960PhRv..119.1743K. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.119.1743.
Hewish, A.; 외. (1968). “Observation of a Rapidly Pulsating Radio Source”. Nature 217 (5130): 709–713. Bibcode:1968Natur.217..709H. doi:10.1038/217709a0.
Pilkington, J. D. H.; 외. (1968). “Observations of some further Pulsed Radio Sources”. Nature 218 (5137): 126–129. Bibcode:1968Natur.218..126P. doi:10.1038/218126a0.
Hewish, A. (1970). “Pulsars”. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 8 (1): 265–296. Bibcode:1970ARA&A...8..265H. doi:10.1146/annurev.aa.08.090170.001405.
Newman, E. T.; 외. (1965). “Metric of a Rotating, Charged Mass”. Journal of Mathematical Physics 6 (6): 918. Bibcode:1965JMP.....6..918N. doi:10.1063/1.1704351.
Israel, W. (1967). “Event Horizons in Static Vacuum Space-Times”. Physical Review 164 (5): 1776. Bibcode:1967PhRv..164.1776I. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.164.1776.
Carter, B. (1971). “Axisymmetric Black Hole Has Only Two Degrees of Freedom”. Physical Review Letters 26 (6): 331. Bibcode:1971PhRvL..26..331C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.26.331.
Robinson, D. (1975). “Uniqueness of the Kerr Black Hole”. Physical Review Letters 34 (14): 905. Bibcode:1975PhRvL..34..905R. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.34.905.
Penrose, R. (1965). “Gravitational Collapse and Space-Time Singularities”. Physical Review Letters 14 (3): 57. Bibcode:1965PhRvL..14...57P. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.14.57.
Bardeen, J. M.; Carter, B.; Hawking, S. W. (1973). “The four laws of black hole mechanics”. 《Communications in Mathematical Physics》 31 (2): 161–170. Bibcode:1973CMaPh..31..161B. doi:10.1007/BF01645742. MR MR0334798. Zbl 1125.83309.
Hawking, S. W. (1974). “Black hole explosions?”. Nature 248 (5443): 30–31. Bibcode:1974Natur.248...30H. doi:10.1038/248030a0.
Berger, B. K. (2002). “Numerical Approaches to Spacetime Singularities”. Living Reviews in Relativity 5: 1. arXiv:gr-qc/0201056. Bibcode:2002LRR.....5....1B. doi:10.12942/lrr-2002-1. 2007년 8월 4일에 확인함.
McClintock, J. E.; Shafee, R.; Narayan, R.; Remillard, R. A.; Davis, S. W.; Li, L.-X. (2006). “The Spin of the Near-Extreme Kerr Black Hole GRS 1915+105”. Astrophysical Journal 652 (1): 518–539. arXiv:astro-ph/0606076. Bibcode:2006ApJ...652..518M. doi:10.1086/508457.
Emparan, R.; Reall, H. S. (2008). “Black Holes in Higher Dimensions”. Living Reviews in Relativity 11 (6). arXiv:0801.3471. Bibcode:2008LRR....11....6E. doi:10.12942/lrr-2008-6. 2011년 3월 27일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2011년 2월 10일에 확인함.
Lewis, G. F.; Kwan, J. (2007). “No Way Back: Maximizing Survival Time Below the Schwarzschild Event Horizon”. Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 24 (2): 46–52. arXiv:0705.1029. Bibcode:2007PASA...24...46L. doi:10.1071/AS07012.
Droz, S.; Israel, W.; Morsink, S. M. (1996). “Black holes: the inside story”. Physics World 9 (1): 34–37. Bibcode:1996PhyW....9...34D.
Poisson, E.; Israel, W. (1990). “Internal structure of black holes”. Physical Review D 41 (6): 1796. Bibcode:1990PhRvD..41.1796P. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.41.1796.
Nitta, Daisuke; Chiba, Takeshi; Sugiyama, Naoshi (September 2011). “Shadows of colliding black holes”. 《Physical Review D》 84 (6). arXiv:1106.2425. Bibcode:2011PhRvD..84f3008N. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.84.063008.
Nemiroff, R. J. (1993). “Visual distortions near a neutron star and black hole”. American Journal of Physics 61 (7): 619. arXiv:astro-ph/9312003. Bibcode:1993AmJPh..61..619N. doi:10.1119/1.17224.
Hawking, S. W.; Penrose, R. (January 1970). “The Singularities of Gravitational Collapse and Cosmology”. Proceedings of the Royal Society A 314 (1519): 529–548. Bibcode:1970RSPSA.314..529H. doi:10.1098/rspa.1970.0021. JSTOR 2416467.
