Batalha de Sifim (Portuguese Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Batalha de Sifim" in Portuguese language version.

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Aslan 2011, p. 136. Aslan, Reza (2011). No god But God: The Origins, Evolution, and Future of Islam. Nova Iorque: Random House. ISBN 9780812982442
Wellhausen 1927, p. 41–42. Wellhausen, Julius (1927). The Arab Kingdom and Its Fall. Traduzido por Weir, Margaret G. Calcutá: Universidade de Calcutá
Veccia Vaglieri 1970, p. 67. Veccia Vaglieri, Laura (1970). «THE PATRIARCHAL AND UMAYYAD CALIPHATES». In: Holt, Peter M.; Lambton, Ann K.S.; Lewis, Bernard. The Cambridge History of Islam. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 57–103
Jafri 1979, p. 53. Jafri, S.H.M (1979). Origins and Early Development of Shia Islam. Londres: Longman
Jafri 1979, p. 63. Jafri, S.H.M (1979). Origins and Early Development of Shia Islam. Londres: Longman
Daftary 2013, p. 30. Daftary, Farhad (2013). A History of Shi'i Islam. Nova Iorque: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 9780755608669
Jafri 1979, p. 59. Jafri, S.H.M (1979). Origins and Early Development of Shia Islam. Londres: Longman
Jafri 1979, p. 62. Jafri, S.H.M (1979). Origins and Early Development of Shia Islam. Londres: Longman
Anthony 2013, p. 31. Anthony, Sean W. (2013). Bowering, Gerhard; Crone, Patricia; Kadi, Wadad; Mirza, Mahan; Stewart, Devin J.; Zaman, Muhammad Qasim, eds. 'Ali b. Abi Talib (ca. 599-661). The Princeton encyclopedia of Islamic political thought. Princeton, Nova Jérsei: Princeton University Press. pp. 30–2. ISBN 9780691134840
Veccia Vaglieri 1970, p. 68. Veccia Vaglieri, Laura (1970). «THE PATRIARCHAL AND UMAYYAD CALIPHATES». In: Holt, Peter M.; Lambton, Ann K.S.; Lewis, Bernard. The Cambridge History of Islam. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 57–103
Glassé 2001c, p. 423. Glassé, Cyril, ed. (2001c). Shi'ism. The New Encyclopedia of Islam. Walnut Creek, Califórnia: AltaMira Press. pp. 422–8. ISBN 9780759101890
Donner 2010, p. 152. Donner, Fred M. (2010). Muhammad and the Believers: At the Origins of Islam. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674064140
Kennedy 2015, p. 65. Kennedy, Hugh (2015). The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the Sixth to the Eleventh Century. Londres: Routledge
Hazleton 2009, p. 95. Hazleton, Lesley (2009). After the Prophet: The Epic Story of the Shia-Sunni Split in Islam. Nova Iorque: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 9780385532099
Jafri 1979, p. 62-63. Jafri, S.H.M (1979). Origins and Early Development of Shia Islam. Londres: Longman
Donner 2010, p. 157. Donner, Fred M. (2010). Muhammad and the Believers: At the Origins of Islam. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674064140
Jafri 1979, p. 63, 64. Jafri, S.H.M (1979). Origins and Early Development of Shia Islam. Londres: Longman
Donner 2010, p. 158. Donner, Fred M. (2010). Muhammad and the Believers: At the Origins of Islam. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674064140
Jafri 1979, p. 28. Jafri, S.H.M (1979). Origins and Early Development of Shia Islam. Londres: Longman
Veccia Vaglieri 1970, p. 69. Veccia Vaglieri, Laura (1970). «THE PATRIARCHAL AND UMAYYAD CALIPHATES». In: Holt, Peter M.; Lambton, Ann K.S.; Lewis, Bernard. The Cambridge History of Islam. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 57–103
Shaban 1970, p. 71. Shaban, M.A. (1970). Islamic History: Volume 1, AD 600-750 (AH 132): A New Interpretation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521291316
Aslan 2011, p. 131, 132. Aslan, Reza (2011). No god But God: The Origins, Evolution, and Future of Islam. Nova Iorque: Random House. ISBN 9780812982442
Jafri 1979, pp. 63-4. Jafri, S.H.M (1979). Origins and Early Development of Shia Islam. Londres: Longman
Hazleton 2009, p. 99. Hazleton, Lesley (2009). After the Prophet: The Epic Story of the Shia-Sunni Split in Islam. Nova Iorque: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 9780385532099
Hazleton 2009, p. 127. Hazleton, Lesley (2009). After the Prophet: The Epic Story of the Shia-Sunni Split in Islam. Nova Iorque: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 9780385532099
Donner 2010, p. 160. Donner, Fred M. (2010). Muhammad and the Believers: At the Origins of Islam. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674064140
Kennedy 2015, p. 66. Kennedy, Hugh (2015). The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the Sixth to the Eleventh Century. Londres: Routledge
Hazleton 2009, p. 183. Hazleton, Lesley (2009). After the Prophet: The Epic Story of the Shia-Sunni Split in Islam. Nova Iorque: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 9780385532099
