Moreau RA, Hicks KB (2004). “The in vitro hydrolysis of phytosterol conjugates in food matrices by mammalian digestive enzymes”. 《Lipids》 39 (8): 769–76. doi:10.1007/s11745-004-1294-3. PMID15638245. S2CID4043005.
Valsta, L. M.; Lemström, A.; Ovaskainen, M.-L.; Lampi, A.-M.; Toivo, J.; Korhonen, T.; Piironen, V. (2007). “Estimation of plant sterol and cholesterol intake in Finland: Quality of new values and their effect on intake”. 《British Journal of Nutrition》 92 (4): 671–8. doi:10.1079/BJN20041234. PMID15522137.
Ågren, J. J.; Tvrzicka, E.; Nenonen, M. T.; Helve, T.; Hänninen, O. (2007). “Divergent changes in serum sterols during a strict uncooked vegan diet in patients with rheumatoid arthritis”. 《British Journal of Nutrition》 85 (2): 137–9. doi:10.1079/BJN2000234. PMID11242480.
Andersson, S W; Skinner, J; Ellegård, L; Welch, A A; Bingham, S; Mulligan, A; Andersson, H; Khaw, K-T (2004). “Intake of dietary plant sterols is inversely related to serum cholesterol concentration in men and women in the EPIC Norfolk population: A cross-sectional study”. 《European Journal of Clinical Nutrition》 58 (10): 1378–85. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601980. PMID15054420.
Tilvis, RS; Miettinen, TA (1986). “Serum plant sterols and their relation to cholesterol absorption”. 《The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition》 43 (1): 92–7. doi:10.1093/ajcn/43.1.92. PMID3942097.
Jones, PJ (2007). “Ingestion of phytosterols is not potentially hazardous”. 《The Journal of Nutrition》 137 (11): 2485; author reply 2486. doi:10.1093/jn/137.11.2485. PMID17951490.
Nguyen, Tu T. (1999). “The Cholesterol-Lowering Action of Plant Stanol Esters”. 《The Journal of Nutrition》 129 (12): 2109–2112. doi:10.1093/jn/129.12.2109. PMID10573535.
Trautwein, Elke A.; Duchateau, Guus S. M. J. E.; Lin, Yuguang; Mel'nikov, Sergey M.; Molhuizen, Henry O.F.; Ntanios, Fady Y. (2003). “Proposed mechanisms of cholesterol-lowering action of plant sterols”. 《European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology》 105 (3–4): 171–185. doi:10.1002/ejlt.200390033.
De Smet, E; Mensink, RP; Plat, J (2012). “Effects of plant sterols and stanols on intestinal cholesterol metabolism: suggested mechanisms from past to present”. 《Molecular Nutrition & Food Research》 56 (7): 1058–72. doi:10.1002/mnfr.201100722. PMID22623436.
Scholle, JM; Baker, WL; Talati, R; Coleman, CI (2009). “The effect of adding plant sterols or stanols to statin therapy in hypercholesterolemic patients: Systematic review and meta-analysis”. 《Journal of the American College of Nutrition》 28 (5): 517–24. doi:10.1080/07315724.2009.10719784. PMID20439548. S2CID41438503.
Katan, M. B.; Grundy, S. M.; Jones, P.; Law, M.; Miettinen, T.; Paoletti, R.; Stresa Workshop, Participants (2003). “Efficacy and Safety of Plant Stanols and Sterols in the Management of Blood Cholesterol Levels”. 《Mayo Clinic Proceedings》 78 (8): 965–78. doi:10.4065/78.8.965. PMID12911045.
Lea, L.J.; Hepburn, P.A. (2006). “Safety evaluation of phytosterol-esters. Part 9: Results of a European post-launch monitoring programme”. 《Food and Chemical Toxicology》 44 (8): 1213–22. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2006.01.017. PMID16542769.
Silbernagel, G.; Fauler, G.; Renner, W.; Landl, E. M.; Hoffmann, M. M.; Winkelmann, B. R.; Boehm, B. O.; Marz, W. (2008). “The relationships of cholesterol metabolism and plasma plant sterols with the severity of coronary artery disease”. 《The Journal of Lipid Research》 50 (2): 334–41. doi:10.1194/jlr.P800013-JLR200. PMID18769018.
Strandberg, Timo E.; Gylling, Helena; Tilvis, Reijo S.; Miettinen, Tatu A. (2010). “Serum plant and other noncholesterol sterols, cholesterol metabolism and 22-year mortality among middle-aged men”. 《Atherosclerosis》 210 (1): 282–7. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.11.007. PMID19962145.
