«Family of elderly Black man killed during SWAT raid sues, and the officer’s defense will turn your stomach». ACLU Massachusetts (på engelsk). 29. september 2015. Besøkt 20. juni 2020. «An ACLU survey of departments throughout the nation found that 71% of the targets of these militarized raids are people of color. Moreover, as my colleagues argue in their brief, Black and Latino people are subjected to more police stops than whites, even when controlling for crime and other factors. Studies show that “race can [] influence the probability that the police will erroneously harm an innocent person during an encounter.”»
«How one shooting sparked national protests». BBC News (på engelsk). 10. august 2015. Besøkt 26. juni 2020. «The city of Ferguson, Missouri, has been a flashpoint for nationwide protests since the killing of an unarmed black teenager by a white police officer last year.»
CNN, Casey Tolan (2. juni 2020). «Two-thirds of people put in neck restraints by Minneapolis police were black, department data shows». CNN. Arkivert fra originalen 2. juni 2020. Besøkt 3. juni 2020. «But the Minneapolis department does allow officers to compress "one or both sides of a person's neck with an arm or leg, without applying direct pressure to the trachea or airway," according to a section of the manual that is marked as last being updated in 2012. It calls the method a "non-deadly force option."»
Cox, Karen L. (5. juni 2020). «With these racist markers in place, there can be no peace». CNN. Besøkt 12. juni 2020. «As many of America's cities burn and our democracy feels like it's unraveling, attacks on Confederate monuments in response to the death of George Floyd in Minneapolis may seem incongruous to those who believe that these protests are only about what happened there. Yet the uprisings in American cities since Floyd's death, and the vandalizing and tearing-down of statues dedicated to men who fought for the perpetuation of human slavery share a common foe: white supremacy.»
Edwards, Frank; Lee, Hedwig; Esposito, Michael (2019). «Risk of being killed by police use of force in the United States by age, race–ethnicity, and sex». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 34 (på engelsk). 116: 16793–16798. ISSN0027-8424. doi:10.1073/pnas.1821204116. Arkivert fra originalen 22. april 2020. Besøkt 2. juni 2020. «Police use of force accounts for 0.05 % of all male deaths in the United States and 0.003 % of all female deaths, a low overall share. However, this ratio is strongly correlated with age and race and is starkly unequal across racial groups. Police use of force is responsible for 1.6 % of all deaths involving black men between the ages of 20 y and 24 y. At this age range, police are responsible for 1.2 % of American Indian/Alaska Native male deaths, 0.5 % of Asian/Pacific Islander male deaths, 1.2 % of Latino male deaths, and 0.5 % of white male deaths.»
Kahn, Kimberly Barsamian; Goff, Phillip Atiba; Lee, J. Katherine; Motamed, Diane (1. juli 2016). «Protecting Whiteness: White Phenotypic Racial Stereotypicality Reduces Police Use of Force». Social Psychological and Personality Science. 5 (på engelsk). 7: 403–411. ISSN1948-5506. doi:10.1177/1948550616633505. Besøkt 2. juni 2020. «It is hypothesized that the Whiter one appears, the more the suspect will be protected from police force. Internal use of force case files from a large police department were coded for severity of police force, and suspects’ booking photographs were scored for phenotypic racial stereotypicality. Regression analyses confirmed that police used less force with highly stereotypical Whites, and this protective effect was stronger than the effect for non-Whites.»
Mummolo, Jonathan (20. august 2018). «Militarization fails to enhance police safety or reduce crime but may harm police reputation». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 37 (på engelsk). 115: 9181–9186. ISSN0027-8424. doi:10.1073/pnas.1805161115. Arkivert fra originalen 6. juni 2020. Besøkt 6. juni 2020. «Using an array of administrative data sources and original experiments I show that militarized “special weapons and tactics” (SWAT) teams are more often deployed in communities of color, and—contrary to claims by police administrators—provide no detectable benefits in terms of officer safety or violent crime reduction, on average.»
