Harrison, Guy (2010). Race and Reality. Prometheus Books, Amherst "Race is a poor empirical description of the patterns of difference that we encounter within our species. The billions of humans alive today simply do not fit into neat and tidy biological boxes called races. Science has proven this conclusively. The concept of race (...) is not scientific and goes against what is known about our ever-changing and complex biological diversity."
Roberts, Dorothy (2011). Fatal Invention. The New Press, London, New York "The genetic differences that exist among populations are characterized by gradual changes across geographic regions, not sharp, categorical distinctions. Groups of people across the globe have varying frequencies of polymorphic genes, which are genes with any of several differing nucleotide sequences. There is no such thing as a set of genes that belongs exclusively to one group and not to another. The clinal, gradually changing nature of geographic genetic difference is complicated further by the migration and mixing that human groups have engaged in since prehistory. Human beings do not fit the zoological definition of race. A mountain of evidence assembled by historians, anthropologists, and biologists proves that race is not and cannot be a natural division of human beings."
books.google.com
(la) Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, De generis humani varietate nativa, par. 33, p. 51-52 (2e uitgebreide druk, 1781) (en) Engelse vertaling: noot 4 in: Blumenbach, On the Natural Variety of Mankind. op p. 99-100. Vandenhoek et Ruprecht; derde druk, 1795.
(Citerend uit de 2de druk) "The first of these and the largest, which is the primeval one, embraces the whole of Europe, including the Lapps, whom I cannot in any way separate from the rest of the Europeans,"
N.B.: Op p. 265 is 'Asiani occidentales' abusievelijk vertaald als 'Eastern Asia'; bedoeld is 'Westelijk Azië'. Gearchiveerd op 15 augustus 2023.
(en) Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, On the Natural Variety of Mankind., p. viii. Vandenhoek et Ruprecht; derde druk, 1795.
"; but, on the other hand, in the first [edition] mankind is divided into four races only, and the now famous division of the Caucasian, Asiatic, American, Ethiopian, and Malay races, occurs for the first time in the [enlarged second] edition of 1781."
(en) Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, On the Natural Variety of Mankind., par. 82, p. 265 en par. 85, p. 269. Vandenhoek et Ruprecht; derde druk, 1795
(de) Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, Beyträge zur Naturgeschichte, hoofdstuk XII, p. 67-72 (Erster Theil); tweede druk, Heinrich Dieterich, 1806. Gearchiveerd op 13 april 2023.
doi.org
Keita, S O Y, Kittles, Royal, Bonney, Furbert-Harris, Dunston, Rotimi (2004). Conceptualizing human variation. Nature36 (11s): S17–S20. PMID15507998. DOI: 10.1038/ng1455. “Modern human biological variation is not structured into phylogenetic subspecies ('races'), nor are the taxa of the standard anthropological 'racial' classifications breeding populations. The 'racial taxa' do not meet the phylogenetic criteria. 'Race' denotes socially constructed units as a function of the incorrect usage of the term.”.
google.de
books.google.de
Christoph Meiners, Grundriß der Geschichte der Menschheit (Lemgo: Meyersche Buchhandlung, 1785), 17-18 en 30-31(de)
google.nl
books.google.nl
(la) Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, De generis humani varietate nativa, par. 33, p. 51-52 (2e uitgebreide druk, 1781) (en) Engelse vertaling: noot 4 in: Blumenbach, On the Natural Variety of Mankind. op p. 99-100. Vandenhoek et Ruprecht; derde druk, 1795.
(Citerend uit de 2de druk) "The first of these and the largest, which is the primeval one, embraces the whole of Europe, including the Lapps, whom I cannot in any way separate from the rest of the Europeans,"
N.B.: Op p. 265 is 'Asiani occidentales' abusievelijk vertaald als 'Eastern Asia'; bedoeld is 'Westelijk Azië'. Gearchiveerd op 15 augustus 2023.
nature.com
Keita, S O Y, Kittles, Royal, Bonney, Furbert-Harris, Dunston, Rotimi (2004). Conceptualizing human variation. Nature36 (11s): S17–S20. PMID15507998. DOI: 10.1038/ng1455. “Modern human biological variation is not structured into phylogenetic subspecies ('races'), nor are the taxa of the standard anthropological 'racial' classifications breeding populations. The 'racial taxa' do not meet the phylogenetic criteria. 'Race' denotes socially constructed units as a function of the incorrect usage of the term.”.
nih.gov
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Keita, S O Y, Kittles, Royal, Bonney, Furbert-Harris, Dunston, Rotimi (2004). Conceptualizing human variation. Nature36 (11s): S17–S20. PMID15507998. DOI: 10.1038/ng1455. “Modern human biological variation is not structured into phylogenetic subspecies ('races'), nor are the taxa of the standard anthropological 'racial' classifications breeding populations. The 'racial taxa' do not meet the phylogenetic criteria. 'Race' denotes socially constructed units as a function of the incorrect usage of the term.”.
Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, een annotatie bij Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, Frankenstein; or, the Modern Prometheus (the Pennsylvanian Electronic Edition). Gearchiveerd op 26 september 2021.
(la) Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, De generis humani varietate nativa, par. 33, p. 51-52 (2e uitgebreide druk, 1781) (en) Engelse vertaling: noot 4 in: Blumenbach, On the Natural Variety of Mankind. op p. 99-100. Vandenhoek et Ruprecht; derde druk, 1795.
(Citerend uit de 2de druk) "The first of these and the largest, which is the primeval one, embraces the whole of Europe, including the Lapps, whom I cannot in any way separate from the rest of the Europeans,"
N.B.: Op p. 265 is 'Asiani occidentales' abusievelijk vertaald als 'Eastern Asia'; bedoeld is 'Westelijk Azië'. Gearchiveerd op 15 augustus 2023.
(de) Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, Beyträge zur Naturgeschichte, hoofdstuk XII, p. 67-72 (Erster Theil); tweede druk, Heinrich Dieterich, 1806. Gearchiveerd op 13 april 2023.
Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, een annotatie bij Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, Frankenstein; or, the Modern Prometheus (the Pennsylvanian Electronic Edition). Gearchiveerd op 26 september 2021.
