Badcock, James (18. mars 2019). «How Spain's 'Angel of Budapest' saved Jews from Holocaust». BBC News(engelsk). Besøkt 26. september 2019. «On 24 October, 1944, then foreign minister José Félix de Lequerica sent a telegram to Sanz Briz in Budapest. "On request of the World Jewish Congress please extend protection to largest number persecuted Jews," it said.»
«Nazi war criminals in Canada». CBC. 12. mai 2011. «The first person to be tried — unsuccessfully — in Canada as a war criminal was Imre Finta, who served as a Hungarian police officer during the Second World War.»
«House of Fates: Hungary’s controversial Holocaust museum». www.cnn.com(engelsk). Besøkt 15. august 2019. «But the project has all but ground to a halt amid concerns from leading Holocaust scholars that the House of Fates will downplay Hungary's role in the deportation and persecution of Jews. Then there’s the German Occupation Memorial erected in 2014, which features the Archangel Gabriel being attacked by an eagle — something critics have said falsely depicts Hungary as the passive victim of Nazi occupation.»
Kovács, H. og U.K. Mindler-Steiner (17. november 2016). «Hungary and the Distortion of Holocaust History: The Hungarian Holocaust Memorial Year 2014». Politics in Central Europe. 11 (2): 49–72. «By introducing the Holocaust Memorial Year 2014, erecting the Monument on the German Occupation and initiating a Memorial to Child Victims of the Holocaust (the House of Fates), the Hungarian government tried to establish a common narrative about the Holocaust in Hungary. For various reasons, however, this attempt failed.»
Konrád, Miklós (1. august 2009). «Jews and politics in Hungary in the Dualist era, 1867–1914». East European Jewish Affairs. 2. 39: 167–186. ISSN1350-1674. doi:10.1080/13501670903016282. Besøkt 25. august 2020. «n Hungary, Jewish political power took a slow, but upward trend. The importance of the Jewish population, which grew from half a million at the time of the emancipation in 1867, to more than 900,000, or 5% of the total population in 1910, ensured that Jews had significant political influence. This was all the more so since censitary suffrage advantaged Jews who were better off than their non‐Jewish fellow‐citizens and were thus over‐represented among the voters. Andrew C. Janos estimated that Budapest's Jewish inhabitants (203,687 persons, or 23.1% of the total population in 1910) …. With emancipation, which gave equal rights to Jews as Hungarians of the Jewish religion, Hungarian Jewry officially ceased to exist as a politically separate body. Naturally, specific interests still bound Hungary's Jews together.»
Ward, James Mace (1. april 2015). «The 1938 First Vienna Award and the Holocaust in Slovakia». Holocaust and Genocide Studies. 1 (engelsk). 29: 76–108. ISSN8756-6583. doi:10.1093/hgs/dcv004. Besøkt 16. september 2019. «The 1938 First Vienna Award obliged Slovakia to cede substantial territories to Hungary. For many Slovaks, the logic of ethnic borders transformed Jews into, or confirmed them as, “security threats,” accentuating the goal of ethnic homogeneity as a defense against Hungarian irredentism. … Hungarian irredentism sought to regain territories lost as a result of the 1920 Treaty of Trianon. Among the most important of these lands were the Felvidék (the Czechoslovak provinces of Slovakia and Subcarpathian Rus') and Transylvania (which Romania had gained). … Strengthening the radicals' case was a November 1937 meeting between German Chancellor Adolf Hitler and Hungarian Foreign Minister Kálmán Kánya at which Hitler revealed his intention to dismember Czechoslovakia.»
Eisen, G., & Stark, T. (2013). The 1941 Galician Deportation and the Kamenets-Podolsk Massacre: A Prologue to the Hungarian Holocaust. Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 27(2), 207-241. «The German attack against the Soviet Union, beginning on June 22, 1941, presented an unparalleled opportunity for the Hungarian government to deport Jews from Hungary to Galicia during a six-week period in the summer of 1941. The deportations of 22,000 Jews culminated in an unprecedented bloodbath in Kamenets-Podolsk at the end of August, when most of the deportees were slaughtered.»