«How to fix American policing». The Economist. 4. juni 2020. ISSN0013-0613. Arkivert fra originalen 5. juni 2020. Besøkt 6. juni 2020. «AMERICA IS engulfed in its most widespread, sustained unrest since the late 1960s. It was sparked by an act of police brutality caught on camera. George Floyd, an African-American, allegedly used a counterfeit $20 at a convenience store on May 25th.»
«Protests sparked by George Floyd’s death are still raging». The Economist. 31. mai 2020. ISSN0013-0613. Arkivert fra originalen 31. mai 2020. Besøkt 3. juni 2020. «In Louisville, Kentucky, protesters marched in memory of Breonna Taylor, a 26-year-old African-American emergency-room technician whom police officers killed while executing a “no-knock” warrant at her apartment (police claim they identified themselves; the family disputes this). Crowds across America have chanted “Hands up, don’t shoot”, a slogan used to draw attention to the abnormally high number of police killings in America—1,099 people last year—particularly of African-Americans, who are three times more likely than white people to be killed by police.»
«Following George Floyd’s death, New York opens police records». The Economist. 10. juni 2020. ISSN0013-0613. Besøkt 11. juni 2020. «Both killings—of George Floyd last month and Eric Garner in 2014, respectively—were caught on video and ignited bitter protests. Both officers’ conduct had been the subject of more than a dozen previous complaints. But there the similarities end. Mr Chauvin, promptly sacked, faces murder charges in a Minnesota jail. Mr Pantaleo was never charged with a crime and kept his job for five more years, only to be fired last year.»
«The violence in American cities reflects the fury of polarisation». The Economist. 2. juni 2020. ISSN0013-0613. Arkivert fra originalen 3. juni 2020. Besøkt 4. juni 2020. «The turmoil of 1968 is the most obvious parallel to today’s. Then, the Republican Party’s Richard Nixon and Spiro Agnew were the candidates of “law and order,” pledging to crack down on the violence and extend sentences for rioters. That year’s election was also a major catalyst for the marriage of race and political party in America.»
«Far worse than Nixon». The Economist. 4. juni 2020. ISSN0013-0613. Arkivert fra originalen 4. juni 2020. Besøkt 4. juni 2020. «As the demonstrations against George Floyd’s asphyxiation began to boil in Minneapolis, the president warned that any looters would be shot, using a phrase synonymous with the violence of half a century ago. Emerging from his White House bunker he declared, “I am your president of law and order,” an echo of Richard Nixon campaigning for election that year. “SILENT MAJORITY!” Mr Trump tweeted in a reference to Nixon’s success—and his hopes of emulating it in November.»
«The power of protest and the legacy of George Floyd». The Economist. 11. juni 2020. ISSN0013-0613. Besøkt 11. juni 2020. «The scale of the protests has something to do with Mr Trump, too. When Mr Garner was killed, America had a president who could bring together the nation at moments of racial tension, and a Justice Department that baby-sat recalcitrant police departments. Today they have a man who sets out to sow division.»
«Police violence, race and protest in America». The Economist. 4. juni 2020. ISSN0013-0613. Arkivert fra originalen 4. juni 2020. Besøkt 4. juni 2020. «In 1968 the virus was flu and the space mission Apollo 8. But the injustice had the same corrosive effect. As James Baldwin wrote in the early 1960s, racism “compromises, where it does not corrupt, all the American efforts to build a better world—here, there or anywhere.” Today more than 350 cities nationwide erupted after George Floyd, an unarmed African-American man, was killed by a white police officer (see article). For nearly nine agonising minutes, deaf to Mr Floyd’s pleas and the growing alarm of the crowd, the officer choked the life out of him.»
