(en) Nazdar, Mustafa (1993). Les Kurdes et le Kurdistan. Zed Books, London, "The Kurds in Syria". ISBN 978-1-85649-194-5. Gearchiveerd op 6 oktober 2021 "The Kurds were suspected of being "in league" with the Kurds of Iraq, who had just launched the September 1961 insurrection aimed at securing autonomous status within an Iraqi framework. On August 23, 1961, the government promulgated a decree (no. 93) authorizing a special population census in Jezireh Province. It claimed that Kurds from Turkish Kurdistan were "illegally infiltrating" the Jezireh in order to "destroy its Arab character". The census was carried out in November of that year; when its results were released, some 120,000 Jezireh Kurds were discounted as foreigners and unjustly stripped of their rights as Syrian nationals. In 1962, to combat the "Kurdish threat" and "save Arabism" in the region, the government inaugurated the so-called "Arab Cordon plan" (Al Hizam al-arabi), which envisaged the entire Kurdish population living along the border with Turkey. They were to be gradually replaced by Arabs and would be resettled, and preferably dispersed, in the south. The discovery of oil at Qaratchok, right in the middle of Kurdish Jezireh, no doubt had something to do with the government's policy."
(en) Nazdar, Mustafa (1993). Les Kurdes et le Kurdistan. Zed Books, London, "The Kurds in Syria", pp. 199. ISBN 978-1-85649-194-5. Gearchiveerd op 6 oktober 2021 "In March 1963, Michel Aflaq's Baath Party came to power. Its socialism was soon shown to be mainly of the national variety. The Kurds' position worsened. In November 1963, in Damascus, the Baath published a Study of the Jezireh Provnce in its National, Social, and Political Aspects, written by the region's chief of police, Mohamed Talab Hilal. ... Hilal had set out to "prove scientifically", on the basis of various "anthropological" considerations, that the Kurds, "do not constitute a nation". His conclusion was that "the Kurdish people are a people without history or civilization or language or even definite ethnic origin of their own. Their only characteristics are those shaped by force, destructive power and violence, characteristics which are, by the way, inherent in all mountain populations." Furthermore: "The Kurds live from civilization and history of other nations. They have taken no part in these civilizations or in the history of these nations.""
(en) Nazdar, Mustafa (1993). Les Kurdes et le Kurdistan. Zed Books, London, "The Kurds in Syria", pp. 199-200. ISBN 978-1-85649-194-5. Gearchiveerd op 6 oktober 2021 "A zealous nationalist, Hilal proposed a twelve-point plan, which would first be put into operation against the Jezireh Kurds: (1) a batr or "dispossession" policy, involving the transfer and dispersion of the Kurdish people; (2) a tajhil or "obscurantist" policy of depriving Kurds of any education whatsoever, even in Arabic; (3) a tajwii or "famine" policy, depriving those affected of any employment possibilities; (4) an "extradition" policy, which meant turning the survivors of the uprisings in northern Kurdistan over to the Turkish government; (5) a "divide and rule" policy, setting Kurd against Kurd; (6) a hizam or cordon policy similar to the one proposed in 1962; (7) an iskan or "colonization" policy, involving the implementation of "pure and nationalist Arabs" in the Kurdish regions so that the Kurds could be "watched until their dispersion"; (8) a military policy, based on "divisions stationed in the zone of the cordon" who would be charged with "ensuring that the dispersion of the Kurds and the settlement of Arabs would take place according to plans drawn up by the government"; (9) a "socialization" policy, under which "collective forms", mazarii jama'iyya, would be set up for the Arabs implanted in the regions. These new settlers would also be provided with "armament and training"; (10) a ban of "anybody ignorant of the Arabic language exercising the right to vote or stand for office"; (11) sending the Kurdish ulemas to the south and "bringing in Arab ulemas to replace them"; (12) finally, "launching a vast anti-Kurdish campaign amongst the Arabs"."