Hazleton 2009, p. 129. Hazleton, Lesley (2009). After the Prophet: The Epic Story of the Shia-Sunni Split in Islam. Nova Iorque: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 9780385532099
Donner 2010, p. 157–159. Donner, Fred M. (2010). Muhammad and the Believers: At the Origins of Islam. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674064140
Rahman 1989, p. 58. Rahman, Habib Ur (1989). A Chronology of Islamic History, 570-1000 CE. Boston, Massachussetes: G.K. Hall. ISBN 9780816190676
Donner 2010, p. 161. Donner, Fred M. (2010). Muhammad and the Believers: At the Origins of Islam. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674064140
Ayoub 2014, p. 99. Ayoub, Mahmoud M. (2014). The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam. Londres: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 9781780746746
Shaban 1970, p. 75. Shaban, M.A. (1970). Islamic History: Volume 1, AD 600-750 (AH 132): A New Interpretation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521291316
Ayoub 2014, p. 100. Ayoub, Mahmoud M. (2014). The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam. Londres: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 9781780746746
Kennedy 2015, p. 69. Kennedy, Hugh (2015). The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the Sixth to the Eleventh Century. Londres: Routledge
Ayoub 2014, p. 99-100. Ayoub, Mahmoud M. (2014). The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam. Londres: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 9781780746746
Ayoub 2014, p. 100-1. Ayoub, Mahmoud M. (2014). The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam. Londres: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 9781780746746
Ayoub 2014, p. 107. Ayoub, Mahmoud M. (2014). The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam. Londres: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 9781780746746
Ayoub 2014, p. 101. Ayoub, Mahmoud M. (2014). The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam. Londres: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 9781780746746
Ayoub 2014, p. 101-3. Ayoub, Mahmoud M. (2014). The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam. Londres: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 9781780746746
Shah-Kazemi 2022, p. 93. Shah-Kazemi, Reza (2022). Imam 'Ali: Concise History, Timeless Mystery. Nova Iorque: I.B. Tauris
Dakake 2005, p. 1. Dakake, Maria Massi (2005). McAuliffe, Jane Dammen, ed. Ṣiffīn, Battle of. Encyclopaedia of the Qurʼān. 5. Leida: Brill. pp. 1–2. ISBN 978-90-04-12356-4
Rahman 1989, p. 57-8. Rahman, Habib Ur (1989). A Chronology of Islamic History, 570-1000 CE. Boston, Massachussetes: G.K. Hall. ISBN 9780816190676
Afsaruddin 2013, p. 52-3. Afsaruddin, Asma (2013). The First Muslims: History and Memory. Londres: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 9781780744483
Ayoub 2014, p. 104. Ayoub, Mahmoud M. (2014). The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam. Londres: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 9781780746746
Shah-Kazemi 2014, p. 23. Shah-Kazemi, Reza (2014). Fitzpatrick, Coeli; Walker, Adam Hani, eds. 'Ali IBN ABI TALIB (599-661). Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God. Santa Bárbara, Califórnia: ABC-CLIO. pp. 20–4. ISBN 9781610691789
Shaban 1970, p. 73. Shaban, M.A. (1970). Islamic History: Volume 1, AD 600-750 (AH 132): A New Interpretation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521291316
Shah-Kazemi 2022, p. 95-6. Shah-Kazemi, Reza (2022). Imam 'Ali: Concise History, Timeless Mystery. Nova Iorque: I.B. Tauris
Tabatabai 1975, p. 45. Tabatabai, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn (1975). Shi'ite Islam. Traduzido por Sayyid Hossein Nasr. Nova Iorque: State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-87395-390-8
Shaban 1970, p. 74. Shaban, M.A. (1970). Islamic History: Volume 1, AD 600-750 (AH 132): A New Interpretation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521291316
Ayoub 2014, p. 105. Ayoub, Mahmoud M. (2014). The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam. Londres: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 9781780746746
Ayoub 2014, p. 103. Ayoub, Mahmoud M. (2014). The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam. Londres: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 9781780746746
Ayoub 2014, p. 103-4. Ayoub, Mahmoud M. (2014). The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam. Londres: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 9781780746746
Jafri 1979, p. 65. Jafri, S.H.M (1979). Origins and Early Development of Shia Islam. Londres: Longman
Ayoub 2014, p. 113. Ayoub, Mahmoud M. (2014). The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam. Londres: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 9781780746746