«Protests sparked by George Floyd’s death are still raging». The Economist. 31. mai 2020. ISSN0013-0613. Arkivert fra originalen 31. mai 2020. Besøkt 3. juni 2020. «That is in part because the current outcry is about more than just Mr Floyd. Protesters in Georgia commemorated Ahmaud Arbery, a 25-year-old black man killed while jogging by two white men who chased him in a truck and shot him to death, claiming they believed, without evidence, that he was a burglar. It took weeks before local officials charged the father and son who chased and killed Mr Arbury.»
«Minneapolis police made 44 people unconscious with neck restraints». NBC News (på engelsk). 1. juni 2020. Arkivert fra originalen 2. juni 2020. Besøkt 3. juni 2020. «If it's not used correctly, and the arm is placed in the wrong place, you're talking about damage to one's trachea and you're talking about taking someone's life.»
Waaler, Ingrid Emilie (2. august 2021). «På seks år har politiet i USA drept over 6000 mennesker». NRK. Besøkt 5. august 2021. «I 2020 døde 1021 mennesker etter å ha blitt skutt av politiet. Det til tross lovnader om bot og bedring, pandemi og nedstenging.»
Kjendlie, Espen (25. juni 2021). «Snart blir det klart hvor lang straff Derek Chauvin får etter drapet på George Floyd». NRK. Besøkt 27. juni 2021. «Den tidligere politimannen må sone en straff på 22 år og seks måneder etter å ha blitt kjent skyldig i drapet på George Floyd. I retten i dag uttrykte Chauvin sin medfølelse med Floyd sin familie.»
Darrud, Aud (14. juni 2020). «Opptøyer i Atlanta etter at mann ble skutt av politiet». NRK. Besøkt 14. juni 2020. «Det var store opptøyer i Atlanta etter at Rayshard Brooks (27) ble drept av politiet fredag. Video viser hvordan han ble drept.»
NRK (23. august 2017). «Dekker til omstridte generalstatuer i Charlottesville». NRK. Besøkt 12. juni 2020. «En delstatslov fra 1998 forbyr lokale myndigheter i Virginia å flytte, fjerne eller ødelegge krigsmonumenter, men det har vært uklart om dette gjelder monumenter som var satt opp før loven kom.»
Raymond, Adam K. (1. juni 2020). «Louisville Is Still Demanding Justice for Breonna Taylor». New York Magazine Intelligencer (på engelsk). Besøkt 3. juni 2020. «Two and a half months before Minneapolis police killed George Floyd in broad daylight, Louisville police killed Breonna Taylor in the middle of the night. Unlike Floyd’s case, which ignited immediate protests in the Twin Cities and across the country, it took months for people to take to the streets on behalf of the 26-year-old ER technician and former EMT who was shot dead in her own home. By this weekend, that had changed.»
Edwards, Frank; Lee, Hedwig; Esposito, Michael (2019). «Risk of being killed by police use of force in the United States by age, race–ethnicity, and sex». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 34 (på engelsk). 116: 16793–16798. ISSN0027-8424. doi:10.1073/pnas.1821204116. Arkivert fra originalen 22. april 2020. Besøkt 2. juni 2020. «Police use of force accounts for 0.05 % of all male deaths in the United States and 0.003 % of all female deaths, a low overall share. However, this ratio is strongly correlated with age and race and is starkly unequal across racial groups. Police use of force is responsible for 1.6 % of all deaths involving black men between the ages of 20 y and 24 y. At this age range, police are responsible for 1.2 % of American Indian/Alaska Native male deaths, 0.5 % of Asian/Pacific Islander male deaths, 1.2 % of Latino male deaths, and 0.5 % of white male deaths.»
Mummolo, Jonathan (20. august 2018). «Militarization fails to enhance police safety or reduce crime but may harm police reputation». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 37 (på engelsk). 115: 9181–9186. ISSN0027-8424. doi:10.1073/pnas.1805161115. Arkivert fra originalen 6. juni 2020. Besøkt 6. juni 2020. «Using an array of administrative data sources and original experiments I show that militarized “special weapons and tactics” (SWAT) teams are more often deployed in communities of color, and—contrary to claims by police administrators—provide no detectable benefits in terms of officer safety or violent crime reduction, on average.»