Fassbender, Klaus; Lütjohann, Dieter; Dik, Miranda G.; Bremmer, Marijke; König, Jochem; Walter, Silke; Liu, Yang; Letièmbre, Maryse; Von Bergmann, Klaus (2008). “Moderately elevated plant sterol levels are associated with reduced cardiovascular risk—The LASA study”. 《Atherosclerosis》 196 (1): 283–8. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.10.032. PMID17137582.
Rajaratnam, Radhakrishnan A; Gylling, Helena; Miettinen, Tatu A (2000). “Independent association of serum squalene and noncholesterol sterols with coronary artery disease in postmenopausal women”. 《Journal of the American College of Cardiology》 35 (5): 1185–91. doi:10.1016/S0735-1097(00)00527-1. PMID10758959.
Assmann, Gerd; Cullen, Paul; Erbey, John; Ramey, Dena R.; Kannenberg, Frank; Schulte, Helmut (2006). “Plasma sitosterol elevations are associated with an increased incidence of coronary events in men: Results of a nested case-control analysis of the Prospective Cardiovascular Münster (PROCAM) study”. 《Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases》 16 (1): 13–21. doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2005.04.001. PMID16399487.
Sudhop, Thomas; Gottwald, Britta M.; Von Bergmann, Klaus (2002). “Serum plant sterols as a potential risk factor for coronary heart disease”. 《Metabolism》 51 (12): 1519–21. doi:10.1053/meta.2002.36298. PMID12489060.
Pinedo, S.; Vissers, M. N.; Bergmann, K. v.; Elharchaoui, K.; Lutjohann, D.; Luben, R.; Wareham, N. J.; Kastelein, J. J. P.; Khaw, K.-T.; Boekholdt, S. M. (2006). “Plasma levels of plant sterols and the risk of coronary artery disease: The prospective EPIC-Norfolk Population Study”. 《The Journal of Lipid Research》 48 (1): 139–44. doi:10.1194/jlr.M600371-JLR200. PMID17074925.
Hallikainen, M A; Sarkkinen, E S; Gylling, H; Erkkilä, A T; Uusitupa, M I J (2000). “Comparison of the effects of plant sterol ester and plant stanol ester-enriched margarines in lowering serum cholesterol concentrations in hypercholesterolaemic subjects on a low-fat diet”. 《European Journal of Clinical Nutrition》 54 (9): 715–25. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601083. PMID11002384. S2CID19548242.
O'Neill, F.H.; Brynes, A.; Mandeno, R.; Rendell, N.; Taylor, G.; Seed, M.; Thompson, G.R. (2004). “Comparison of the effects of dietary plant sterol and stanol esters on lipid metabolism”. 《Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases》 14 (3): 133–42. doi:10.1016/S0939-4753(04)80033-4. PMID15330272.
Vanstone, CA; Raeini-Sarjaz, M; Parsons, WE; Jones, PJ (2002). “Unesterified plant sterols and stanols lower LDL-cholesterol concentrations equivalently in hypercholesterolemic persons”. 《The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition》 76 (6): 1272–8. doi:10.1093/ajcn/76.6.1272. PMID12450893.
Talati, Ripple; Sobieraj, Diana M.; Makanji, Sagar S.; Phung, Olivia J.; Coleman, Craig I. (2010). “The Comparative Efficacy of Plant Sterols and Stanols on Serum Lipids: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis”. 《Journal of the American Dietetic Association》 110 (5): 719–26. doi:10.1016/j.jada.2010.02.011. PMID20430133.
Hartmann, Marie-Andrée (1998). “Plant sterols and the membrane environment”. 《Trends in Plant Science》 3 (5): 170–175. doi:10.1016/S1360-1385(98)01233-3.
De Smet, E; Mensink, R. P; Plat, J (2012). “Effects of plant sterols and stanols on intestinal cholesterol metabolism: Suggested mechanisms from past to present”. 《Molecular Nutrition & Food Research》 56 (7): 1058–72. doi:10.1002/mnfr.201100722. PMID22623436.
Salehi-Sahlabadi A, Varkaneh HK, Shahdadian F, Ghaedi E, Nouri M, Singh A, Farhadnejad H, Găman MA, Hekmatdoost A, Mirmiran P. Effects of Phytosterols supplementation on blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and insulin levels in humans: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2020;19(1):625-632. doi: 10.1007/s40200-020-00526-z. PMID: 32550215; PMCID: PMC7270433.
Moreau RA, Hicks KB (2004). “The in vitro hydrolysis of phytosterol conjugates in food matrices by mammalian digestive enzymes”. 《Lipids》 39 (8): 769–76. doi:10.1007/s11745-004-1294-3. PMID15638245. S2CID4043005.
Valsta, L. M.; Lemström, A.; Ovaskainen, M.-L.; Lampi, A.-M.; Toivo, J.; Korhonen, T.; Piironen, V. (2007). “Estimation of plant sterol and cholesterol intake in Finland: Quality of new values and their effect on intake”. 《British Journal of Nutrition》 92 (4): 671–8. doi:10.1079/BJN20041234. PMID15522137.