Penrose, R. (2002). “Gravitational Collapse: The Role of General Relativity” (PDF). General Relativity and Gravitation 34 (7): 1141. Bibcode:2002GReGr..34.1141P. doi:10.1023/A:1016578408204. 2013년 5월 26일에 원본 문서 (PDF)에서 보존된 문서. 2012년 6월 23일에 확인함.
Giddings, S. B.; Thomas, S. (2002). “High energy colliders as black hole factories: The end of short distance physics”. Physical Review D 65 (5): 056010. arXiv:hep-ph/0106219. Bibcode:2002PhRvD..65e6010G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.65.056010.
Harada, T. (2006). “Is there a black hole minimum mass?”. Physical Review D 74 (8): 084004. arXiv:gr-qc/0609055. Bibcode:2006PhRvD..74h4004H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.74.084004.
Arkani–Hamed, N.; Dimopoulos, S.; Dvali, G. (1998). “The hierarchy problem and new dimensions at a millimeter”. Physics Letters B 429 (3–4): 263. arXiv:hep-ph/9803315. Bibcode:1998PhLB..429..263A. doi:10.1016/S0370-2693(98)00466-3.
Vesperini, E.; McMillan, S. L. W.; d'Ercole, A.; 외. (2010). “Intermediate-Mass Black Holes in Early Globular Clusters”. The Astrophysical Journal Letters 713 (1): L41–L44. arXiv:1003.3470. Bibcode:2010ApJ...713L..41V. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/713/1/L41.
Zwart, S. F. P.; Baumgardt, H.; Hut, P.; 외. (2004). “Formation of massive black holes through runaway collisions in dense young star clusters”. Nature 428 (6984): 724–6. arXiv:astro-ph/0402622. Bibcode:2004Natur.428..724P. doi:10.1038/nature02448. PMID 15085124.
O'Leary, R. M.; Rasio, F. A.; Fregeau, J. M.; 외. (2006). “Binary Mergers and Growth of Black Holes in Dense Star Clusters”. The Astrophysical Journal 637 (2): 937. arXiv:astro-ph/0508224. Bibcode:2006ApJ...637..937O. doi:10.1086/498446.
Page, D. N. (2005). “Hawking radiation and black hole thermodynamics”. New Journal of Physics 7: 203. arXiv:hep-th/0409024. Bibcode:2005NJPh....7..203P. doi:10.1088/1367-2630/7/1/203.
Giddings, S. B.; Mangano, M. L. (2008). “Astrophysical implications of hypothetical stable TeV-scale black holes”. Physical Review D 78 (3): 035009. arXiv:0806.3381. Bibcode:2008PhRvD..78c5009G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.78.035009.
Peskin, M. E. (2008). “The end of the world at the Large Hadron Collider?”. 《Physics》 1: 14. Bibcode:2008PhyOJ...1...14P. doi:10.1103/Physics.1.14.
Fichtel, C. E.; Bertsch, D. L.; Dingus, B. L.; 외. (1994). “Search of the energetic gamma-ray experiment telescope (EGRET) data for high-energy gamma-ray microsecond bursts”. Astrophysical Journal 434 (2): 557–559. Bibcode:1994ApJ...434..557F. doi:10.1086/174758.
Johnson, M. D.; Fish, V. L.; Doeleman, S. S.; Marrone, D. P.; Plambeck, R. L.; Wardle, J. F. C.; Akiyama, K.; Asada, K.; Beaudoin, C. (2015년 12월 4일). “Resolved magnetic-field structure and variability near the event horizon of Sagittarius A*”. 《Science》 (영어) 350 (6265): 1242–1245. arXiv:1512.01220. Bibcode:2015Sci...350.1242J. doi:10.1126/science.aac7087. ISSN 0036-8075.
Gillessen, S.; Eisenhauer, F.; Trippe, S.; 외. (2009). “Monitoring Stellar Orbits around the Massive Black Hole in the Galactic Center”. The Astrophysical Journal 692 (2): 1075. arXiv:0810.4674. Bibcode:2009ApJ...692.1075G. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/692/2/1075.
Ghez, A. M.; Klein, B. L.; Morris, M.; 외. (1998). “High Proper‐Motion Stars in the Vicinity of Sagittarius A*: Evidence for a Supermassive Black Hole at the Center of Our Galaxy”. The Astrophysical Journal 509 (2): 678. arXiv:astro-ph/9807210. Bibcode:1998ApJ...509..678G. doi:10.1086/306528.