«One face in the crowd: A protester haunted by the dead». SFChronicle.com (på engelsk). 3. juni 2020. Arkivert fra originalen 3. juni 2020. Besøkt 3. juni 2020. «The unrest has engulfed cities across America in honor of George Floyd, who died after an officer pressed his knee into in his neck while he pleaded for air in Minnesota; Breonna Taylor, a 26-year-old EMT who was shot in Louisville by detectives knocking down her door in the middle of the night; and other African Americans.»
Brooks, Jennifer (28. mai 2020). «George Floyd and the city that killed him». Star Tribune. Arkivert fra originalen 3. juni 2020. Besøkt 30. mai 2020. «Down the road, people were marching and mourning Floyd, whose irreplaceable life ended after an arrest face-down on the asphalt of E. 38th Street.»
Sabur, Rozina; Sawer, Patrick; Millward, David (3. juni 2020). «America riots: why are there protests over the death of George Floyd?». The Telegraph (på engelsk). ISSN0307-1235. Arkivert fra originalen 3. juni 2020. Besøkt 3. juni 2020. «Floyd's death comes just weeks after the killing of Ahmaud Arbery, a black jogger in Georgia, at the hands of two white men, was captured on camera, and a couple of months after Breonna Taylor, an emergency medical technician, was shot and killed by police officers who raided her Kentucky apartment.»
Lartey, Jamiles (9. juni 2015). «By the numbers: US police kill more in days than other countries do in years». The Guardian (på engelsk). ISSN0261-3077. Arkivert fra originalen 22. april 2020. Besøkt 2. juni 2020. «Still, looking at our data for the US against admittedly less reliable information on police killings elsewhere paints a dramatic portrait, and one that resonates with protests that have gone global since a killing last year in Ferguson, Missouri: the US is not just some outlier in terms of police violence when compared with countries of similar economic and political standing. America is the outlier – and this is what a crisis looks like.»
«Confederate Statues are Being Removed Amid Protests Over George Floyd's Death. Here's What to Know». Time (på engelsk). 10. juni 2020. Besøkt 12. juni 2020. «In the last few years, amid the rise of the Black Lives Matter movement and the 2015 mass shooting of nine African Americans at the Mother Emanuel church in Charleston, S.C., a debate was sparked about whether the statues should remain in public spaces. The statues became the centerpiece of protests, most infamously the “Unite the Right” rally in Charlottesville, Va., in 2017, during which white nationalists gathered to protest the city’s plan to remove a statue commemorating Confederate General Robert E. Lee, a protest that ended with one person killed and dozens injured.»
Pineda, Khrysgiana (3. juni 2020). «Controversial statue of former Philadelphia mayor Frank Rizzo removed after George Floyd protests». USA TODAY (på engelsk). Besøkt 11. juni 2020. «Police stand near a vandalized statue of controversial former Philadelphia Mayor Frank Rizzo in Philadelphia, during protests over the death of George Floyd, who died May 25 after he was restrained by Minneapolis police. Workers early Wednesday, June 3 removed the statue which was recently defaced during the weekend protest.»
«Politiutdanningen i USA og Norge: – Kan vanskelig sammenlignes». www.vg.no. 2. juni 2020. Besøkt 4. juni 2020. «– Politiutdanningen i USA og Norge er svært forskjellig og kan vanskelig sammenlignes, forteller avdelingsleder ved Politihøgskolen i Oslo, Geir Valaker.»
Brooks, Jennifer (28. mai 2020). «George Floyd and the city that killed him». Star Tribune. Arkivert fra originalen 3. juni 2020. Besøkt 30. mai 2020. «Down the road, people were marching and mourning Floyd, whose irreplaceable life ended after an arrest face-down on the asphalt of E. 38th Street.»
