Civilização do Vale do Indo (Portuguese Wikipedia)
Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Civilização do Vale do Indo" in Portuguese language version.
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academia.edu
- During-Caspers, GS Elisabeth; Reade, Julian E. (2008). The Indus-Mesopotamia relationship reconsidered. [S.l.: s.n.] ISBN 978-1-4073-0312-3
archive.org
- The Indus Script. Text, Concordance And Tables Iravathan Mahadevan. [S.l.: s.n.]
- Marshall 1931, pp. 48–78. Marshall, John (editor) (1931). Mohenjo-Daro and the Indus Civilization: Being an Official Account of Archaeological Excavations at Mohenjo-Daro Carried Out by the Government of India Between the Years 1922 and 1927. London: Arthur Probsthain. ISBN 978-81-206-1179-5
- Marshall 1931, p. 67. Marshall, John (editor) (1931). Mohenjo-Daro and the Indus Civilization: Being an Official Account of Archaeological Excavations at Mohenjo-Daro Carried Out by the Government of India Between the Years 1922 and 1927. London: Arthur Probsthain. ISBN 978-81-206-1179-5
books.google.com
- Broke:[95] "A história na Índia harapeana era um pouco diferente (veja a Figura 111.3). A vila da Idade do Bronze e as sociedades urbanas do Vale do Indo são uma espécie de anomalia, pois os arqueólogos encontraram pouca indicação de defesa local e de guerra regional. Parece que as abundantes chuvas de monções do início ao holoceno médio criaram uma condição de abundância para todos e as energias competitivas foram canalizadas para o comércio e não para o conflito. Os estudiosos argumentam há muito tempo que essas chuvas moldaram as origens das sociedades urbanas harapeanas, que emergiram das aldeias neolíticas por volta de 2 600 a.C. Parece agora que essas chuvas começaram a diminuir lentamente no III milênio a.C., exatamente no ponto em que as cidades harapeanas começaram a se desenvolver. Assim, parece que essa "primeira urbanização" no sul da Ásia foi a resposta inicial dos povos do vale do Indo ao início da aridificação do holoceno tardio. Essas cidades foram mantidas por 300 a 400 anos e depois gradualmente abandonadas quando os povos harapeanos se reinstalaram em aldeias dispersas na faixa leste de seus territórios, no Punjabe e no vale do Ganges.'
17 (nota de rodapé):
(a) [3]
(b) Camilo Ponton, "Holocene Aridification of India," GRL 39 (2012), L03704;
(c) Harunur Rashid et al., "Late Glacial to Holocene Indian Summer Monsoon Variability Based upon Sediment Records Taken from the Bay of Bengal," Terrestrial, Atmospheric, and Oceanic Sciences 22 (2011), 215–28;
(d) Marco Madella and Dorian Q. Fuller, "Paleoecology and the Harappan Civilization of South Asia: A Reconsideration," Quaternary Science Reviews 25 (2006), 1283–301. Compare with the very different interpretations in
(e) Possehl, Gregory L. (2002), The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective, ISBN 978-0-7591-0172-2, Rowman Altamira, pp. 237–245
(f) Michael Staubwasser et al., "Climate Change at the 4.2 ka BP termination of the Indus Valley Civilization and Holocene South Asian Monsoon Variability," GRL 30 (2003), 1425. [in] Bar-Matthews and Avner Ayalon, "Mid-Holocene Climate Variations." - Brooke 2014. Brooke, John L. (2014), Climate Change and the Course of Global History: A Rough Journey, ISBN 978-0-521-87164-8, Cambridge University Press
- Possehl 2002, p. 20. Possehl, Gregory L. (11 de novembro de 2002). The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective. [S.l.]: Rowman Altamira. ISBN 978-0-7591-1642-9
- Ratnagar, Shereen. Trading Encounters: From the Euphrates to the Indus in the Bronze Age. [S.l.: s.n.] ISBN 978-0-19-566603-8
