van Ess, Josef (2017). 〈Setting the Seal on Prophecy〉. 《Theology and Society in the Second and Third Centuries of the Hijra, Volume 1: A History of Religious Thought in Early Islam》. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 1: The Near and Middle East. 116/1. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. 3–7쪽. doi:10.1163/9789004323384_002. ISBN978-90-04-32338-4. ISSN0169-9423.
van Ess, Josef (2017). 〈Setting the Seal on Prophecy〉. 《Theology and Society in the Second and Third Centuries of the Hijra, Volume 1: A History of Religious Thought in Early Islam》. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 1: The Near and Middle East. 116/1. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. 3–7쪽. doi:10.1163/9789004323384_002. ISBN978-90-04-32338-4. ISSN0169-9423.
van Ess, Josef (2017). 〈Setting the Seal on Prophecy〉. 《Theology and Society in the Second and Third Centuries of the Hijra, Volume 1: A History of Religious Thought in Early Islam》. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 1: The Near and Middle East. 116/1. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. 3–7쪽. doi:10.1163/9789004323384_002. ISBN978-90-04-32338-4. ISSN0169-9423.
van Ess, Josef (2017). 〈Setting the Seal on Prophecy〉. 《Theology and Society in the Second and Third Centuries of the Hijra, Volume 1: A History of Religious Thought in Early Islam》. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 1: The Near and Middle East. 116/1. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. 3–7쪽. doi:10.1163/9789004323384_002. ISBN978-90-04-32338-4. ISSN0169-9423.
R. B. Serjeant (1978). “Sunnah Jami'ah, pacts with the Yathrib Jews, and the Tahrim of Yathrib: analysis and translation of the documents comprised in the so-called 'Constitution of Medina'”. 《Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies》 41: 1–42. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00057761.
"The immediate outcome of the Muslim victories was turmoil. Medina's victories led allied tribes to attack the non-aligned to compensate for their own losses. The pressure drove tribes [...] across the imperial frontiers. The Bakr tribe, which had defeated a Persian detachment in 606, joined forces with the Muslims and led them on a raid in southern Iraq [...] A similar spilling over of tribal raiding occurred on the Syrian frontiers. Abu Bakr encouraged these movements [...] What began as inter-tribal skirmishing to consolidate a political confederation in Arabia ended as a full-scale war against the two empires."Lapidus (2002) harvtxt error: 대상 없음: CITEREFLapidus2002 (help)
"In dealing with captured leaders Abu Bakr showed great clemency, and many became active supporters of the cause of Islam." W. Montgomery Watt, Encyclopaedia of Islam 2nd ed., "Abu Bakr", vol. 1, p. 110. "Umar's subsequent decision (reversing the exclusionary policy of Abu Bakr) to allow those tribes which had rebelled during the course of the Ridda wars and been subdued to participate in the expanding incursions into and attacks on the Fertile Crescent [...] incorporated the defeated Arabs into the polity as Muslims." Berkey (2003) harvtxt error: 대상 없음: CITEREFBerkey2003 (help)
[N]on-Muslim sources allow us to perceive an additional advantage, namely, that Arabs had been serving in the armies of Byzantium and Persia long before Islam; they had acquired valuable training in the weaponry and military tactics of the empires and had become to some degree acculturated to their ways. In fact, these sources hint that we should view many in Muhammad's west Arabian coalition, its settled members as well as its nomads, not so much as outsiders seeking to despoil the empires but as insiders trying to grab a share of the wealth of their imperial masters.Hoyland (2014) harvtxt error: 대상 없음: CITEREFHoyland2014 (help)
van Ess, Josef (2017). 〈Setting the Seal on Prophecy〉. 《Theology and Society in the Second and Third Centuries of the Hijra, Volume 1: A History of Religious Thought in Early Islam》. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 1: The Near and Middle East. 116/1. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. 3–7쪽. doi:10.1163/9789004323384_002. ISBN978-90-04-32338-4. ISSN0169-9423.
van Ess, Josef (2017). 〈Setting the Seal on Prophecy〉. 《Theology and Society in the Second and Third Centuries of the Hijra, Volume 1: A History of Religious Thought in Early Islam》. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 1: The Near and Middle East. 116/1. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. 3–7쪽. doi:10.1163/9789004323384_002. ISBN978-90-04-32338-4. ISSN0169-9423.
van Ess, Josef (2017). 〈Setting the Seal on Prophecy〉. 《Theology and Society in the Second and Third Centuries of the Hijra, Volume 1: A History of Religious Thought in Early Islam》. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 1: The Near and Middle East. 116/1. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. 3–7쪽. doi:10.1163/9789004323384_002. ISBN978-90-04-32338-4. ISSN0169-9423.
van Ess, Josef (2017). 〈Setting the Seal on Prophecy〉. 《Theology and Society in the Second and Third Centuries of the Hijra, Volume 1: A History of Religious Thought in Early Islam》. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 1: The Near and Middle East. 116/1. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. 3–7쪽. doi:10.1163/9789004323384_002. ISBN978-90-04-32338-4. ISSN0169-9423.