«How to fix American policing». The Economist. 4. juni 2020. ISSN0013-0613. Arkivert fra originalen 5. juni 2020. Besøkt 6. juni 2020. «AMERICA IS engulfed in its most widespread, sustained unrest since the late 1960s. It was sparked by an act of police brutality caught on camera. George Floyd, an African-American, allegedly used a counterfeit $20 at a convenience store on May 25th.»
«Protests sparked by George Floyd’s death are still raging». The Economist. 31. mai 2020. ISSN0013-0613. Arkivert fra originalen 31. mai 2020. Besøkt 3. juni 2020. «In Louisville, Kentucky, protesters marched in memory of Breonna Taylor, a 26-year-old African-American emergency-room technician whom police officers killed while executing a “no-knock” warrant at her apartment (police claim they identified themselves; the family disputes this). Crowds across America have chanted “Hands up, don’t shoot”, a slogan used to draw attention to the abnormally high number of police killings in America—1,099 people last year—particularly of African-Americans, who are three times more likely than white people to be killed by police.»
Edwards, Frank; Lee, Hedwig; Esposito, Michael (2019). «Risk of being killed by police use of force in the United States by age, race–ethnicity, and sex». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 34 (på engelsk). 116: 16793–16798. ISSN0027-8424. doi:10.1073/pnas.1821204116. Arkivert fra originalen 22. april 2020. Besøkt 2. juni 2020. «Police use of force accounts for 0.05 % of all male deaths in the United States and 0.003 % of all female deaths, a low overall share. However, this ratio is strongly correlated with age and race and is starkly unequal across racial groups. Police use of force is responsible for 1.6 % of all deaths involving black men between the ages of 20 y and 24 y. At this age range, police are responsible for 1.2 % of American Indian/Alaska Native male deaths, 0.5 % of Asian/Pacific Islander male deaths, 1.2 % of Latino male deaths, and 0.5 % of white male deaths.»
Lartey, Jamiles (9. juni 2015). «By the numbers: US police kill more in days than other countries do in years». The Guardian (på engelsk). ISSN0261-3077. Arkivert fra originalen 22. april 2020. Besøkt 2. juni 2020. «Still, looking at our data for the US against admittedly less reliable information on police killings elsewhere paints a dramatic portrait, and one that resonates with protests that have gone global since a killing last year in Ferguson, Missouri: the US is not just some outlier in terms of police violence when compared with countries of similar economic and political standing. America is the outlier – and this is what a crisis looks like.»
CNN, Casey Tolan (2. juni 2020). «Two-thirds of people put in neck restraints by Minneapolis police were black, department data shows». CNN. Arkivert fra originalen 2. juni 2020. Besøkt 3. juni 2020. «But the Minneapolis department does allow officers to compress "one or both sides of a person's neck with an arm or leg, without applying direct pressure to the trachea or airway," according to a section of the manual that is marked as last being updated in 2012. It calls the method a "non-deadly force option."»
«Minneapolis police made 44 people unconscious with neck restraints». NBC News (på engelsk). 1. juni 2020. Arkivert fra originalen 2. juni 2020. Besøkt 3. juni 2020. «If it's not used correctly, and the arm is placed in the wrong place, you're talking about damage to one's trachea and you're talking about taking someone's life.»
Mummolo, Jonathan (20. august 2018). «Militarization fails to enhance police safety or reduce crime but may harm police reputation». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 37 (på engelsk). 115: 9181–9186. ISSN0027-8424. doi:10.1073/pnas.1805161115. Arkivert fra originalen 6. juni 2020. Besøkt 6. juni 2020. «Using an array of administrative data sources and original experiments I show that militarized “special weapons and tactics” (SWAT) teams are more often deployed in communities of color, and—contrary to claims by police administrators—provide no detectable benefits in terms of officer safety or violent crime reduction, on average.»