(en) Nazdar, Mustafa (1993). Les Kurdes et le Kurdistan. Zed Books, London, "The Kurds in Syria", pp. 200-201. ISBN 978-1-85649-194-5. Gearchiveerd op 6 oktober 2021 "Many of the measures listed above were put into practice. The 120,000 Kurds classified as non-Syrian by the "census" suffered particularly heavily. Although they were treated as foreigners and suspects in their own country, they were nonetheless liable for military service and were called up to fight on in the Golan Heights. However, they were deprived of any other form of legitimate status. They could not legally marry, enter a hospital or register their children for schooling."
(en) Nazdar, Mustafa (1993). Les Kurdes et le Kurdistan. Zed Books, London, "The Kurds in Syria", pp. 200-201. ISBN 978-1-85649-194-5. Gearchiveerd op 6 oktober 2021 "The euphemistically renamed "Plan to establish model state farms in the Jezireh Province", the so-called "Arab Cordon" plan, was not dropped in the years that followed. Under the cover of "socialism" and agrarian reform, it envisaged the expulsion of the 140,000 strong peasantry, who would be replaced with Arabs. In 1966, there were even thoughts of applying it seriously, and perhaps extending it to the Kurd-Dagh. But those Kurdish peasants who had been ordered to leave refused to go. In 1967 the peasants in the Cordon zone were informed that their lands had been nationalized. The government even sent in a few teams to build "model farms" until the war against Israel forced it momentarily to drop its plans."
(en) Nazdar, Mustafa (1993). Les Kurdes et le Kurdistan. Zed Books, London, "The Kurds in Syria", pp. 200-201. ISBN 978-1-85649-194-5. Gearchiveerd op 6 oktober 2021 "The little town of Derik lost its Kurdish name and was officially restyled Al-Malikiyyeh."
(en) Nazdar, Mustafa (1993). Les Kurdes et le Kurdistan. Zed Books, London, "The Kurds in Syria", pp. 200-201. ISBN 978-1-85649-194-5. Gearchiveerd op 6 oktober 2021 "The plan was carried out gradually, so as not to attract too much attention from the outside world. The Kurds were subjected to regular administrative harassment, police raids, firings and confiscation orders. Kurdish literary works were seized, as were records of Kurdish folk music played in public places."
(en) Nazdar, Mustafa (1993). Les Kurdes et le Kurdistan. Zed Books, London, "The Kurds in Syria", pp. 200-201. ISBN 978-1-85649-194-5. Gearchiveerd op 6 oktober 2021 "Syrian KDP leaders were imprisoned for years, charged with "anti-Arabist actions"."
(en) Nazdar, Mustafa (1993). Les Kurdes et le Kurdistan. Zed Books, London, "The Kurds in Syria", pp. 200-201. ISBN 978-1-85649-194-5. Gearchiveerd op 6 oktober 2021 "True the Assembly retained a certain number of Kurdish deputies, but they could not stand as such since the official fiction decreed that all Syrian citizens are Arabs. In all the official publications of the Syrian Arab Republic, the Kurds - and every other non-Arab group - are never mentioned. Since the Republic is Arab, the Kurds must be as well."
(en) Nazdar, Mustafa (1993). Les Kurdes et le Kurdistan. Zed Books, London, "The Kurds in Syria", pp. 200-201. ISBN 978-1-85649-194-5. Gearchiveerd op 6 oktober 2021 "However in 1976, President Assad officially renounced any further implementation of the plan to transfer the population, and decided "to leave things as they are". The Kurdish peasants would not be harassed any more, and no further Arab villages would be built on their lands. But the villages which had already been built would stay, as would the newcomers transplanted from the Euphrates Valley. The radio began to broadcast Kurdish music and the Kurds in the country felt much safer. They wondered, however, if this was the beginning of a new policy vis-a-vis the Kurds of Syria or if it was just as government maneuver predicated on the rivalry between Damascus and the Iraqi Government."