Cosman, Ioana; Macavei, Bianca; Sucala, Madalina; David, Daniel (1. mars 2013). «Rational and Irrational Beliefs and Coping Strategies Among Transylvanian Holocaust Survivors: An Exploratory Analysis». Journal of Loss and Trauma. 2. 18: 179–194. ISSN1532-5024. doi:10.1080/15325024.2012.687322. Besøkt 8. september 2019. «All of the Jewish population from northern Transylvania (with the exception of those who were in forced labor detachments) was sent to Auschwitz during the months of May and June 1944. Prior to deportation, ghettos were established in the main towns of the region within areas surrounded by barbed wire, but mostly inside brick factories that were no longer in function. The Jews were kept in these ghettos for 3 to 4 weeks, some of them being tortured to confess where they had hidden their belongings.»
Ward, J. M. (2015). The 1938 First Vienna Award and the Holocaust in Slovakia. Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 29(1), 76-108. «On November 2, 1938, Czecho-Slovak and Hungarian delegations assembled in Vienna's Belvedere Palace for final arguments before the two arbiters, German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop and Italian Foreign Minister Count Galeazzo Ciano.»
Deák, István (1. mars 2008). «The Holocaust in Hungary: Sixty Years Later, Randolph L. Braham and Brewster S Chamberlin, eds.». Holocaust and Genocide Studies. 1 (engelsk). 22: 115–117. ISSN8756-6583. doi:10.1093/hgs/dcn006. Besøkt 15. september 2019. «In the wartime section, Tim Cole demonstrates with precise statistics that the treatment and fate of Jewish men and women differed greatly during the Hungarian Holocaust: quite amazingly but for well-explained reasons, far more men survived than women. Gabor Kádár and Zoltán Vági explain how naïve the pro-Nazi Hungarian government was to believe in 1944 that by confiscating all Jewish property it would be able to balance the national budget; in reality, much of the stolen Jewish property was wasted.»
Poel, Stefan van der (12. august 2019). «Memory crisis: The Shoah within a collective European memory». Journal of European Studies(engelsk): 0047244119859180. ISSN0047-2441. doi:10.1177/0047244119859180. Besøkt 5. oktober 2019. «This lack of Western appreciation and recognition for all that happened in Central Europe, especially during and shortly after the Second World War, has caused resentment and an unfortunate kind of victimhood rivalry. To many Central and Eastern Europeans, history is too often written from a Western perspective. They seek recognition for ‘their’ history and resist the hegemonic ‘core European’ narrative, which does not include their experiences, their mentalities or their memories.»
dw.com
«Pain remains for Slovak Holocaust survivor | DW | 23.01.2013». Deutsche Welle(engelsk). 23. januar 2013. Besøkt 1. april 2019. «Until 1938, Kosice had been a thriving city in eastern Czechoslovakia. Hungarians, Germans, Slovaks and Jews - 12,000 of them, 20 percent of the population - lived alongside each other in relative harmony.»
«Renowned Hungarian philosopher Agnes Heller dies at 90 | DW | 20.07.2019». Deutsche Welle(engelsk). 20. juli 2019. Besøkt 15. august 2019. «Agnes Heller, a dissident under Hungary's communist regime, was a fierce critic of current Prime Minister Viktor Orban and his nationalist politics. The Holocaust survivor lost most of her family in concentration camps.»
economist.com
«Remembering the Yellow Star houses». The Economist. 19. juni 2014. ISSN0013-0613. Besøkt 8. oktober 2019. «Hungarian officials rejects claims of whitewash. No government has done more to recognise Hungarian culpability in the Holocaust, says Ferenc Kumin, a spokesman. When Janos Ader, the president, spoke at the March of the Living event at Auschwitz, he described the camp as “Hungary’s biggest cemetery”, said that the Hungarian state had assisted the Germans in the deportations and had “failed to protect its own citizens".»
«Remembering the Yellow Star houses». The Economist. 19. juni 2014. ISSN0013-0613. Besøkt 4. oktober 2019. «Hungarian officials rejects claims of whitewash. No government has done more to recognise Hungarian culpability in the Holocaust, says Ferenc Kumin, a spokesman. When Janos Ader, the president, spoke at the March of the Living event at Auschwitz, he described the camp as “Hungary’s biggest cemetery”, said that the Hungarian state had assisted the Germans in the deportations and had “failed to protect its own citizens". Tibor Navracsics, the foreign minister, inaugurated a new memorial to Raoul Wallenberg on June 17th in downtown Budapest.»