«The violence in American cities reflects the fury of polarisation». The Economist. 2. juni 2020. ISSN0013-0613. Arkivert fra originalen 3. juni 2020. Besøkt 4. juni 2020. «The turmoil of 1968 is the most obvious parallel to today’s. Then, the Republican Party’s Richard Nixon and Spiro Agnew were the candidates of “law and order,” pledging to crack down on the violence and extend sentences for rioters. That year’s election was also a major catalyst for the marriage of race and political party in America.»
«Far worse than Nixon». The Economist. 4. juni 2020. ISSN0013-0613. Arkivert fra originalen 4. juni 2020. Besøkt 4. juni 2020. «As the demonstrations against George Floyd’s asphyxiation began to boil in Minneapolis, the president warned that any looters would be shot, using a phrase synonymous with the violence of half a century ago. Emerging from his White House bunker he declared, “I am your president of law and order,” an echo of Richard Nixon campaigning for election that year. “SILENT MAJORITY!” Mr Trump tweeted in a reference to Nixon’s success—and his hopes of emulating it in November.»
O'Donnell, Norah; Pegues, Jeff (27. mai 2020). «New video shows Minneapolis police arrest of George Floyd before death (video)». CBS Evening News. Arkivert fra originalen 28. mai 2020. Besøkt 31. mai 2020. «In this newly circulated video, three officers have Floyd pinned on the ground, while another stands over him ... the other officers involved have been identified as Thomas Lane, J. Alexander Kueng, and Tou Thao.»
«Police violence, race and protest in America». The Economist. 4. juni 2020. ISSN0013-0613. Arkivert fra originalen 4. juni 2020. Besøkt 4. juni 2020. «In 1968 the virus was flu and the space mission Apollo 8. But the injustice had the same corrosive effect. As James Baldwin wrote in the early 1960s, racism “compromises, where it does not corrupt, all the American efforts to build a better world—here, there or anywhere.” Today more than 350 cities nationwide erupted after George Floyd, an unarmed African-American man, was killed by a white police officer (see article). For nearly nine agonising minutes, deaf to Mr Floyd’s pleas and the growing alarm of the crowd, the officer choked the life out of him.»
«One face in the crowd: A protester haunted by the dead». SFChronicle.com (på engelsk). 3. juni 2020. Arkivert fra originalen 3. juni 2020. Besøkt 3. juni 2020. «The unrest has engulfed cities across America in honor of George Floyd, who died after an officer pressed his knee into in his neck while he pleaded for air in Minnesota; Breonna Taylor, a 26-year-old EMT who was shot in Louisville by detectives knocking down her door in the middle of the night; and other African Americans.»
«Protests sparked by George Floyd’s death are still raging». The Economist. 31. mai 2020. ISSN0013-0613. Arkivert fra originalen 31. mai 2020. Besøkt 3. juni 2020. «That is in part because the current outcry is about more than just Mr Floyd. Protesters in Georgia commemorated Ahmaud Arbery, a 25-year-old black man killed while jogging by two white men who chased him in a truck and shot him to death, claiming they believed, without evidence, that he was a burglar. It took weeks before local officials charged the father and son who chased and killed Mr Arbury.»
Sabur, Rozina; Sawer, Patrick; Millward, David (3. juni 2020). «America riots: why are there protests over the death of George Floyd?». The Telegraph (på engelsk). ISSN0307-1235. Arkivert fra originalen 3. juni 2020. Besøkt 3. juni 2020. «Floyd's death comes just weeks after the killing of Ahmaud Arbery, a black jogger in Georgia, at the hands of two white men, was captured on camera, and a couple of months after Breonna Taylor, an emergency medical technician, was shot and killed by police officers who raided her Kentucky apartment.»