Broderick, Avery; Loeb, Abraham; Narayan, Ramesh (August 2009). “The Event Horizon of Sagittarius A*”. 《The Astrophysical Journal》 701: 1357. arXiv:0903.1105. Bibcode:2009ApJ...701.1357B. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/701/2/1357.
Winter, L. M.; Mushotzky, R. F.; Reynolds, C. S. (2006). “XMM‐Newton Archival Study of the Ultraluminous X‐Ray Population in Nearby Galaxies”. 《The Astrophysical Journal》 649 (2): 730. arXiv:astro-ph/0512480. Bibcode:2006ApJ...649..730W. doi:10.1086/506579.
Bolton, C. T. (1972). “Identification of Cygnus X-1 with HDE 226868”. 《Nature》 235 (5336): 271–273. Bibcode:1972Natur.235..271B. doi:10.1038/235271b0.
Webster, B. L.; Murdin, P. (1972). “Cygnus X-1—a Spectroscopic Binary with a Heavy Companion ?”. 《Nature》 235 (5332): 37–38. Bibcode:1972Natur.235...37W. doi:10.1038/235037a0.
Shipman, H. L.; Yu, Z; Du, Y.W (1975년 1월 1일). “The implausible history of triple star models for Cygnus X-1 Evidence for a black hole”. 《Astrophysical Letters》 16 (1): 9–12. Bibcode:1975ApL....16....9S. doi:10.1016/S0304-8853(99)00384-4.
Narayan, R.; McClintock, J. (2008). “Advection-dominated accretion and the black hole event horizon”. New Astronomy Reviews 51 (10–12): 733. arXiv:0803.0322. Bibcode:2008NewAR..51..733N. doi:10.1016/j.newar.2008.03.002.
Kormendy, J.; Richstone, D. (1995). “Inward Bound—The Search For Supermassive Black Holes In Galactic Nuclei”. 《Annual Reviews of Astronomy and Astrophysics》 33 (1): 581–624. Bibcode:1995ARA&A..33..581K. doi:10.1146/annurev.aa.33.090195.003053.
King, A. (2003). “Black Holes, Galaxy Formation, and the MBH-σ Relation”. The Astrophysical Journal Letters 596 (1): 27–29. arXiv:astro-ph/0308342. Bibcode:2003ApJ...596L..27K. doi:10.1086/379143.
Ferrarese, L.; Merritt, D. (2000). “A Fundamental Relation Between Supermassive Black Holes and their Host Galaxies”. The Astrophysical Journal Letters 539 (1): 9–12. arXiv:astro-ph/0006053. Bibcode:2000ApJ...539L...9F. doi:10.1086/312838.
Bozza, V. (2010). “Gravitational Lensing by Black Holes”. 《General Relativity and Gravitation》 42 (42): 2269–2300. arXiv:0911.2187. Bibcode:2010GReGr..42.2269B. doi:10.1007/s10714-010-0988-2.
Kovacs, Z.; Cheng, K. S.; Harko, T. (2009). “Can stellar mass black holes be quark stars?”. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 400 (3): 1632–1642. arXiv:0908.2672. Bibcode:2009MNRAS.400.1632K. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15571.x.
Hansson, J.; Sandin, F. (2005). “Preon stars: a new class of cosmic compact objects”. Physics Letters B 616 (1–2): 1. arXiv:astro-ph/0410417. Bibcode:2005PhLB..616....1H. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2005.04.034.
Kiefer, C. (2006). “Quantum gravity: general introduction and recent developments”. Annalen der Physik 15 (1–2): 129. arXiv:gr-qc/0508120. Bibcode:2006AnP...518..129K. doi:10.1002/andp.200510175.
Skenderis, K.; Taylor, M. (2008). “The fuzzball proposal for black holes”. Physics Reports 467 (4–5): 117. arXiv:0804.0552. Bibcode:2008PhR...467..117S. doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2008.08.001.
Hawking, S. W. (1971). “Gravitational Radiation from Colliding Black Holes”. Physical Review Letters 26 (21): 1344–1346. Bibcode:1971PhRvL..26.1344H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.26.1344.
Wald, R. M. (2001). “The Thermodynamics of Black Holes”. 《Living Reviews in Relativity》 4 (6): 12119. arXiv:gr-qc/9912119. Bibcode:1999gr.qc....12119W. doi:10.12942/lrr-2001-6. 2011년 2월 28일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2011년 2월 10일에 확인함.
Strominger, A.; Vafa, C. (1996). “Microscopic origin of the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy”. Physics Letters B 379 (1–4): 99. arXiv:hep-th/9601029. Bibcode:1996PhLB..379...99S. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(96)00345-0.

