John King Fairbank, Kwang-Ching Liu, Denis Crispin Twitchett, red. (1980). Late Ch'ing, 1800-1911. Volume 11, Part 2 of The Cambridge History of China Series (illustrated utg.). Cambridge University Press. s. 94. ISBN0-521-22029-7. Besøkt 18. januar 2012. «Countless memorials poured into the court demanding severe punishment of the signatory and rejection of the treaty. The most eloquent of these came from a young librarian of the Supervisorate of Imperial Instruction, Chang Chih-tung (1837-1909), who announced: 'The Russians must be considered extremely covetous and truculent in making the demands and Ch'ung-hou extremely stupid and absurd in accepting them .... If we insist on changing the treaty, there may not be trouble; if we do not, we are unworthy to be called a state.' He demanded that Ch'ung-hou be decapitated to show China's determination to reject the treaty, even at the price of war. Because he spoke the mind of the literati and officials, Chang gained immediate fame.41»CS1-vedlikehold: Flere navn: redaktørliste (link)
John King Fairbank, Kwang-Ching Liu, Denis Crispin Twitchett, red. (1980). Late Ch'ing, 1800-1911. Volume 11, Part 2 of The Cambridge History of China Series (illustrated utg.). Cambridge University Press. s. 94. ISBN0-521-22029-7. Besøkt 18. januar 2012. «The court did not intend to precipitate a clash, but was pushed by literati-official sentiment into taking a stronger positions than it wanted. To prepare for the eventuality of war, it installed several Hunan army officers of Taiping fame in key positions, and through Rober Hart invited Charles Gordon to China to help with defence.»CS1-vedlikehold: Flere navn: redaktørliste (link)
John King Fairbank, Kwang-Ching Liu, Denis Crispin Twitchett, red. (1980). Late Ch'ing, 1800-1911. Volume 11, Part 2 of The Cambridge History of China Series (illustrated utg.). Cambridge University Press. s. 268. ISBN0-521-22029-7. Besøkt 18. januar 2012. «The only other military academy established prior to 1894 was the military division of Chang Chih-tung's Kwangtung Naval and Military Officers' Academy. In 1885 Chang had begun using German instructors in his newly organized yung-ying force - called the Kwangtung Victorious Army (Kuang-sheng chün). One or two of these German officers taught in the military schools, but Chinese instructors did most of the teaching. Chang was apparently satisfied with their instruction, for he later selected graduates to serve as officers in his Self-Strengthening Army (Tzu-ch'iang chün) organized in Nanking in early 1896, and engaged instructors from the school to teach at his Hupei Military Academy (wu-pei hsueh-t'ang), founded at Wuchang later the same year.178»CS1-vedlikehold: Flere navn: redaktørliste (link)
britannica.com
Encyclopædia Britannica Online, Encyclopædia Britannica Online-ID biography/Zhang-Zhidong, besøkt 9. oktober 2017[Hentet fra Wikidata]
