Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Perencat pam proton" in Malay language version.
|displayauthors= ignored (bantuan)|displayauthors= ignored (bantuan)|displayauthors= ignored (bantuan)Taking PPIs is associated with a small excess of cause specific mortality including death due to cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, and upper gastrointestinal cancer. The burden was also observed in patients without an indication for PPI use.
|displayauthors= ignored (bantuan)Conclusions:Baseline differences between PPI users and non-users make it challenging to study potential PPI adverse effects retrospectively. Despite a large number of studies, the overall quality of evidence for PPI adverse effects is low to very low. When PPIs are appropriately prescribed, their benefits are likely to outweigh their risks. When PPIs are inappropriately prescribed, modest risks become important because there is no potential benefit. There is currently insufficient evidence to recommend specific strategies for mitigating PPI adverse effects.
In turn, this has caused unnecessary concern among patients and prescribers. The benefits of PPI therapy for appropriate indications need to be considered, along with the likelihood of the proposed risks. Patients with a proven indication for a PPI should continue to receive it in the lowest effective dose. PPI dose escalation and continued chronic therapy in those unresponsive to initial empiric therapy is discouraged.
|pmc= value (bantuan). PMID 34856983 Check |pmid= value (bantuan). Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (bantuan)Generally, proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) have great benefit for patients with acid related disease with less frequently occurring side effects. According to a recent report, PPIs provoke dysbiosis of the small intestinal bacterial flora, exacerbating nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced small intestinal injury. Several meta-analyses and systematic reviews have reported that patients treated with PPIs, as well as post-gastrectomy patients, have a higher frequency of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) compared to patients who lack the aforementioned conditions. Furthermore, there is insufficient evidence that these conditions induce Clostridium difficile infection. At this time, PPI-induced dysbiosis is considered a type of SIBO.
Small intestinal fungal overgrowth (SIFO) is characterized by the presence of excessive number of fungal organisms in the small intestine associated with gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms. Candidiasis is known to cause GI symptoms particularly in immunocompromised patients or those receiving steroids or antibiotics. However, only recently, there is emerging literature that an overgrowth of fungus in the small intestine of non-immunocompromised subjects may cause unexplained GI symptoms. Two recent studies showed that 26% (24/94) and 25.3% (38/150) of a series of patients with unexplained GI symptoms had SIFO. The most common symptoms observed in these patients were belching, bloating, indigestion, nausea, diarrhea, and gas. The underlying mechanism(s) that predisposes to SIFO is unclear but small intestinal dysmotility and use of proton pump inhibitors has been implicated. However, further studies are needed; both to confirm these observations and to examine the clinical relevance of fungal overgrowth, both in healthy subjects and in patients with otherwise unexplained GI symptoms.
|displayauthors= ignored (bantuan)|displayauthors= ignored (bantuan)|displayauthors= ignored (bantuan)|displayauthors= ignored (bantuan)|displayauthors= ignored (bantuan)|pmc= value (bantuan). PMID 34856983 Check |pmid= value (bantuan). Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (bantuan)It also seems to be the pathophysiological link between the use of proton pump inhibitors and increased cardiovascular event rate because these medications bind and inhibit DDAH, the enzyme that degrades ADMA, which results in higher ADMA levels and a decrease in bioavailable NO.
|pmid= value (bantuan).The methodology of these studies allows us to find an association with these events but does not provide us with sufficient evidence to determine causality. In general, the findings of the available studies do not fit with our clinical experience nor is the magnitude of the association sufficient to result in a major change in our practice. Nevertheless, the recent literature has resulted in our careful reevaluation of PPI use across both FDA indications and in general.
|displayauthors= ignored (bantuan)|displayauthors= ignored (bantuan)|displayauthors= ignored (bantuan)|displayauthors= ignored (bantuan)|displayauthors= ignored (bantuan)|displayauthors= ignored (bantuan)Taking PPIs is associated with a small excess of cause specific mortality including death due to cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, and upper gastrointestinal cancer. The burden was also observed in patients without an indication for PPI use.
|displayauthors= ignored (bantuan)|displayauthors= ignored (bantuan)Conclusions:Baseline differences between PPI users and non-users make it challenging to study potential PPI adverse effects retrospectively. Despite a large number of studies, the overall quality of evidence for PPI adverse effects is low to very low. When PPIs are appropriately prescribed, their benefits are likely to outweigh their risks. When PPIs are inappropriately prescribed, modest risks become important because there is no potential benefit. There is currently insufficient evidence to recommend specific strategies for mitigating PPI adverse effects.