cfa.harvard.edu

“Event Horizon Telescope Reveals Magnetic Fields at Milky Way's Central Black Hole”. 《cfa.harvard.edu》. 2015년 12월 3일. 2016년 1월 12일에 확인함.

hawking.org.uk

Hawking, S. W. “Does God Play Dice?”. 《www.hawking.org.uk》. 2012년 1월 11일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2009년 3월 14일에 확인함.

imamu.edu.sa

Penrose, R. (2002). “Gravitational Collapse: The Role of General Relativity” (PDF). General Relativity and Gravitation 34 (7): 1141. Bibcode:2002GReGr..34.1141P. doi:10.1023/A:1016578408204. 2013년 5월 26일에 원본 문서 (PDF)에서 보존된 문서. 2012년 6월 23일에 확인함.

iop.org

physicsworldarchive.iop.org

Droz, S.; Israel, W.; Morsink, S. M. (1996). “Black holes: the inside story”. Physics World 9 (1): 34–37. Bibcode:1996PhyW....9...34D.

jstor.org

Michell, J. (1784). “On the Means of Discovering the Distance, Magnitude, &c. of the Fixed Stars, in Consequence of the Diminution of the Velocity of Their Light, in Case Such a Diminution Should be Found to Take Place in any of Them, and Such Other Data Should be Procured from Observations, as Would be Farther Necessary for That Purpose”. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 74 (0): 35–57. Bibcode:1784RSPT...74...35M. doi:10.1098/rstl.1784.0008. JSTOR 106576.
Einstein, A. (1939). “On A Stationary System With Spherical Symmetry Consisting of Many Gravitating Masses”. Annals of Mathematics 40 (4): 922–936. doi:10.2307/1968902. JSTOR 1968902.
Hawking, S. W.; Penrose, R. (January 1970). “The Singularities of Gravitational Collapse and Cosmology”. Proceedings of the Royal Society A 314 (1519): 529–548. Bibcode:1970RSPSA.314..529H. doi:10.1098/rspa.1970.0021. JSTOR 2416467.

knaw.nl

dwc.knaw.nl

Droste, J. (1917). “On the field of a single centre in Einstein's theory of gravitation, and the motion of a particle in that field” (PDF). Proceedings Royal Academy Amsterdam 19 (1): 197–215.

ligo.org

dcc.ligo.org

Abbott, Benjamin P.; 외. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration) (2016년 2월 11일). “Tests of general relativity with GW150914”. LIGO. 2016년 2월 12일에 확인함.
“Astrophysical Implications of the Binary Black Hole Merger GW150914”. Astrophys. J. Lett. 818 (2): L22. doi:10.3847/2041-8205/818/2/L22.

ligo.org

“Gravitational waves detected 100 years after Einstein's prediction” (PDF). LIGO. 2016년 2월 11일. 2016년 4월 3일에 원본 문서 (PDF)에서 보존된 문서. 2016년 2월 11일에 확인함.

livingreviews.org

relativity.livingreviews.org

Heusler, M. (1998). “Stationary Black Holes: Uniqueness and Beyond”. Living Reviews in Relativity 1 (6). doi:10.12942/lrr-1998-6. 1999년 2월 3일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2011년 2월 8일에 확인함.
Emparan, R.; Reall, H. S. (2008). “Black Holes in Higher Dimensions”. Living Reviews in Relativity 11 (6). arXiv:0801.3471. Bibcode:2008LRR....11....6E. doi:10.12942/lrr-2008-6. 2011년 3월 27일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2011년 2월 10일에 확인함.
Wald, R. M. (2001). “The Thermodynamics of Black Holes”. 《Living Reviews in Relativity》 4 (6): 12119. arXiv:gr-qc/9912119. Bibcode:1999gr.qc....12119W. doi:10.12942/lrr-2001-6. 2011년 2월 28일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2011년 2월 10일에 확인함.