«How to fix American policing». The Economist. 4. juni 2020. ISSN0013-0613. Arkivert fra originalen 5. juni 2020. Besøkt 6. juni 2020. «AMERICA IS engulfed in its most widespread, sustained unrest since the late 1960s. It was sparked by an act of police brutality caught on camera. George Floyd, an African-American, allegedly used a counterfeit $20 at a convenience store on May 25th.»
«Protests sparked by George Floyd’s death are still raging». The Economist. 31. mai 2020. ISSN0013-0613. Arkivert fra originalen 31. mai 2020. Besøkt 3. juni 2020. «In Louisville, Kentucky, protesters marched in memory of Breonna Taylor, a 26-year-old African-American emergency-room technician whom police officers killed while executing a “no-knock” warrant at her apartment (police claim they identified themselves; the family disputes this). Crowds across America have chanted “Hands up, don’t shoot”, a slogan used to draw attention to the abnormally high number of police killings in America—1,099 people last year—particularly of African-Americans, who are three times more likely than white people to be killed by police.»
Edwards, Frank; Lee, Hedwig; Esposito, Michael (2019). «Risk of being killed by police use of force in the United States by age, race–ethnicity, and sex». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 34 (på engelsk). 116: 16793–16798. ISSN0027-8424. doi:10.1073/pnas.1821204116. Arkivert fra originalen 22. april 2020. Besøkt 2. juni 2020. «Police use of force accounts for 0.05 % of all male deaths in the United States and 0.003 % of all female deaths, a low overall share. However, this ratio is strongly correlated with age and race and is starkly unequal across racial groups. Police use of force is responsible for 1.6 % of all deaths involving black men between the ages of 20 y and 24 y. At this age range, police are responsible for 1.2 % of American Indian/Alaska Native male deaths, 0.5 % of Asian/Pacific Islander male deaths, 1.2 % of Latino male deaths, and 0.5 % of white male deaths.»
Kahn, Kimberly Barsamian; Goff, Phillip Atiba; Lee, J. Katherine; Motamed, Diane (1. juli 2016). «Protecting Whiteness: White Phenotypic Racial Stereotypicality Reduces Police Use of Force». Social Psychological and Personality Science. 5 (på engelsk). 7: 403–411. ISSN1948-5506. doi:10.1177/1948550616633505. Besøkt 2. juni 2020. «It is hypothesized that the Whiter one appears, the more the suspect will be protected from police force. Internal use of force case files from a large police department were coded for severity of police force, and suspects’ booking photographs were scored for phenotypic racial stereotypicality. Regression analyses confirmed that police used less force with highly stereotypical Whites, and this protective effect was stronger than the effect for non-Whites.»
Lartey, Jamiles (9. juni 2015). «By the numbers: US police kill more in days than other countries do in years». The Guardian (på engelsk). ISSN0261-3077. Arkivert fra originalen 22. april 2020. Besøkt 2. juni 2020. «Still, looking at our data for the US against admittedly less reliable information on police killings elsewhere paints a dramatic portrait, and one that resonates with protests that have gone global since a killing last year in Ferguson, Missouri: the US is not just some outlier in terms of police violence when compared with countries of similar economic and political standing. America is the outlier – and this is what a crisis looks like.»
«Following George Floyd’s death, New York opens police records». The Economist. 10. juni 2020. ISSN0013-0613. Besøkt 11. juni 2020. «Both killings—of George Floyd last month and Eric Garner in 2014, respectively—were caught on video and ignited bitter protests. Both officers’ conduct had been the subject of more than a dozen previous complaints. But there the similarities end. Mr Chauvin, promptly sacked, faces murder charges in a Minnesota jail. Mr Pantaleo was never charged with a crime and kept his job for five more years, only to be fired last year.»
Mummolo, Jonathan (20. august 2018). «Militarization fails to enhance police safety or reduce crime but may harm police reputation». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 37 (på engelsk). 115: 9181–9186. ISSN0027-8424. doi:10.1073/pnas.1805161115. Arkivert fra originalen 6. juni 2020. Besøkt 6. juni 2020. «Using an array of administrative data sources and original experiments I show that militarized “special weapons and tactics” (SWAT) teams are more often deployed in communities of color, and—contrary to claims by police administrators—provide no detectable benefits in terms of officer safety or violent crime reduction, on average.»