- Lockard, Craig. Societies, Networks, and Transitions. Volume 1: To 1500. [S.l.: s.n.] ISBN 978-1-4390-8535-6
- Singh, Upinder. A History of Ancient and Early medieval India: from the Stone Age to the 12th century. [S.l.: s.n.] ISBN 978-81-317-1120-0
- Brooke, John L. Climate Change and the Course of Global History: A Rough Journey. [S.l.: s.n.] ISBN 978-0-521-87164-8
- Gregory L. Possehl (11 de novembro de 2002). The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective. [S.l.: s.n.] ISBN 978-0-7591-1642-9
- Morris, A.E.J. (1994). History of Urban Form: Before the Industrial Revolutions. [S.l.: s.n.] ISBN 978-0-582-30154-2
- Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus. [S.l.: s.n.] 2003. ISBN 9781588390431
- McIntosh, Jane. The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives. [S.l.: s.n.] ISBN 978-1-57607-907-2
- Littleton, C. Scott (2005). Gods, Goddesses, and Mythology. [S.l.: s.n.] ISBN 9780761475651
- Marshall, John (1996). Mohenjo-Daro and the Indus Civilization: Being an Official Account of Archaeological Excavations at Mohenjo-Daro Carried Out by the Government of India Between the Years 1922 and 1927. [S.l.: s.n.] ISBN 9788120611795
- Singh. The Pearson Indian History Manual for the UPSC Civil Services Preliminary Examination. [S.l.: s.n.] ISBN 9788131717530
- Singh, Upinder. A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India. [S.l.: s.n.] ISBN 978-81-317-1120-0
- Doniger, Wendy. The Hindus: an alternative history. [S.l.: s.n.] ISBN 978-0-19-959334-7
- Possehl 2002, pp. 141–156. Possehl, Gregory L. (11 de novembro de 2002). The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective. [S.l.]: Rowman Altamira. ISBN 978-0-7591-1642-9
- Possehl 2002, pp. 141–144. Possehl, Gregory L. (11 de novembro de 2002). The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective. [S.l.]: Rowman Altamira. ISBN 978-0-7591-1642-9
- Srinivasan 1997, pp. 180–181. Srinivasan, Doris Meth (1997). Many Heads, Arms and Eyes: Origin, Meaning and Form in Multiplicity in Indian Art. [S.l.]: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-10758-8
- Hiltebeitel 2011, pp. 399–432. Hiltebeitel, Alf (2011). «The Indus Valley "Proto-Śiva", Re-examined through Reflections on the Goddess, the Buffalo, and the Symbolism of vāhanas». In: Adluri, Vishwa; Bagchee, Joydeep. When the Goddess was a Woman: Mahabharata Ethnographies – Essays by Alf Hiltebeitel. [S.l.]: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-19380-2
- Vilas Sangave. Facets of Jainology: Selected Research Papers on Jain Society, Religion, and Culture. [S.l.: s.n.] ISBN 978-81-7154-839-2
- Possehl 2002, pp. 141–145. Possehl, Gregory L. (11 de novembro de 2002). The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective. [S.l.]: Rowman Altamira. ISBN 978-0-7591-1642-9
- Possehl 2002, p. 18. Possehl, Gregory L. (11 de novembro de 2002). The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective. [S.l.]: Rowman Altamira. ISBN 978-0-7591-1642-9
- Thapar 2004, p. 85. Thapar, Romila (2004). Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300. [S.l.]: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-24225-8
- Possehl 2002, pp. 152, 157–176. Possehl, Gregory L. (11 de novembro de 2002). The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective. [S.l.]: Rowman Altamira. ISBN 978-0-7591-1642-9
- Upinder Singh (2008), A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India From the Stone Age to the 12th Century, p. 181
- McIntosh, Jane (2008). The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives.