(en) Nazdar, Mustafa (1993). Les Kurdes et le Kurdistan. Zed Books, London, "The Kurds in Syria". ISBN 978-1-85649-194-5. Gearchiveerd op 6 oktober 2021 "The Kurds were suspected of being "in league" with the Kurds of Iraq, who had just launched the September 1961 insurrection aimed at securing autonomous status within an Iraqi framework. On August 23, 1961, the government promulgated a decree (no. 93) authorizing a special population census in Jezireh Province. It claimed that Kurds from Turkish Kurdistan were "illegally infiltrating" the Jezireh in order to "destroy its Arab character". The census was carried out in November of that year; when its results were released, some 120,000 Jezireh Kurds were discounted as foreigners and unjustly stripped of their rights as Syrian nationals. In 1962, to combat the "Kurdish threat" and "save Arabism" in the region, the government inaugurated the so-called "Arab Cordon plan" (Al Hizam al-arabi), which envisaged the entire Kurdish population living along the border with Turkey. They were to be gradually replaced by Arabs and would be resettled, and preferably dispersed, in the south. The discovery of oil at Qaratchok, right in the middle of Kurdish Jezireh, no doubt had something to do with the government's policy."
(en) Nazdar, Mustafa (1993). Les Kurdes et le Kurdistan. Zed Books, London, "The Kurds in Syria", pp. 199. ISBN 978-1-85649-194-5. Gearchiveerd op 6 oktober 2021 "In March 1963, Michel Aflaq's Baath Party came to power. Its socialism was soon shown to be mainly of the national variety. The Kurds' position worsened. In November 1963, in Damascus, the Baath published a Study of the Jezireh Provnce in its National, Social, and Political Aspects, written by the region's chief of police, Mohamed Talab Hilal. ... Hilal had set out to "prove scientifically", on the basis of various "anthropological" considerations, that the Kurds, "do not constitute a nation". His conclusion was that "the Kurdish people are a people without history or civilization or language or even definite ethnic origin of their own. Their only characteristics are those shaped by force, destructive power and violence, characteristics which are, by the way, inherent in all mountain populations." Furthermore: "The Kurds live from civilization and history of other nations. They have taken no part in these civilizations or in the history of these nations.""
(en) Nazdar, Mustafa (1993). Les Kurdes et le Kurdistan. Zed Books, London, "The Kurds in Syria", pp. 199-200. ISBN 978-1-85649-194-5. Gearchiveerd op 6 oktober 2021 "A zealous nationalist, Hilal proposed a twelve-point plan, which would first be put into operation against the Jezireh Kurds: (1) a batr or "dispossession" policy, involving the transfer and dispersion of the Kurdish people; (2) a tajhil or "obscurantist" policy of depriving Kurds of any education whatsoever, even in Arabic; (3) a tajwii or "famine" policy, depriving those affected of any employment possibilities; (4) an "extradition" policy, which meant turning the survivors of the uprisings in northern Kurdistan over to the Turkish government; (5) a "divide and rule" policy, setting Kurd against Kurd; (6) a hizam or cordon policy similar to the one proposed in 1962; (7) an iskan or "colonization" policy, involving the implementation of "pure and nationalist Arabs" in the Kurdish regions so that the Kurds could be "watched until their dispersion"; (8) a military policy, based on "divisions stationed in the zone of the cordon" who would be charged with "ensuring that the dispersion of the Kurds and the settlement of Arabs would take place according to plans drawn up by the government"; (9) a "socialization" policy, under which "collective forms", mazarii jama'iyya, would be set up for the Arabs implanted in the regions. These new settlers would also be provided with "armament and training"; (10) a ban of "anybody ignorant of the Arabic language exercising the right to vote or stand for office"; (11) sending the Kurdish ulemas to the south and "bringing in Arab ulemas to replace them"; (12) finally, "launching a vast anti-Kurdish campaign amongst the Arabs"."