«The violence in American cities reflects the fury of polarisation». The Economist. 2. juni 2020. ISSN0013-0613. Arkivert fra originalen 3. juni 2020. Besøkt 4. juni 2020. «The turmoil of 1968 is the most obvious parallel to today’s. Then, the Republican Party’s Richard Nixon and Spiro Agnew were the candidates of “law and order,” pledging to crack down on the violence and extend sentences for rioters. That year’s election was also a major catalyst for the marriage of race and political party in America.»
«Far worse than Nixon». The Economist. 4. juni 2020. ISSN0013-0613. Arkivert fra originalen 4. juni 2020. Besøkt 4. juni 2020. «As the demonstrations against George Floyd’s asphyxiation began to boil in Minneapolis, the president warned that any looters would be shot, using a phrase synonymous with the violence of half a century ago. Emerging from his White House bunker he declared, “I am your president of law and order,” an echo of Richard Nixon campaigning for election that year. “SILENT MAJORITY!” Mr Trump tweeted in a reference to Nixon’s success—and his hopes of emulating it in November.»
«The power of protest and the legacy of George Floyd». The Economist. 11. juni 2020. ISSN0013-0613. Besøkt 11. juni 2020. «The scale of the protests has something to do with Mr Trump, too. When Mr Garner was killed, America had a president who could bring together the nation at moments of racial tension, and a Justice Department that baby-sat recalcitrant police departments. Today they have a man who sets out to sow division.»
«Police violence, race and protest in America». The Economist. 4. juni 2020. ISSN0013-0613. Arkivert fra originalen 4. juni 2020. Besøkt 4. juni 2020. «In 1968 the virus was flu and the space mission Apollo 8. But the injustice had the same corrosive effect. As James Baldwin wrote in the early 1960s, racism “compromises, where it does not corrupt, all the American efforts to build a better world—here, there or anywhere.” Today more than 350 cities nationwide erupted after George Floyd, an unarmed African-American man, was killed by a white police officer (see article). For nearly nine agonising minutes, deaf to Mr Floyd’s pleas and the growing alarm of the crowd, the officer choked the life out of him.»
«Protests sparked by George Floyd’s death are still raging». The Economist. 31. mai 2020. ISSN0013-0613. Arkivert fra originalen 31. mai 2020. Besøkt 3. juni 2020. «That is in part because the current outcry is about more than just Mr Floyd. Protesters in Georgia commemorated Ahmaud Arbery, a 25-year-old black man killed while jogging by two white men who chased him in a truck and shot him to death, claiming they believed, without evidence, that he was a burglar. It took weeks before local officials charged the father and son who chased and killed Mr Arbury.»
Sabur, Rozina; Sawer, Patrick; Millward, David (3. juni 2020). «America riots: why are there protests over the death of George Floyd?». The Telegraph (på engelsk). ISSN0307-1235. Arkivert fra originalen 3. juni 2020. Besøkt 3. juni 2020. «Floyd's death comes just weeks after the killing of Ahmaud Arbery, a black jogger in Georgia, at the hands of two white men, was captured on camera, and a couple of months after Breonna Taylor, an emergency medical technician, was shot and killed by police officers who raided her Kentucky apartment.»
O'Donnell, Norah; Pegues, Jeff (27. mai 2020). «New video shows Minneapolis police arrest of George Floyd before death (video)». CBS Evening News. Arkivert fra originalen 28. mai 2020. Besøkt 31. mai 2020. «In this newly circulated video, three officers have Floyd pinned on the ground, while another stands over him ... the other officers involved have been identified as Thomas Lane, J. Alexander Kueng, and Tou Thao.»