Kanʼichi Asakawa. The early institutional life of Japan: a study in the reform of 645 A.D.. Tokyo: Shueisha (1903), p. 25. "We purposely avoid, in spite of its wide usage in foreign literature, the misleading term Mikado. If it be not for the natural curiosity of the races, which always seeks something novel and loves to call foreign things by foreign names, it is hard to understand why this obsolete and ambiguous word should so sedulously be retained. It originally meant not only the Sovereign, but also his house, the court, and even the State, and its use in historical writings causes many difficulties which it is unnecessary to discuss here in detail. The native Japanese employ the term neither in speech nor in writing. It might as well be dismissed with great advantage from sober literature as it has been for the official documents."
"Shogun". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Dicapai pada November 19, 2014.
"Shogun". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Dicapai pada November 19, 2014.
doi.org
Totman, Conrad (1966). "Political Succession in The Tokugawa Bakufu: Abe Masahiro's Rise to Power, 1843–1845". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 26: 102–124. doi:10.2307/2718461. JSTOR2718461.
jstor.org
Totman, Conrad (1966). "Political Succession in The Tokugawa Bakufu: Abe Masahiro's Rise to Power, 1843–1845". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 26: 102–124. doi:10.2307/2718461. JSTOR2718461.
wikipedia.org
ja.wikipedia.org
Terdapat perbezaan pendapat yang berbeza, sama ada ia mengagungkan Polaris (mitos Cina kuno ja:天皇大帝), disadur dari gelaran Maharaja Gaozong dari Tang atau dari ungkapan 「天王」 (harfiahnya "raja dari syurga") (lihat 天皇)