«Jewish life in Budapest is enjoying a renaissance». Financial Times. 20. mai 2019. «Schools, community centres, social and welfare organisations and synagogues catering for all levels of observance are flourishing. Estimates of the numbers vary. Depending on definitions there may be between 100,000 and 200,000 Hungarian Jews, or people with Jewish ancestry, the vast majority living in Budapest — one of the largest communities in Europe.»
Thorpe, Nick (15. september 2012). «War-Crimes, the Holocaust, and László Csatáry - Hungarian Review». Hungarian Review. Besøkt 6. april 2019. «All transports went through Košice, which was a major railway junction, as it still is, with tracks leading directly to Poland and to Auschwitz. Gendarmerie commander László Ferenczy moved to Munkács to personally oversee the process, which was carried out by the Hungarian gendarmerie (rural police) and the regular, urban police force, under the watchful eyes of the German occupiers.»
information.dk
Email, Peter Nielsen (27. februar 2020). «Leder: Ungarn fjerner jødiske forfattere fra deres litteraturkanon. Det er totalitær kulturpolitik». Information(dansk). Besøkt 27. februar 2020. «Ungarn har ændret sin nationale litteraturkanon. Den jødiske forfatter Imre Kertész og andre af landets store forfattere er blevet erstattet med nationalistiske og antisemitiske forfattere, som idealiserer det gamle Ungarn. Her ses præsten Loránt Hegedüs og hans kone under en aktion mod den ungarske litteraturkanon foran en statue af Miklós Horthy i 2013. De mente ikke, at en litteraturkanon skulle introducere deres børn til jødiske forfattere.»
Roberts, Sam (28. november 2018). «Randolph Braham, 95, Holocaust Scholar Who Saw a Whitewash, Dies». The New York Times(engelsk). ISSN0362-4331. Besøkt 28. april 2019. «Randolph L. Braham, who as the foremost American scholar of the Holocaust in Hungary, his homeland, rejected that country’s highest award to protest what he denounced as an official whitewash of its collusion in the murder of hundreds of thousands of Jews during World War II, died on Sunday at his home in Forest Hills, Queens. He was 95.»
Ward, James Mace (1. april 2015). «The 1938 First Vienna Award and the Holocaust in Slovakia». Holocaust and Genocide Studies. 1 (engelsk). 29: 76–108. ISSN8756-6583. doi:10.1093/hgs/dcv004. Besøkt 16. september 2019. «The 1938 First Vienna Award obliged Slovakia to cede substantial territories to Hungary. For many Slovaks, the logic of ethnic borders transformed Jews into, or confirmed them as, “security threats,” accentuating the goal of ethnic homogeneity as a defense against Hungarian irredentism. … Hungarian irredentism sought to regain territories lost as a result of the 1920 Treaty of Trianon. Among the most important of these lands were the Felvidék (the Czechoslovak provinces of Slovakia and Subcarpathian Rus') and Transylvania (which Romania had gained). … Strengthening the radicals' case was a November 1937 meeting between German Chancellor Adolf Hitler and Hungarian Foreign Minister Kálmán Kánya at which Hitler revealed his intention to dismember Czechoslovakia.»
Deák, István (1. mars 2008). «The Holocaust in Hungary: Sixty Years Later, Randolph L. Braham and Brewster S Chamberlin, eds.». Holocaust and Genocide Studies. 1 (engelsk). 22: 115–117. ISSN8756-6583. doi:10.1093/hgs/dcn006. Besøkt 15. september 2019. «In the wartime section, Tim Cole demonstrates with precise statistics that the treatment and fate of Jewish men and women differed greatly during the Hungarian Holocaust: quite amazingly but for well-explained reasons, far more men survived than women. Gabor Kádár and Zoltán Vági explain how naïve the pro-Nazi Hungarian government was to believe in 1944 that by confiscating all Jewish property it would be able to balance the national budget; in reality, much of the stolen Jewish property was wasted.»
reuters.com
«New books, film find hidden hero of Holocaust». Reuters(engelsk). 23. mai 2008. Besøkt 6. september 2019. «The second book, German literature professor Ladislaus Lob’s “Dealing with Satan: Rezso Kasztner’s Daring Rescue Mission,” is part reexamination of Kasztner and part memoir.»