- Upinder Singh (2008), A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India From the Stone Age to the 12th Century, p. 211
- F.R. Allchin (ed.), The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia: The Emergence of Cities and States (Cambridge University Press, 1995), p. 36
- J.P. Mallory and Douglas Q. Adams (eds., 1997), Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, p. 102
- Bridget and Raymond Allchin (1982), The Rise of Civilization in India and Pakistan, p. 246
- James Heitzman, The City in South Asia (Routledge, 2008), pp. 12–13
- Harappan Civilisation and Rojdi, by Gregory L. Possehl and M.H. Raval (1989) https://books.google.com/books?id=LtgUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA19#v=onepage&q&f=false
- Brown, Brian A.; Feldman, Marian H. (2013). Critical Approaches to Ancient Near Eastern Art. [S.l.: s.n.] ISBN 9781614510352
- Podany, Amanda H. Brotherhood of Kings: How International Relations Shaped the Ancient Near East. [S.l.: s.n.] ISBN 978-0-19-971829-0
- Piesinger, Constance Maria. Legacy of Dilmun: The Roots of Ancient Maritime Trade in Eastern Coastal Arabia in the 4th/3rd Millennium B.C. [S.l.: s.n.]
- Joan Aruz; Ronald Wallenfels. Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus. [S.l.: s.n.] ISBN 978-1-58839-043-1
cam.ac.uk
doi.org
dx.doi.org
- Kenoyer 1991. Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark (1991). «The Indus Valley tradition of Pakistan and Western India». Journal of World Prehistory. 5 (4): 1–64. doi:10.1007/BF00978474
- «Harappan Outposts on the Makran Coast». Antiquity. 36. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00029689
- Petrie, C.A.; Thomas, K.D. (2012). «The topographic and environmental context of the earliest village sites in western South Asia». Antiquity. 86 (334): 1055–1067. doi:10.1017/s0003598x00048249
- Goring-Morris, A.N.; Belfer-Cohen, A. (2011). «Neolithization processes in the Levant: The outer envelope». Curr. Anthropol. 52: S195–S208. doi:10.1086/658860
- Quintana-Murci, L.; Krausz, C.; Zerjal, T.; Sayar, S.H.; Hammer, M.F.; et al. (2001). «Y-chromosome lineages trace diffusion of people and languages in Southwestern Asia». Am J Hum Genet. 68 (2): 537–542. PMC 1235289
. PMID 11133362. doi:10.1086/318200 - Quintana-Murci, L.; Chaix, R.; Wells, R. Spencer; Behar, D.M.; Sayar, H.; et al. (2004). «Where West meets East: The complex mtDNA landscape of the Southwest and Central Asian corridor». Am J Hum Genet. 74 (5): 827–845. PMC 1181978. PMID 15077202. doi:10.1086/383236
- «Evidence for Patterns of Selective Urban Migration in the Greater Indus Valley (2600–1900 BC): A Lead and Strontium Isotope Mortuary Analysis». PLOS ONE. 10. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1023103V. PMC 4414352. PMID 25923705. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0123103
- «Fluvial landscapes of the Harappan civilization». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 109. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3387054. PMID 22645375. doi:10.1073/pnas.1112743109
- «Trade and Technology of the Indus Valley: New Insights from Harappa, Pakistan». World Archaeology. 29. doi:10.1080/00438243.1997.9980377
- «Approaching rice domestication in South Asia: New evidence from Indus settlements in northern India». Journal of Archaeological Science. 78. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2016.04.018
- Mukherjee 2001. Mukherjee, Namita; Nebel, Almut; Oppenheim, Ariella; Majumder, Partha P. (2001). «High-resolution analysis of Y-chromosomal polymorphisms reveals signatures of population movements from central Asia and West Asia into India». Journal of Genetics. 80 (3): 125–135. PMID 11988631. doi:10.1007/BF02717908
- «Entropic Evidence for Linguistic Structure in the Indus Script». Science. 324. Bibcode:2009Sci...324.1165R. PMID 19389998. doi:10.1126/science.1170391