In turn, this has caused unnecessary concern among patients and prescribers. The benefits of PPI therapy for appropriate indications need to be considered, along with the likelihood of the proposed risks. Patients with a proven indication for a PPI should continue to receive it in the lowest effective dose. PPI dose escalation and continued chronic therapy in those unresponsive to initial empiric therapy is discouraged.
|pmc= value (bantuan). PMID 34856983 Check |pmid= value (bantuan). Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (bantuan)Generally, proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) have great benefit for patients with acid related disease with less frequently occurring side effects. According to a recent report, PPIs provoke dysbiosis of the small intestinal bacterial flora, exacerbating nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced small intestinal injury. Several meta-analyses and systematic reviews have reported that patients treated with PPIs, as well as post-gastrectomy patients, have a higher frequency of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) compared to patients who lack the aforementioned conditions. Furthermore, there is insufficient evidence that these conditions induce Clostridium difficile infection. At this time, PPI-induced dysbiosis is considered a type of SIBO.
Small intestinal fungal overgrowth (SIFO) is characterized by the presence of excessive number of fungal organisms in the small intestine associated with gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms. Candidiasis is known to cause GI symptoms particularly in immunocompromised patients or those receiving steroids or antibiotics. However, only recently, there is emerging literature that an overgrowth of fungus in the small intestine of non-immunocompromised subjects may cause unexplained GI symptoms. Two recent studies showed that 26% (24/94) and 25.3% (38/150) of a series of patients with unexplained GI symptoms had SIFO. The most common symptoms observed in these patients were belching, bloating, indigestion, nausea, diarrhea, and gas. The underlying mechanism(s) that predisposes to SIFO is unclear but small intestinal dysmotility and use of proton pump inhibitors has been implicated. However, further studies are needed; both to confirm these observations and to examine the clinical relevance of fungal overgrowth, both in healthy subjects and in patients with otherwise unexplained GI symptoms.
|displayauthors= ignored (bantuan)|displayauthors= ignored (bantuan)|displayauthors= ignored (bantuan)|displayauthors= ignored (bantuan)|displayauthors= ignored (bantuan)|pmc= value (bantuan). PMID 34856983 Check |pmid= value (bantuan). Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (bantuan)It also seems to be the pathophysiological link between the use of proton pump inhibitors and increased cardiovascular event rate because these medications bind and inhibit DDAH, the enzyme that degrades ADMA, which results in higher ADMA levels and a decrease in bioavailable NO.
|pmid= value (bantuan).The methodology of these studies allows us to find an association with these events but does not provide us with sufficient evidence to determine causality. In general, the findings of the available studies do not fit with our clinical experience nor is the magnitude of the association sufficient to result in a major change in our practice. Nevertheless, the recent literature has resulted in our careful reevaluation of PPI use across both FDA indications and in general.
|displayauthors= ignored (bantuan)|displayauthors= ignored (bantuan)Taking PPIs is associated with a small excess of cause specific mortality including death due to cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, and upper gastrointestinal cancer. The burden was also observed in patients without an indication for PPI use.
|displayauthors= ignored (bantuan)|displayauthors= ignored (bantuan)|pmc= value (bantuan). PMID 34856983 Check |pmid= value (bantuan). Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (bantuan)Generally, proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) have great benefit for patients with acid related disease with less frequently occurring side effects. According to a recent report, PPIs provoke dysbiosis of the small intestinal bacterial flora, exacerbating nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced small intestinal injury. Several meta-analyses and systematic reviews have reported that patients treated with PPIs, as well as post-gastrectomy patients, have a higher frequency of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) compared to patients who lack the aforementioned conditions. Furthermore, there is insufficient evidence that these conditions induce Clostridium difficile infection. At this time, PPI-induced dysbiosis is considered a type of SIBO.
|displayauthors= ignored (bantuan)|displayauthors= ignored (bantuan)|displayauthors= ignored (bantuan)|pmc= value (bantuan). PMID 34856983 Check |pmid= value (bantuan). Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (bantuan)|displayauthors= ignored (bantuan)|displayauthors= ignored (bantuan)|displayauthors= ignored (bantuan)|displayauthors= ignored (bantuan)|displayauthors= ignored (bantuan)|displayauthors= ignored (bantuan)|pmc= value (bantuan). PMID 34856983 Check |pmid= value (bantuan). Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (bantuan)|displayauthors= ignored (bantuan)|displayauthors= ignored (bantuan)|displayauthors= ignored (bantuan)|displayauthors= ignored (bantuan)|displayauthors= ignored (bantuan)|pmc= value (bantuan). PMID 34856983 Check |pmid= value (bantuan). Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (bantuan)|pmid= value (bantuan).|displayauthors= ignored (bantuan)|displayauthors= ignored (bantuan)Taking PPIs is associated with a small excess of cause specific mortality including death due to cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, and upper gastrointestinal cancer. The burden was also observed in patients without an indication for PPI use.