livingreviews.org

Berger, B. K. (2002). “Numerical Approaches to Spacetime Singularities”. Living Reviews in Relativity 5: 1. arXiv:gr-qc/0201056. Bibcode:2002LRR.....5....1B. doi:10.12942/lrr-2002-1. 2007년 8월 4일에 확인함.

nasa.gov

Naeye, R. “Testing Fundamental Physics”. NASA. 2008년 8월 31일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2008년 9월 16일에 확인함.
Chou, Felicia; Anderson, Janet; Watzke, Megan (2015년 1월 5일). “RELEASE 15-001 - NASA’s Chandra Detects Record-Breaking Outburst from Milky Way’s Black Hole”. 《NASA》. 2015년 1월 6일에 확인함.

imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov

Palmer, D. “Ask an Astrophysicist: Quantum Gravity and Black Holes”. NASA. 2009년 3월 26일에 확인함.

jpl.nasa.gov

“NASA's NuSTAR Sees Rare Blurring of Black Hole Light”. 《NASA》. 2014년 8월 12일. 2014년 8월 12일에 확인함.

nature.com

Castelvecchi, Davide; Witze, Witze (2016년 2월 11일). “Einstein's gravitational waves found at last”. 《Nature News》. doi:10.1038/nature.2016.19361. 2016년 2월 11일에 확인함.

nih.gov

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Zwart, S. F. P.; Baumgardt, H.; Hut, P.; 외. (2004). “Formation of massive black holes through runaway collisions in dense young star clusters”. Nature 428 (6984): 724–6. arXiv:astro-ph/0402622. Bibcode:2004Natur.428..724P. doi:10.1038/nature02448. PMID 15085124.

nytimes.com

Overbye, Dennis (2015년 6월 8일). “Black Hole Hunters”. 《NASA》. 2015년 6월 8일에 확인함.
Overbye, Dennis (2016년 2월 11일). “Physicists Detect Gravitational Waves, Proving Einstein Right”. 《New York Times》. 2016년 2월 11일에 확인함.
Krauss, Lawrence (2016년 2월 11일). “Finding Beauty in the Darkness”. 《New York Times》. 2016년 2월 11일에 확인함.

sciencemag.org

Johnson, M. D.; Fish, V. L.; Doeleman, S. S.; Marrone, D. P.; Plambeck, R. L.; Wardle, J. F. C.; Akiyama, K.; Asada, K.; Beaudoin, C. (2015년 12월 4일). “Resolved magnetic-field structure and variability near the event horizon of Sagittarius A*”. 《Science》 (영어) 350 (6265): 1242–1245. arXiv:1512.01220. Bibcode:2015Sci...350.1242J. doi:10.1126/science.aac7087. ISSN 0036-8075.

theguardian.com

https://www.theguardian.com/science/2019/apr/10/black-hole-picture-captured-for-first-time-in-space-breakthrough
correspondent, Hannah Devlin Science (2019년 4월 10일). “Black hole picture captured for first time in space ‘breakthrough’”. 《The Guardian》 (영국 영어). ISSN 0261-3077. 2019년 4월 10일에 확인함.

ucr.edu

math.ucr.edu

Anderson, Warren G. (1996). “The Black Hole Information Loss Problem”. 《Usenet Physics FAQ》. 2009년 1월 22일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2009년 3월 24일에 확인함.

utoronto.ca

news.utoronto.ca

Rolston, B. (1997년 11월 10일). “The First Black Hole”. 《The bulletin》. University of Toronto. 2008년 5월 2일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2008년 3월 11일에 확인함.

uu.nl

phys.uu.nl

't Hooft, G. (2009). “Introduction to the Theory of Black Holes” (PDF). Institute for Theoretical Physics / Spinoza Institute: 47–48.