- «Archaeology at the Heart of a Political Confrontation The Case of Ayodhya» (PDF). Current Anthropology. 45. JSTOR 10.1086/381044. doi:10.1086/381044
- Sullivan 1964. Sullivan, Herbert P. (1964). «A Re-Examination of the Religion of the Indus Civilization». History of Religions. 4 (1): 115–125. JSTOR 1061875. doi:10.1086/462498
- «A Peaceful Realm? Trauma and Social Differentiation at Harappa». International Journal of Paleopathology. 2. PMID 29539378. doi:10.1016/j.ijpp.2012.09.012
- «Infection, Disease, and Biosocial Process at the End of the Indus Civilization». PLOS ONE. 0084814. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...884814R. PMC 3866234. PMID 24358372. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0084814
- «Palaeoecology and the Harappan Civilisation of South Asia: a reconsideration». Quaternary Science Reviews. 25. Bibcode:2006QSRv...25.1283M. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.10.012
- «Potential influence of the Pacific Ocean on the Indian summer monsoon and Harappan decline». Quaternary International. 229. Bibcode:2011QuInt.229..140M. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2009.11.012
- «Intensified summer monsoon and the urbanization of Indus Civilization in northwest India». Scientific Reports. 8. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.4225D. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5844871. PMID 29523797. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-22504-5
- Kovach, Robert L.; Grijalva, Kelly; Nur, Amos (1 de outubro de 2010). Earthquakes and civilizations of the Indus Valley: A challenge for archaeoseismology. Col: Geological Society of America Special Papers. 471. [S.l.: s.n.] ISBN 978-0-8137-2471-3. doi:10.1130/2010.2471(11)
dur.ac.uk
dro.dur.ac.uk
- «Archaeology at the Heart of a Political Confrontation The Case of Ayodhya» (PDF). Current Anthropology. 45. JSTOR 10.1086/381044. doi:10.1086/381044
globalpost.com
- Jason Overdorf (28 de novembro de 2012). «Archeologists confirm Indian civilization is 2000 years older than previously believed». Globalpost
gsapubs.org
geology.gsapubs.org
- Clift et al., 2011, U-Pb zircon dating evidence for a Pleistocene Sarasvati River and capture of the Yamuna River, Geology, 40, 211–214 (2011). [1]
harvard.edu
ui.adsabs.harvard.edu
- «Evidence for Patterns of Selective Urban Migration in the Greater Indus Valley (2600–1900 BC): A Lead and Strontium Isotope Mortuary Analysis». PLOS ONE. 10. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1023103V. PMC 4414352. PMID 25923705. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0123103
- «Entropic Evidence for Linguistic Structure in the Indus Script». Science. 324. Bibcode:2009Sci...324.1165R. PMID 19389998. doi:10.1126/science.1170391
- «Infection, Disease, and Biosocial Process at the End of the Indus Civilization». PLOS ONE. 0084814. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...884814R. PMC 3866234. PMID 24358372. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0084814
- «Palaeoecology and the Harappan Civilisation of South Asia: a reconsideration». Quaternary Science Reviews. 25. Bibcode:2006QSRv...25.1283M. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.10.012
- «Potential influence of the Pacific Ocean on the Indian summer monsoon and Harappan decline». Quaternary International. 229. Bibcode:2011QuInt.229..140M. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2009.11.012
- «Intensified summer monsoon and the urbanization of Indus Civilization in northwest India». Scientific Reports. 8. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.4225D. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5844871. PMID 29523797. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-22504-5
- «Tectonic Activity during the Harappan Civilization». AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts. 2001. Bibcode:2001AGUFM.U52B..07P