«Christian churches back Jews facing anti-Semitism in Hungary». Reuters(engelsk). 14. mai 2013. Besøkt 27. februar 2020. «The Hungarian Reformed Church has begun proceedings that might end up defrocking Hegedus and depriving him of his high-profile base at the Homeland Church on the upscale Freedom Square, near the central bank and the United States embassy.»
Sulyok, Vince (14. januar 2019). «Miklós Horthy». Store norske leksikon(norsk). Besøkt 9. februar 2019.
«Adolf Eichmann». Store norske leksikon(norsk). 9. januar 2019. Besøkt 29. september 2019.
spiegel.de
Marc von Lüpke, Florian Harms (29. september 2016). «Timothy Snyder über Babi Jar: "Wir machen uns unschuldiger als wir sind" - DER SPIEGEL - Geschichte». www.spiegel.de(tysk). Besøkt 2. august 2020. «Als sich die Gelegenheit bot, deportierten die Ungarn diese Menschen Richtung Osten in die Sowjetunion, gerade als die Wehrmacht dort eintraf. Friedrich Jeckeln ließ diese Juden in Kamenez-Podolsk erschießen, zusammen mit Tausenden dort einheimischer Juden. Mehr als 23.600 Menschen wurden dort in drei Tagen getötet, ein bis dahin beispielloser Massenmord. Kiew, also Babi Jar, war ein besonderer Fall, weil dort demonstriert wurde, dass die gesamte jüdische Bevölkerung einer europäischen Metropole in nur zwei Tagen ausgelöscht werden konnte.»
sussex.ac.uk
«Belsen survivors book tells story of Jewish Schindler». www.sussex.ac.uk. Besøkt 6. september 2019. «Professor Löb, an emeritus Professor of German, was 11 when the Nazis invaded his native Hungary in 1944 and began rounding up Jews and deporting them to the concentration camps. Seven months after his birthday he was rescued from the notorious Bergen-Belsen concentration camp and taken to Switzerland.»
svt.se
«Ungern ersätter judiska författare med antisemiter i skollitteraturen». SVT Nyheter(svensk). 26. februar 2020. Besøkt 27. februar 2020. «Ungerska skolelever ska istället läsa mellankrigsförfattare som Albert Wass och József Nyírő. Två nazistsympatisörer som stöttade pilkorsrörelsen och dess massmord på judar i Ungern. Den ungerska regeringen försvarar valet med att man fokuserar på hur författarna idealiserar det gamla Ungern.»
telegraph.co.uk
«Countess Ilona Edelsheim Gyulai». The Telegraph(engelsk). 3. mai 2013. ISSN0307-1235. Besøkt 29. september 2019. «After their eventual liberation by American troops in May 1945, Ilona and her son remained in Germany. Admiral Horthy, considered a prisoner of war by the Americans, was not released from a Nuremberg jail until Christmas 1945. In 1948 she and her father-in-law were driven back to Nuremberg, where Horthy testified at the trial of Edmund Veesenmayer, the wartime German plenipotentiary to Budapest.»
«Imre Kertész, Holocaust survivor and Nobel laureate, dies at 86». The Guardian(engelsk). 31. mars 2016. ISSN0261-3077. Besøkt 26. september 2019. «Kertész became a Nobel laureate for works the judges said portrayed the Nazi death camps as “the ultimate truth” about how low human beings could fall. … He won the literature prize for “writing that upholds the experience of the individual in the face of a barbaric and arbitrary history,” the Swedish Nobel Academy said.»
«Auschwitz Through the Lens of the SS: A Tale of Two Albums». encyclopedia.ushmm.org(engelsk). Besøkt 1. april 2019. «She brought the original album with her when she immigrated to the United States. Later published many times, these images went into evidence at the Frankfurt Auschwitz Trial (in which Lili Jacob testified and in which Karl Höcker was a defendant). In 1983, Lili Jacob donated the album of photographs of her transport's arrival in Auschwitz to Yad Vashem.»