Ågren, J. J.; Tvrzicka, E.; Nenonen, M. T.; Helve, T.; Hänninen, O. (2007). “Divergent changes in serum sterols during a strict uncooked vegan diet in patients with rheumatoid arthritis”. 《British Journal of Nutrition》 85 (2): 137–9. doi:10.1079/BJN2000234. PMID11242480.
Andersson, S W; Skinner, J; Ellegård, L; Welch, A A; Bingham, S; Mulligan, A; Andersson, H; Khaw, K-T (2004). “Intake of dietary plant sterols is inversely related to serum cholesterol concentration in men and women in the EPIC Norfolk population: A cross-sectional study”. 《European Journal of Clinical Nutrition》 58 (10): 1378–85. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601980. PMID15054420.
Tilvis, RS; Miettinen, TA (1986). “Serum plant sterols and their relation to cholesterol absorption”. 《The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition》 43 (1): 92–7. doi:10.1093/ajcn/43.1.92. PMID3942097.
Jones, PJ (2007). “Ingestion of phytosterols is not potentially hazardous”. 《The Journal of Nutrition》 137 (11): 2485; author reply 2486. doi:10.1093/jn/137.11.2485. PMID17951490.
Nguyen, Tu T. (1999). “The Cholesterol-Lowering Action of Plant Stanol Esters”. 《The Journal of Nutrition》 129 (12): 2109–2112. doi:10.1093/jn/129.12.2109. PMID10573535.
De Smet, E; Mensink, RP; Plat, J (2012). “Effects of plant sterols and stanols on intestinal cholesterol metabolism: suggested mechanisms from past to present”. 《Molecular Nutrition & Food Research》 56 (7): 1058–72. doi:10.1002/mnfr.201100722. PMID22623436.
Scholle, JM; Baker, WL; Talati, R; Coleman, CI (2009). “The effect of adding plant sterols or stanols to statin therapy in hypercholesterolemic patients: Systematic review and meta-analysis”. 《Journal of the American College of Nutrition》 28 (5): 517–24. doi:10.1080/07315724.2009.10719784. PMID20439548. S2CID41438503.
Katan, M. B.; Grundy, S. M.; Jones, P.; Law, M.; Miettinen, T.; Paoletti, R.; Stresa Workshop, Participants (2003). “Efficacy and Safety of Plant Stanols and Sterols in the Management of Blood Cholesterol Levels”. 《Mayo Clinic Proceedings》 78 (8): 965–78. doi:10.4065/78.8.965. PMID12911045.
Lea, L.J.; Hepburn, P.A. (2006). “Safety evaluation of phytosterol-esters. Part 9: Results of a European post-launch monitoring programme”. 《Food and Chemical Toxicology》 44 (8): 1213–22. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2006.01.017. PMID16542769.
Silbernagel, G.; Fauler, G.; Renner, W.; Landl, E. M.; Hoffmann, M. M.; Winkelmann, B. R.; Boehm, B. O.; Marz, W. (2008). “The relationships of cholesterol metabolism and plasma plant sterols with the severity of coronary artery disease”. 《The Journal of Lipid Research》 50 (2): 334–41. doi:10.1194/jlr.P800013-JLR200. PMID18769018.
Strandberg, Timo E.; Gylling, Helena; Tilvis, Reijo S.; Miettinen, Tatu A. (2010). “Serum plant and other noncholesterol sterols, cholesterol metabolism and 22-year mortality among middle-aged men”. 《Atherosclerosis》 210 (1): 282–7. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.11.007. PMID19962145.
Fassbender, Klaus; Lütjohann, Dieter; Dik, Miranda G.; Bremmer, Marijke; König, Jochem; Walter, Silke; Liu, Yang; Letièmbre, Maryse; Von Bergmann, Klaus (2008). “Moderately elevated plant sterol levels are associated with reduced cardiovascular risk—The LASA study”. 《Atherosclerosis》 196 (1): 283–8. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.10.032. PMID17137582.
Rajaratnam, Radhakrishnan A; Gylling, Helena; Miettinen, Tatu A (2000). “Independent association of serum squalene and noncholesterol sterols with coronary artery disease in postmenopausal women”. 《Journal of the American College of Cardiology》 35 (5): 1185–91. doi:10.1016/S0735-1097(00)00527-1. PMID10758959.
Assmann, Gerd; Cullen, Paul; Erbey, John; Ramey, Dena R.; Kannenberg, Frank; Schulte, Helmut (2006). “Plasma sitosterol elevations are associated with an increased incidence of coronary events in men: Results of a nested case-control analysis of the Prospective Cardiovascular Münster (PROCAM) study”. 《Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases》 16 (1): 13–21. doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2005.04.001. PMID16399487.
