Jose Serralvo, Concomitant Prohibitions: Collective Punishment as the Origin of Other Violations of the Rights of Civilians under Belligerent Occupation. Israel Law Review , Volume 55 , Issue 2 , July 2022, pp. 178 – 212. Cambridge University Press (Open Access) DOI:10.1017/S0021223722000024. "It is also part of customary IHL and of the statutes of several international criminal tribunals. […] All in all, it is clear that collective punishments are absolutely prohibited under international law. Although neither the Geneva Conventions nor customary IHL provide a definition of collective punishment, state practice, judicial decisions and scholars all tend to agree that the prohibition encompasses any sanction intentionally imposed upon groups or individuals for acts they have not themselves committed, in disregard of the principle of individual criminal responsibility."