(en) Nazdar, Mustafa (1993). Les Kurdes et le Kurdistan. Zed Books, London, "The Kurds in Syria", pp. 200-201. ISBN 978-1-85649-194-5. Gearchiveerd op 6 oktober 2021 "Many of the measures listed above were put into practice. The 120,000 Kurds classified as non-Syrian by the "census" suffered particularly heavily. Although they were treated as foreigners and suspects in their own country, they were nonetheless liable for military service and were called up to fight on in the Golan Heights. However, they were deprived of any other form of legitimate status. They could not legally marry, enter a hospital or register their children for schooling."
(en) Nazdar, Mustafa (1993). Les Kurdes et le Kurdistan. Zed Books, London, "The Kurds in Syria", pp. 200-201. ISBN 978-1-85649-194-5. Gearchiveerd op 6 oktober 2021 "The euphemistically renamed "Plan to establish model state farms in the Jezireh Province", the so-called "Arab Cordon" plan, was not dropped in the years that followed. Under the cover of "socialism" and agrarian reform, it envisaged the expulsion of the 140,000 strong peasantry, who would be replaced with Arabs. In 1966, there were even thoughts of applying it seriously, and perhaps extending it to the Kurd-Dagh. But those Kurdish peasants who had been ordered to leave refused to go. In 1967 the peasants in the Cordon zone were informed that their lands had been nationalized. The government even sent in a few teams to build "model farms" until the war against Israel forced it momentarily to drop its plans."
(en) Nazdar, Mustafa (1993). Les Kurdes et le Kurdistan. Zed Books, London, "The Kurds in Syria", pp. 200-201. ISBN 978-1-85649-194-5. Gearchiveerd op 6 oktober 2021 "The little town of Derik lost its Kurdish name and was officially restyled Al-Malikiyyeh."
(en) Nazdar, Mustafa (1993). Les Kurdes et le Kurdistan. Zed Books, London, "The Kurds in Syria", pp. 200-201. ISBN 978-1-85649-194-5. Gearchiveerd op 6 oktober 2021 "The plan was carried out gradually, so as not to attract too much attention from the outside world. The Kurds were subjected to regular administrative harassment, police raids, firings and confiscation orders. Kurdish literary works were seized, as were records of Kurdish folk music played in public places."
(en) Nazdar, Mustafa (1993). Les Kurdes et le Kurdistan. Zed Books, London, "The Kurds in Syria", pp. 200-201. ISBN 978-1-85649-194-5. Gearchiveerd op 6 oktober 2021 "Syrian KDP leaders were imprisoned for years, charged with "anti-Arabist actions"."
(en) Nazdar, Mustafa (1993). Les Kurdes et le Kurdistan. Zed Books, London, "The Kurds in Syria", pp. 200-201. ISBN 978-1-85649-194-5. Gearchiveerd op 6 oktober 2021 "True the Assembly retained a certain number of Kurdish deputies, but they could not stand as such since the official fiction decreed that all Syrian citizens are Arabs. In all the official publications of the Syrian Arab Republic, the Kurds - and every other non-Arab group - are never mentioned. Since the Republic is Arab, the Kurds must be as well."
(en) Nazdar, Mustafa (1993). Les Kurdes et le Kurdistan. Zed Books, London, "The Kurds in Syria", pp. 200-201. ISBN 978-1-85649-194-5. Gearchiveerd op 6 oktober 2021 "However in 1976, President Assad officially renounced any further implementation of the plan to transfer the population, and decided "to leave things as they are". The Kurdish peasants would not be harassed any more, and no further Arab villages would be built on their lands. But the villages which had already been built would stay, as would the newcomers transplanted from the Euphrates Valley. The radio began to broadcast Kurdish music and the Kurds in the country felt much safer. They wondered, however, if this was the beginning of a new policy vis-a-vis the Kurds of Syria or if it was just as government maneuver predicated on the rivalry between Damascus and the Iraqi Government."