Sudhop, Thomas; Gottwald, Britta M.; Von Bergmann, Klaus (2002). “Serum plant sterols as a potential risk factor for coronary heart disease”. 《Metabolism》 51 (12): 1519–21. doi:10.1053/meta.2002.36298. PMID12489060.
Pinedo, S.; Vissers, M. N.; Bergmann, K. v.; Elharchaoui, K.; Lutjohann, D.; Luben, R.; Wareham, N. J.; Kastelein, J. J. P.; Khaw, K.-T.; Boekholdt, S. M. (2006). “Plasma levels of plant sterols and the risk of coronary artery disease: The prospective EPIC-Norfolk Population Study”. 《The Journal of Lipid Research》 48 (1): 139–44. doi:10.1194/jlr.M600371-JLR200. PMID17074925.
Hallikainen, M A; Sarkkinen, E S; Gylling, H; Erkkilä, A T; Uusitupa, M I J (2000). “Comparison of the effects of plant sterol ester and plant stanol ester-enriched margarines in lowering serum cholesterol concentrations in hypercholesterolaemic subjects on a low-fat diet”. 《European Journal of Clinical Nutrition》 54 (9): 715–25. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601083. PMID11002384. S2CID19548242.
O'Neill, F.H.; Brynes, A.; Mandeno, R.; Rendell, N.; Taylor, G.; Seed, M.; Thompson, G.R. (2004). “Comparison of the effects of dietary plant sterol and stanol esters on lipid metabolism”. 《Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases》 14 (3): 133–42. doi:10.1016/S0939-4753(04)80033-4. PMID15330272.
Vanstone, CA; Raeini-Sarjaz, M; Parsons, WE; Jones, PJ (2002). “Unesterified plant sterols and stanols lower LDL-cholesterol concentrations equivalently in hypercholesterolemic persons”. 《The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition》 76 (6): 1272–8. doi:10.1093/ajcn/76.6.1272. PMID12450893.
Talati, Ripple; Sobieraj, Diana M.; Makanji, Sagar S.; Phung, Olivia J.; Coleman, Craig I. (2010). “The Comparative Efficacy of Plant Sterols and Stanols on Serum Lipids: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis”. 《Journal of the American Dietetic Association》 110 (5): 719–26. doi:10.1016/j.jada.2010.02.011. PMID20430133.
De Smet, E; Mensink, R. P; Plat, J (2012). “Effects of plant sterols and stanols on intestinal cholesterol metabolism: Suggested mechanisms from past to present”. 《Molecular Nutrition & Food Research》 56 (7): 1058–72. doi:10.1002/mnfr.201100722. PMID22623436.
Salehi-Sahlabadi A, Varkaneh HK, Shahdadian F, Ghaedi E, Nouri M, Singh A, Farhadnejad H, Găman MA, Hekmatdoost A, Mirmiran P. Effects of Phytosterols supplementation on blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and insulin levels in humans: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2020;19(1):625-632. doi: 10.1007/s40200-020-00526-z. PMID: 32550215; PMCID: PMC7270433.
semanticscholar.org
api.semanticscholar.org
Moreau RA, Hicks KB (2004). “The in vitro hydrolysis of phytosterol conjugates in food matrices by mammalian digestive enzymes”. 《Lipids》 39 (8): 769–76. doi:10.1007/s11745-004-1294-3. PMID15638245. S2CID4043005.
Scholle, JM; Baker, WL; Talati, R; Coleman, CI (2009). “The effect of adding plant sterols or stanols to statin therapy in hypercholesterolemic patients: Systematic review and meta-analysis”. 《Journal of the American College of Nutrition》 28 (5): 517–24. doi:10.1080/07315724.2009.10719784. PMID20439548. S2CID41438503.
Hallikainen, M A; Sarkkinen, E S; Gylling, H; Erkkilä, A T; Uusitupa, M I J (2000). “Comparison of the effects of plant sterol ester and plant stanol ester-enriched margarines in lowering serum cholesterol concentrations in hypercholesterolaemic subjects on a low-fat diet”. 《European Journal of Clinical Nutrition》 54 (9): 715–25. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601083. PMID11002384. S2CID19548242.
springer.com
link.springer.com
Salehi-Sahlabadi A, Varkaneh HK, Shahdadian F, Ghaedi E, Nouri M, Singh A, Farhadnejad H, Găman MA, Hekmatdoost A, Mirmiran P. Effects of Phytosterols supplementation on blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and insulin levels in humans: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2020;19(1):625-632. doi: 10.1007/s40200-020-00526-z. PMID: 32550215; PMCID: PMC7270433.