web.archive.org

Davies, P. C. W. (1978). “Thermodynamics of Black Holes” (PDF). Reports on Progress in Physics 41 (8): 1313–1355. Bibcode:1978RPPh...41.1313D. doi:10.1088/0034-4885/41/8/004. 2013년 5월 10일에 원본 문서 (PDF)에서 보존된 문서. 2011년 2월 10일에 확인함.
Kox, A. J. (1992). “General Relativity in the Netherlands: 1915–1920”. Eisenstaedt, J.; Kox, A. J. Studies in the history of general relativity. Birkhäuser. 41쪽. ISBN 978-0-8176-3479-7. 2016년 8월 10일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2016년 2월 24일에 확인함.
Heusler, M. (1998). “Stationary Black Holes: Uniqueness and Beyond”. Living Reviews in Relativity 1 (6). doi:10.12942/lrr-1998-6. 1999년 2월 3일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2011년 2월 8일에 확인함.
Carroll 2004, 253쪽 Carroll, Sean M. (2004). Spacetime and Geometry. Addison Wesley. ISBN 0-8053-8732-3. , the lecture notes on which the book was based are available for free from Sean Carroll's website.
Anderson, Warren G. (1996). “The Black Hole Information Loss Problem”. 《Usenet Physics FAQ》. 2009년 1월 22일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2009년 3월 24일에 확인함.
Carroll 2004, Ch. 5.4 and 7.3 Carroll, Sean M. (2004). Spacetime and Geometry. Addison Wesley. ISBN 0-8053-8732-3. , the lecture notes on which the book was based are available for free from Sean Carroll's website.
Carroll 2004, 217쪽 Carroll, Sean M. (2004). Spacetime and Geometry. Addison Wesley. ISBN 0-8053-8732-3. , the lecture notes on which the book was based are available for free from Sean Carroll's website.
Carroll 2004, 218쪽 Carroll, Sean M. (2004). Spacetime and Geometry. Addison Wesley. ISBN 0-8053-8732-3. , the lecture notes on which the book was based are available for free from Sean Carroll's website.
Carroll 2004, 222쪽 Carroll, Sean M. (2004). Spacetime and Geometry. Addison Wesley. ISBN 0-8053-8732-3. , the lecture notes on which the book was based are available for free from Sean Carroll's website.
Emparan, R.; Reall, H. S. (2008). “Black Holes in Higher Dimensions”. Living Reviews in Relativity 11 (6). arXiv:0801.3471. Bibcode:2008LRR....11....6E. doi:10.12942/lrr-2008-6. 2011년 3월 27일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2011년 2월 10일에 확인함.
Carroll 2004, 205쪽 Carroll, Sean M. (2004). Spacetime and Geometry. Addison Wesley. ISBN 0-8053-8732-3. , the lecture notes on which the book was based are available for free from Sean Carroll's website.
Carroll 2004, 264–265쪽 Carroll, Sean M. (2004). Spacetime and Geometry. Addison Wesley. ISBN 0-8053-8732-3. , the lecture notes on which the book was based are available for free from Sean Carroll's website.
Carroll 2004, 252쪽 Carroll, Sean M. (2004). Spacetime and Geometry. Addison Wesley. ISBN 0-8053-8732-3. , the lecture notes on which the book was based are available for free from Sean Carroll's website.
Carroll 2004, 257–259 and 265–266쪽 Carroll, Sean M. (2004). Spacetime and Geometry. Addison Wesley. ISBN 0-8053-8732-3. , the lecture notes on which the book was based are available for free from Sean Carroll's website.
Carroll 2004, 266쪽 Carroll, Sean M. (2004). Spacetime and Geometry. Addison Wesley. ISBN 0-8053-8732-3. , the lecture notes on which the book was based are available for free from Sean Carroll's website.
Carroll 2004, Ch. 6.6 Carroll, Sean M. (2004). Spacetime and Geometry. Addison Wesley. ISBN 0-8053-8732-3. , the lecture notes on which the book was based are available for free from Sean Carroll's website.
Carroll 2004, Ch. 6.7 Carroll, Sean M. (2004). Spacetime and Geometry. Addison Wesley. ISBN 0-8053-8732-3. , the lecture notes on which the book was based are available for free from Sean Carroll's website.
Carroll 2004, Section 5.8 Carroll, Sean M. (2004). Spacetime and Geometry. Addison Wesley. ISBN 0-8053-8732-3. , the lecture notes on which the book was based are available for free from Sean Carroll's website.
Penrose, R. (2002). “Gravitational Collapse: The Role of General Relativity” (PDF). General Relativity and Gravitation 34 (7): 1141. Bibcode:2002GReGr..34.1141P. doi:10.1023/A:1016578408204. 2013년 5월 26일에 원본 문서 (PDF)에서 보존된 문서. 2012년 6월 23일에 확인함.
Cavaglià, M. (2010). “Particle accelerators as black hole factories?”. Einstein-Online (Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute)) 4: 1010. 2013년 5월 8일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2016년 2월 29일에 확인함.
Carroll 2004, Ch. 9.6 Carroll, Sean M. (2004). Spacetime and Geometry. Addison Wesley. ISBN 0-8053-8732-3. , the lecture notes on which the book was based are available for free from Sean Carroll's website.
Naeye, R. “Testing Fundamental Physics”. NASA. 2008년 8월 31일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2008년 9월 16일에 확인함.
O'Neill, Ian (2015년 7월 2일). “Event Horizon Telescope Will Probe Spacetime's Mysteries”. 《Discovery News》. 2016년 5월 17일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2015년 12월 6일에 확인함.
“Gravitational waves detected 100 years after Einstein's prediction” (PDF). LIGO. 2016년 2월 11일. 2016년 4월 3일에 원본 문서 (PDF)에서 보존된 문서. 2016년 2월 11일에 확인함.
Rolston, B. (1997년 11월 10일). “The First Black Hole”. 《The bulletin》. University of Toronto. 2008년 5월 2일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2008년 3월 11일에 확인함.
Wald, R. M. (2001). “The Thermodynamics of Black Holes”. 《Living Reviews in Relativity》 4 (6): 12119. arXiv:gr-qc/9912119. Bibcode:1999gr.qc....12119W. doi:10.12942/lrr-2001-6. 2011년 2월 28일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2011년 2월 10일에 확인함.
Hawking, S. W. “Does God Play Dice?”. 《www.hawking.org.uk》. 2012년 1월 11일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2009년 3월 14일에 확인함.