«Antisemittisme rammer ungarske jøder: – Mange prøver å skjule sin identitet». www.vg.no. 13. juli 2019. Besøkt 4. oktober 2019. «Daniel Bodnar leder stiftelsen Aksjon og beskyttelse for ungarske jøder, TEV, sier til VG at antisemittiske holdninger er like bekymringsfull i Budapest og i Ungarn, som de man ser i andre europeiske hovedsteder.»
«Antijødiske demonstrasjoner i Ungarn». www.vg.no. 5. mai 2013. Besøkt 4. oktober 2019. «Ledende figurer i det antisemittiske Jobbik-partiet, som er Ungarns tredje største, la ikke bånd på seg da de skjelte ut jøder og anklaget israelere for å ville kolonisere Ungarn ved å kjøpe opp eiendom.»
«Thirty-two frightening snapshots of a hanging. And no one knew who the victims were – until now.». Washington Post. 9. februar 2019. «A large timber was sunk vertically into the ground. A rope was attached to a hook at the top. A set of steps was placed at the bottom. The condemned man mounted the steps and put his back to the post. His arms and legs were tied. An executioner climbed a ladder behind the post, put the noose around the man’s neck and tightened the rope. Then the steps were removed.»
Konrád, Miklós (1. august 2009). «Jews and politics in Hungary in the Dualist era, 1867–1914». East European Jewish Affairs. 2. 39: 167–186. ISSN1350-1674. doi:10.1080/13501670903016282. Besøkt 25. august 2020. «n Hungary, Jewish political power took a slow, but upward trend. The importance of the Jewish population, which grew from half a million at the time of the emancipation in 1867, to more than 900,000, or 5% of the total population in 1910, ensured that Jews had significant political influence. This was all the more so since censitary suffrage advantaged Jews who were better off than their non‐Jewish fellow‐citizens and were thus over‐represented among the voters. Andrew C. Janos estimated that Budapest's Jewish inhabitants (203,687 persons, or 23.1% of the total population in 1910) …. With emancipation, which gave equal rights to Jews as Hungarians of the Jewish religion, Hungarian Jewry officially ceased to exist as a politically separate body. Naturally, specific interests still bound Hungary's Jews together.»
Ward, James Mace (1. april 2015). «The 1938 First Vienna Award and the Holocaust in Slovakia». Holocaust and Genocide Studies. 1 (engelsk). 29: 76–108. ISSN8756-6583. doi:10.1093/hgs/dcv004. Besøkt 16. september 2019. «The 1938 First Vienna Award obliged Slovakia to cede substantial territories to Hungary. For many Slovaks, the logic of ethnic borders transformed Jews into, or confirmed them as, “security threats,” accentuating the goal of ethnic homogeneity as a defense against Hungarian irredentism. … Hungarian irredentism sought to regain territories lost as a result of the 1920 Treaty of Trianon. Among the most important of these lands were the Felvidék (the Czechoslovak provinces of Slovakia and Subcarpathian Rus') and Transylvania (which Romania had gained). … Strengthening the radicals' case was a November 1937 meeting between German Chancellor Adolf Hitler and Hungarian Foreign Minister Kálmán Kánya at which Hitler revealed his intention to dismember Czechoslovakia.»
Cosman, Ioana; Macavei, Bianca; Sucala, Madalina; David, Daniel (1. mars 2013). «Rational and Irrational Beliefs and Coping Strategies Among Transylvanian Holocaust Survivors: An Exploratory Analysis». Journal of Loss and Trauma. 2. 18: 179–194. ISSN1532-5024. doi:10.1080/15325024.2012.687322. Besøkt 8. september 2019. «All of the Jewish population from northern Transylvania (with the exception of those who were in forced labor detachments) was sent to Auschwitz during the months of May and June 1944. Prior to deportation, ghettos were established in the main towns of the region within areas surrounded by barbed wire, but mostly inside brick factories that were no longer in function. The Jews were kept in these ghettos for 3 to 4 weeks, some of them being tortured to confess where they had hidden their belongings.»
«Imre Kertész, Holocaust survivor and Nobel laureate, dies at 86». The Guardian(engelsk). 31. mars 2016. ISSN0261-3077. Besøkt 26. september 2019. «Kertész became a Nobel laureate for works the judges said portrayed the Nazi death camps as “the ultimate truth” about how low human beings could fall. … He won the literature prize for “writing that upholds the experience of the individual in the face of a barbaric and arbitrary history,” the Swedish Nobel Academy said.»
