Compare: Killingray, David (1998). 〈7: The War in Africa〉. Strachan, Hew. 《The Oxford Illustrated History of the First World War: New Edition》 2판. Oxford: 옥스퍼드 대학교 출판부 (2014에 출판됨). 101쪽. ISBN978-0-19-164040-7. 2017년 2월 21일에 확인함. In 1914 the only independent states in Africa were Liberia and Abyssinia.
Gjersø, Jonas Fossli (2015). 《The Scramble for East Africa: British Motives Reconsidered, 1884–95》. 《Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History》 43. 831–860쪽. doi:10.1080/03086534.2015.1026131. S2CID143514840.
Shank, Ian (2017년 10월 1일). 《From Home to Port: Italian Soldiers' Perspectives on the Opening Stage of the Ethiopian Campaign》. 《The Virginia Tech Undergraduate Historical Review》 6. doi:10.21061/vtuhr.v6i0.6. hdl:10919/90259. ISSN2165-9915.
Shank, Ian (2017년 10월 1일). 《From Home to Port: Italian Soldiers' Perspectives on the Opening Stage of the Ethiopian Campaign》. 《The Virginia Tech Undergraduate Historical Review》 6. doi:10.21061/vtuhr.v6i0.6. hdl:10919/90259. ISSN2165-9915.
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Touval, Saadia (1967). 《The Organization of African Unity and African Borders》. 《International Organization》 21. 102–127쪽. doi:10.1017/S0020818300013151. JSTOR2705705.
George Shepperson, "The centennial of the West African conference of Berlin, 1884–1885." Phylon 46.1 (1985): 37–48 online보관됨 2019-10-21 - 웨이백 머신.
Gjersø, Jonas Fossli (2015). 《The Scramble for East Africa: British Motives Reconsidered, 1884–95》. 《Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History》 43. 831–860쪽. doi:10.1080/03086534.2015.1026131. S2CID143514840.
Hochschild, Adam (1999). 《King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa.》. New York: Mariner Books. 281쪽. ISBN0-358-21250-2. OCLC1105149367.
Arendt, Hannah (1973). 《The origins of totalitarianism》 New판. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 222쪽. ISBN9780156701532. OCLC614421.
Kitson, Alison (2001). 《Germany, 1858–1990: Hope, Terror, and Revival》. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 64쪽. ISBN0-19-913417-0. OCLC47209403.
Shank, Ian (2017년 10월 1일). 《From Home to Port: Italian Soldiers' Perspectives on the Opening Stage of the Ethiopian Campaign》. 《The Virginia Tech Undergraduate Historical Review》 6. doi:10.21061/vtuhr.v6i0.6. hdl:10919/90259. ISSN2165-9915.