people.fas.harvard.edu
- «The Languages of Harappa» (PDF). Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies
hindustantimes.com
- «Indus Valley 2,000 years older than thought». 4 de novembro de 2012
ias.ac.in
- Tripathi, Jayant K.; Bock, Barbara; Rajamani, V.; Eisenhauer, A. (25 de outubro de 2004). «Is River Ghaggar, Saraswati? Geochemical Constraints» (PDF). Current Science. 87 (8). Cópia arquivada (PDF) em 25 de dezembro de 2004
ibrarian.net
indianexpress.com
- «This 360 tour of Kerala's Edakkal caves will mesmerise you». Indian Express
indiatimes.com
timesofindia.indiatimes.com
- Jhimli Mukherjee Pandey (29 de maio de 2016). «Archeologists confirm Indian civilization is 8000 years old». Times of India
- «Haryana's Bhirrana oldest Harappan site, Rakhigarhi Asia's largest: ASI». The Times of India. 15 de abril de 2015
- «Indus Valley people migrated from villages to cities: New study». Times of India
intoday.in
indiatoday.intoday.in
- India Today, ed. (7 de novembro de 2011). «Indus re-enters India after two centuries, feeds Little Rann, Nal Sarovar». Consultado em 3 de outubro de 2019
iranicaonline.org
- Daniel T. Potts (2009), Maritime Trade: Pre-Islamic Period iranicaonline.org
jstor.org
- «Archaeology at the Heart of a Political Confrontation The Case of Ayodhya» (PDF). Current Anthropology. 45. JSTOR 10.1086/381044. doi:10.1086/381044
- Srinivasan 1975. Srinivasan, Doris (1975). «The so-called Proto-Śiva seal from Mohenjo-Daro: An iconological assessment». Archives of Asian Art. 29: 47–58. JSTOR 20062578
- Sullivan 1964. Sullivan, Herbert P. (1964). «A Re-Examination of the Religion of the Indus Civilization». History of Religions. 4 (1): 115–125. JSTOR 1061875. doi:10.1086/462498
latimes.com
- «Migration of monsoons created, then killed Harappan civilization». Los Angeles Times
laurasianacademy.com
ejvs.laurasianacademy.com
- «Substrate Languages in Old Indo-Aryan (Ṛgvedic, Middle and Late Vedic)» (PDF). Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies. 5
livemint.com
- «History What their lives reveal». 4 de janeiro de 2013
livescience.com
- «Huge Ancient Civilization's Collapse Explained». New York Times
louvre.fr
louvre.fr
- «Cylinder Seal of Ibni-Sharrum». Louvre Museum
cartelfr.louvre.fr
- «Site officiel du musée du Louvre». cartelfr.louvre.fr
nationalgeographic.com
news.nationalgeographic.com
- «Surprising Discoveries From the Indus Civilization». National Geographic
nature.com
- Emma Maris (2014), Two-hundred-year drought doomed Indus Valley Civilization, nature
nih.gov
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Ver também:* This map from Sahoo et al. (2006), A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes: Evaluating demic diffusion scenarios
* Sengupta et al. (2006), Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists - Quintana-Murci, L.; Krausz, C.; Zerjal, T.; Sayar, S.H.; Hammer, M.F.; et al. (2001). «Y-chromosome lineages trace diffusion of people and languages in Southwestern Asia». Am J Hum Genet. 68 (2): 537–542. PMC 1235289. PMID 11133362. doi:10.1086/318200
- Quintana-Murci, L.; Chaix, R.; Wells, R. Spencer; Behar, D.M.; Sayar, H.; et al. (2004). «Where West meets East: The complex mtDNA landscape of the Southwest and Central Asian corridor». Am J Hum Genet. 74 (5): 827–845. PMC 1181978. PMID 15077202. doi:10.1086/383236
- «Evidence for Patterns of Selective Urban Migration in the Greater Indus Valley (2600–1900 BC): A Lead and Strontium Isotope Mortuary Analysis». PLOS ONE. 10. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1023103V. PMC 4414352. PMID 25923705. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0123103
- «Fluvial landscapes of the Harappan civilization». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 109. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3387054. PMID 22645375. doi:10.1073/pnas.1112743109