Ayoub 2014, p. 94. Ayoub, Mahmoud M. (2014). The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam. Londres: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 9781780746746
Adamec 2016, p. 407. Adamec, Ludwig W. (2016). Historical Dictionary of Islam. Lanham, Marilândia: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781442277243
Shah-Kazemi 2022, p. 90. Shah-Kazemi, Reza (2022). Imam 'Ali: Concise History, Timeless Mystery. Nova Iorque: I.B. Tauris
Ayoub 2014, p. 82. Ayoub, Mahmoud M. (2014). The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam. Londres: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 9781780746746
Kelsay 1993, p. 84. Kelsay, John (1993). Islam and War: A Study in Comparative Ethics. Louisville, Quentuqui: Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664253028
Jafri 1979, p. 64, 99n32. Jafri, S.H.M (1979). Origins and Early Development of Shia Islam. Londres: Longman
Ayoub 2014, p. 74. Ayoub, Mahmoud M. (2014). The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam. Londres: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 9781780746746
Kennedy 2015, p. 67. Kennedy, Hugh (2015). The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the Sixth to the Eleventh Century. Londres: Routledge
Ayoub 2014, p. 134. Ayoub, Mahmoud M. (2014). The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam. Londres: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 9781780746746
Esposito 1992, p. 37. Esposito, John L. (1992). Islam: The Straight Path. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195074727
Jafri 1979, p. 68. Jafri, S.H.M (1979). Origins and Early Development of Shia Islam. Londres: Longman
Tabatabai 1975, p. 64. Tabatabai, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn (1975). Shi'ite Islam. Traduzido por Sayyid Hossein Nasr. Nova Iorque: State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-87395-390-8
Tabatabai 1975, p. 46. Tabatabai, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn (1975). Shi'ite Islam. Traduzido por Sayyid Hossein Nasr. Nova Iorque: State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-87395-390-8
Ayoub 2014, p. 93. Ayoub, Mahmoud M. (2014). The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam. Londres: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 9781780746746
Kennedy 2013, pp. 8-9. Kennedy, Hugh (2013). The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State. Londres: Routledge. ISBN 9781134531134
Ayoub 2014, pp. 107-8. Ayoub, Mahmoud M. (2014). The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam. Londres: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 9781780746746
Ayoub 2014, p. 116. Ayoub, Mahmoud M. (2014). The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam. Londres: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 9781780746746
Ayoub 2014, pp. 96-7. Ayoub, Mahmoud M. (2014). The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam. Londres: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 9781780746746
Ayoub 2014, p. 97. Ayoub, Mahmoud M. (2014). The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam. Londres: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 9781780746746
Lewis 2002, p. 62. Lewis, Bernard (2002). Arabs in History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780191647161
Ayoub 2014, p. 108. Ayoub, Mahmoud M. (2014). The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam. Londres: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 9781780746746
Wellhausen 1927, p. 55. Wellhausen, Julius (1927). The Arab Kingdom and Its Fall. Traduzido por Weir, Margaret G. Calcutá: Universidade de Calcutá
Ayoub 2014, p. 111. Ayoub, Mahmoud M. (2014). The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam. Londres: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 9781780746746
Ayoub 2014, p. 112. Ayoub, Mahmoud M. (2014). The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam. Londres: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 9781780746746
Lapidus 2014, p. 56. Lapidus, Ira M. (2014). A History of Islamic Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521514309
Hazleton 2009, p. 198. Hazleton, Lesley (2009). After the Prophet: The Epic Story of the Shia-Sunni Split in Islam. Nova Iorque: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 9780385532099
Kennedy 2013, p. 11. Kennedy, Hugh (2013). The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State. Londres: Routledge. ISBN 9781134531134
Ayoub 2014, p. 119. Ayoub, Mahmoud M. (2014). The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam. Londres: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 9781780746746
Ayoub 2014, p. 120. Ayoub, Mahmoud M. (2014). The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam. Londres: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 9781780746746