webcitation.org

“Evaporating black holes?”. 《Einstein online》. Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics. 2010. 2012년 6월 23일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2010년 12월 12일에 확인함.

wikipedia.org

en.wikipedia.org

Thorne, Misner & Wheeler 1973, 848쪽
hawking & ellis 1973, Ch. 9.3
Thorne, Misner & Wheeler 1973

wolframscience.com

forum.wolframscience.com

“[NKS, Mathur states, 't Hooft-Polyakov monopoles, and Ward-Takahashi identities] - A New Kind of Science: The NKS Forum”. 《wolframscience.com》. 2015년 4월 12일에 확인함.

worldcat.org

Oldham, L. J.; Auger, M. W. (March 2016). “Galaxy structure from multiple tracers - II. M87 from parsec to megaparsec scales”. 《Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》 457 (1): 421–439. arXiv:1601.01323. Bibcode:2016MNRAS.457..421O. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv2982. ISSN 0035-8711.
correspondent, Hannah Devlin Science (2019년 4월 10일). “Black hole picture captured for first time in space ‘breakthrough’”. 《The Guardian》 (영국 영어). ISSN 0261-3077. 2019년 4월 10일에 확인함.
Johnson, M. D.; Fish, V. L.; Doeleman, S. S.; Marrone, D. P.; Plambeck, R. L.; Wardle, J. F. C.; Akiyama, K.; Asada, K.; Beaudoin, C. (2015년 12월 4일). “Resolved magnetic-field structure and variability near the event horizon of Sagittarius A*”. 《Science》 (영어) 350 (6265): 1242–1245. arXiv:1512.01220. Bibcode:2015Sci...350.1242J. doi:10.1126/science.aac7087. ISSN 0036-8075.
Abbott, B. P.; Abbott, R.; Abbott, T. D.; Abernathy, M. R.; Acernese, F.; Ackley, K.; Adams, C.; Adams, T.; Addesso, P. (2016년 2월 11일). “Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger”. 《Physical Review Letters》 (영어) 116 (6). doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.061102. ISSN 0031-9007.

worldwidewords.org

Quinion, M. (2008년 4월 26일). “Black Hole”. 《World Wide Words》. 2008년 6월 17일에 확인함.

zbmath.org

Bardeen, J. M.; Carter, B.; Hawking, S. W. (1973). “The four laws of black hole mechanics”. 《Communications in Mathematical Physics》 31 (2): 161–170. Bibcode:1973CMaPh..31..161B. doi:10.1007/BF01645742. MR MR0334798. Zbl 1125.83309.