Deák, István (1. mars 2008). «The Holocaust in Hungary: Sixty Years Later, Randolph L. Braham and Brewster S Chamberlin, eds.». Holocaust and Genocide Studies. 1 (engelsk). 22: 115–117. ISSN8756-6583. doi:10.1093/hgs/dcn006. Besøkt 15. september 2019. «In the wartime section, Tim Cole demonstrates with precise statistics that the treatment and fate of Jewish men and women differed greatly during the Hungarian Holocaust: quite amazingly but for well-explained reasons, far more men survived than women. Gabor Kádár and Zoltán Vági explain how naïve the pro-Nazi Hungarian government was to believe in 1944 that by confiscating all Jewish property it would be able to balance the national budget; in reality, much of the stolen Jewish property was wasted.»
«Remembering the Yellow Star houses». The Economist. 19. juni 2014. ISSN0013-0613. Besøkt 8. oktober 2019. «Hungarian officials rejects claims of whitewash. No government has done more to recognise Hungarian culpability in the Holocaust, says Ferenc Kumin, a spokesman. When Janos Ader, the president, spoke at the March of the Living event at Auschwitz, he described the camp as “Hungary’s biggest cemetery”, said that the Hungarian state had assisted the Germans in the deportations and had “failed to protect its own citizens".»
«Countess Ilona Edelsheim Gyulai». The Telegraph(engelsk). 3. mai 2013. ISSN0307-1235. Besøkt 29. september 2019. «After their eventual liberation by American troops in May 1945, Ilona and her son remained in Germany. Admiral Horthy, considered a prisoner of war by the Americans, was not released from a Nuremberg jail until Christmas 1945. In 1948 she and her father-in-law were driven back to Nuremberg, where Horthy testified at the trial of Edmund Veesenmayer, the wartime German plenipotentiary to Budapest.»
Roberts, Sam (28. november 2018). «Randolph Braham, 95, Holocaust Scholar Who Saw a Whitewash, Dies». The New York Times(engelsk). ISSN0362-4331. Besøkt 28. april 2019. «Randolph L. Braham, who as the foremost American scholar of the Holocaust in Hungary, his homeland, rejected that country’s highest award to protest what he denounced as an official whitewash of its collusion in the murder of hundreds of thousands of Jews during World War II, died on Sunday at his home in Forest Hills, Queens. He was 95.»
Poel, Stefan van der (12. august 2019). «Memory crisis: The Shoah within a collective European memory». Journal of European Studies(engelsk): 0047244119859180. ISSN0047-2441. doi:10.1177/0047244119859180. Besøkt 5. oktober 2019. «This lack of Western appreciation and recognition for all that happened in Central Europe, especially during and shortly after the Second World War, has caused resentment and an unfortunate kind of victimhood rivalry. To many Central and Eastern Europeans, history is too often written from a Western perspective. They seek recognition for ‘their’ history and resist the hegemonic ‘core European’ narrative, which does not include their experiences, their mentalities or their memories.»
«Remembering the Yellow Star houses». The Economist. 19. juni 2014. ISSN0013-0613. Besøkt 4. oktober 2019. «Hungarian officials rejects claims of whitewash. No government has done more to recognise Hungarian culpability in the Holocaust, says Ferenc Kumin, a spokesman. When Janos Ader, the president, spoke at the March of the Living event at Auschwitz, he described the camp as “Hungary’s biggest cemetery”, said that the Hungarian state had assisted the Germans in the deportations and had “failed to protect its own citizens". Tibor Navracsics, the foreign minister, inaugurated a new memorial to Raoul Wallenberg on June 17th in downtown Budapest.»
«The Auschwitz Album | Yad Vashem». www.yadvashem.org. Besøkt 1. april 2019. «The Auschwitz Album is the only surviving visual evidence of the process leading to the mass murder at Auschwitz-Birkenau. It is a unique document and was donated to Yad Vashem by Lilly Jacob-Zelmanovic Meier. … Early summer 1944 was the apex of the deportation of Hungarian Jewry. For this purpose a special rail line was extended from the railway station outside the camp to a ramp inside Auschwitz. Many of the photos in the album were taken on the ramp. The Jews then went through a selection process, carried out by SS doctors and wardens.»