Aslan 2011, pp. 136-7. Aslan, Reza (2011). No god But God: The Origins, Evolution, and Future of Islam. Nova Iorque: Random House. ISBN 9780812982442
Feisal 2007, p. 190. Feisal, Abdul Rauf (2007). «What Is Sunni Islam?». In: Cornell, Vincent J. Voices of Islam. 1. Westport, Conecticute: Praeger Publishers. pp. 185–216. ISBN 978-0-275-98732-9
Aslan 2011, p. 137. Aslan, Reza (2011). No god But God: The Origins, Evolution, and Future of Islam. Nova Iorque: Random House. ISBN 9780812982442
Adamec 2016, p. 406. Adamec, Ludwig W. (2016). Historical Dictionary of Islam. Lanham, Marilândia: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781442277243
Veccia Vaglieri 1970, p. 70. Veccia Vaglieri, Laura (1970). «THE PATRIARCHAL AND UMAYYAD CALIPHATES». In: Holt, Peter M.; Lambton, Ann K.S.; Lewis, Bernard. The Cambridge History of Islam. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 57–103
Glassé 2001b, p. 49. Glassé, Cyril, ed. (2001b). 'Amr ibn al-'Āsī (d. 42/663). The New Encyclopedia of Islam. Walnut Creek, Califórnia: AltaMira Press. pp. 48–9. ISBN 9780759101890
Ayoub 2014, p. 122. Ayoub, Mahmoud M. (2014). The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam. Londres: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 9781780746746
Ayoub 2014, p. 123. Ayoub, Mahmoud M. (2014). The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam. Londres: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 9781780746746
Ayoub 2014, p. 124. Ayoub, Mahmoud M. (2014). The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam. Londres: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 9781780746746
Shah-Kazemi 2022, p. 96. Shah-Kazemi, Reza (2022). Imam 'Ali: Concise History, Timeless Mystery. Nova Iorque: I.B. Tauris
Ayoub 2014, pp. 123-4. Ayoub, Mahmoud M. (2014). The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam. Londres: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 9781780746746
Ayoub 2014, p. 125. Ayoub, Mahmoud M. (2014). The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam. Londres: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 9781780746746
Ayoub 2014, p. 95. Ayoub, Mahmoud M. (2014). The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam. Londres: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 9781780746746
Ayoub 2014, pp. 96-6. Ayoub, Mahmoud M. (2014). The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam. Londres: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 9781780746746
Ayoub 2014, p. 110. Ayoub, Mahmoud M. (2014). The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam. Londres: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 9781780746746
Jafri 1979, p. 87. Jafri, S.H.M (1979). Origins and Early Development of Shia Islam. Londres: Longman
Jafri 1979, pp. 87-8. Jafri, S.H.M (1979). Origins and Early Development of Shia Islam. Londres: Longman
Jafri 1979, p. 88. Jafri, S.H.M (1979). Origins and Early Development of Shia Islam. Londres: Longman
Ayoub 2014, p. 141. Ayoub, Mahmoud M. (2014). The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam. Londres: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 9781780746746
Afsaruddin 2013, p. 53. Afsaruddin, Asma (2013). The First Muslims: History and Memory. Londres: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 9781780744483
Dakake 2005, pp. 1-2. Dakake, Maria Massi (2005). McAuliffe, Jane Dammen, ed. Ṣiffīn, Battle of. Encyclopaedia of the Qurʼān. 5. Leida: Brill. pp. 1–2. ISBN 978-90-04-12356-4
Fadel 2013, p. 43. Fadel, Mohammad (2013). Bowering, Gerhard; Crone, Patricia; Kadi, Wadad; Mirza, Mahan; Stewart, Devin J.; Zaman, Muhammad Qasim, eds. arbitration. The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought. Princeton, Nova Jérsei: Princeton University Press. pp. 43–4. ISBN 9780691134840
Rahman 1989, p. 59. Rahman, Habib Ur (1989). A Chronology of Islamic History, 570-1000 CE. Boston, Massachussetes: G.K. Hall. ISBN 9780816190676
Ayoub 2014, pp. 125-6. Ayoub, Mahmoud M. (2014). The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam. Londres: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 9781780746746
Rahman 1989, pp. 58-9. Rahman, Habib Ur (1989). A Chronology of Islamic History, 570-1000 CE. Boston, Massachussetes: G.K. Hall. ISBN 9780816190676
Ayoub 2014, p. 128. Ayoub, Mahmoud M. (2014). The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam. Londres: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 9781780746746
Ayoub 2014, p. 127. Ayoub, Mahmoud M. (2014). The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam. Londres: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 9781780746746
Donner 2010, p. 162. Donner, Fred M. (2010). Muhammad and the Believers: At the Origins of Islam. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674064140
Donner 2010, p. 163. Donner, Fred M. (2010). Muhammad and the Believers: At the Origins of Islam. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674064140
Feisal 2007, p. 191. Feisal, Abdul Rauf (2007). «What Is Sunni Islam?». In: Cornell, Vincent J. Voices of Islam. 1. Westport, Conecticute: Praeger Publishers. pp. 185–216. ISBN 978-0-275-98732-9
Ayoub 2014, p. 129. Ayoub, Mahmoud M. (2014). The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam. Londres: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 9781780746746
Levi Della Vida 2021. Levi Della Vida (2021). Kharidjites. Encyclopaedia of Islam 2.ª ed. Leida: Brill Reference Online
Shah-Kazemi 2022, p. 97. Shah-Kazemi, Reza (2022). Imam 'Ali: Concise History, Timeless Mystery. Nova Iorque: I.B. Tauris
Esposito 1992, p. 41. Esposito, John L. (1992). Islam: The Straight Path. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195074727
Hazleton 2009, p. 144. Hazleton, Lesley (2009). After the Prophet: The Epic Story of the Shia-Sunni Split in Islam. Nova Iorque: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 9780385532099
Ayoub 2014, pp. 128-9. Ayoub, Mahmoud M. (2014). The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam. Londres: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 9781780746746
Feisal 2007, p. 190-1. Feisal, Abdul Rauf (2007). «What Is Sunni Islam?». In: Cornell, Vincent J. Voices of Islam. 1. Westport, Conecticute: Praeger Publishers. pp. 185–216. ISBN 978-0-275-98732-9
Lewis 2002, p. 63. Lewis, Bernard (2002). Arabs in History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780191647161
Shaban 1970, p. 77. Shaban, M.A. (1970). Islamic History: Volume 1, AD 600-750 (AH 132): A New Interpretation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521291316
Ayoub 2014, p. 130. Ayoub, Mahmoud M. (2014). The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam. Londres: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 9781780746746
Ayoub 2014, p. 131. Ayoub, Mahmoud M. (2014). The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam. Londres: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 9781780746746
Dakake 2005, p. 2. Dakake, Maria Massi (2005). McAuliffe, Jane Dammen, ed. Ṣiffīn, Battle of. Encyclopaedia of the Qurʼān. 5. Leida: Brill. pp. 1–2. ISBN 978-90-04-12356-4
Glassé 2001a, p. 40. Glassé, Cyril, ed. (2001a). 'Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (598-40/598-661). The New Encyclopedia of Islam. Walnut Creek, Califórnia: AltaMira Press. pp. 39–41. ISBN 9780759101890
Donner 2010, p. 165. Donner, Fred M. (2010). Muhammad and the Believers: At the Origins of Islam. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674064140
Ayoub 2014, pp. 131-3. Ayoub, Mahmoud M. (2014). The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam. Londres: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 9781780746746
Daftary 2013, p. 31. Daftary, Farhad (2013). A History of Shi'i Islam. Nova Iorque: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 9780755608669
Esposito 2004, p. 15. Esposito, John L. (2004). The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199757268
Ayoub 2014, p. 106. Ayoub, Mahmoud M. (2014). The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam. Londres: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 9781780746746

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Muir 1924, p. 261. Muir, William (1924). The Caliphate: Its Rise, Decline and Fall, From Original Sources. Londres: Religious tract society
Shah-Kazemi 2006, p. 37. Shah-Kazemi, Reza (2006). Meri, Josef W., ed. 'ALI IBN ABI TALIB. Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Londres: Routledge. pp. 36–7. ISBN 978-0415966900

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Veccia Vaglieri 2021a. Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2021a). Ali b. Abi Talib. Encyclopaedia of Islam 2.ª ed. Leida: Brill Reference Online
Gleave 2021. Gleave, Robert M. (2021). ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib. Encyclopaedia of Islam 3.ª ed. Leida: Brill Reference Online
Veccia Vaglieri 2021d. Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2021d). Bearman, P., ed. al- D̲j̲amal. Encyclopaedia of Islam 2.ª ed. Leida: Brill Reference Online
Veccia Vaglieri 2021c. Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2021c). al-As̲h̲ʿarī, Abū Mūsā. Encyclopaedia of Islam 2.ª ed. Leida: Brill Reference Online

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Nasr & Afsaruddin 2021. Nasr, Seyyed Hossein; Afsaruddin, Asma (2021). Ali. Encyclopædia Britannica. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica's International Publishing

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