- Mukherjee 2001. Mukherjee, Namita; Nebel, Almut; Oppenheim, Ariella; Majumder, Partha P. (2001). «High-resolution analysis of Y-chromosomal polymorphisms reveals signatures of population movements from central Asia and West Asia into India». Journal of Genetics. 80 (3): 125–135. PMID 11988631. doi:10.1007/BF02717908
- «Entropic Evidence for Linguistic Structure in the Indus Script». Science. 324. Bibcode:2009Sci...324.1165R. PMID 19389998. doi:10.1126/science.1170391
- «A Peaceful Realm? Trauma and Social Differentiation at Harappa». International Journal of Paleopathology. 2. PMID 29539378. doi:10.1016/j.ijpp.2012.09.012
- «Infection, Disease, and Biosocial Process at the End of the Indus Civilization». PLOS ONE. 0084814. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...884814R. PMC 3866234. PMID 24358372. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0084814
- «Intensified summer monsoon and the urbanization of Indus Civilization in northwest India». Scientific Reports. 8. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.4225D. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5844871. PMID 29523797. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-22504-5
nytimes.com
green.blogs.nytimes.com
- «An Ancient Civilization, Upended by Climate Change». New York Times. LiveScience
osu.edu
research.bpcrc.osu.edu
- Broke:[95] "A história na Índia harapeana era um pouco diferente (veja a Figura 111.3). A vila da Idade do Bronze e as sociedades urbanas do Vale do Indo são uma espécie de anomalia, pois os arqueólogos encontraram pouca indicação de defesa local e de guerra regional. Parece que as abundantes chuvas de monções do início ao holoceno médio criaram uma condição de abundância para todos e as energias competitivas foram canalizadas para o comércio e não para o conflito. Os estudiosos argumentam há muito tempo que essas chuvas moldaram as origens das sociedades urbanas harapeanas, que emergiram das aldeias neolíticas por volta de 2 600 a.C. Parece agora que essas chuvas começaram a diminuir lentamente no III milênio a.C., exatamente no ponto em que as cidades harapeanas começaram a se desenvolver. Assim, parece que essa "primeira urbanização" no sul da Ásia foi a resposta inicial dos povos do vale do Indo ao início da aridificação do holoceno tardio. Essas cidades foram mantidas por 300 a 400 anos e depois gradualmente abandonadas quando os povos harapeanos se reinstalaram em aldeias dispersas na faixa leste de seus territórios, no Punjabe e no vale do Ganges.'
17 (nota de rodapé):
(a) [3]
(b) Camilo Ponton, "Holocene Aridification of India," GRL 39 (2012), L03704;
(c) Harunur Rashid et al., "Late Glacial to Holocene Indian Summer Monsoon Variability Based upon Sediment Records Taken from the Bay of Bengal," Terrestrial, Atmospheric, and Oceanic Sciences 22 (2011), 215–28;
(d) Marco Madella and Dorian Q. Fuller, "Paleoecology and the Harappan Civilization of South Asia: A Reconsideration," Quaternary Science Reviews 25 (2006), 1283–301. Compare with the very different interpretations in
(e) Possehl, Gregory L. (2002), The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective, ISBN 978-0-7591-0172-2, Rowman Altamira, pp. 237–245
(f) Michael Staubwasser et al., "Climate Change at the 4.2 ka BP termination of the Indus Valley Civilization and Holocene South Asian Monsoon Variability," GRL 30 (2003), 1425. [in] Bar-Matthews and Avner Ayalon, "Mid-Holocene Climate Variations."
outlookindia.com
- «We are all Harappans». Outlook India
phys.org
pnas.org
- Ver também:* This map from Sahoo et al. (2006), A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes: Evaluating demic diffusion scenarios
* Sengupta et al. (2006), Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists
researchgate.net
- «Evidence for Tectonic Activity During the Mature Harappan Civilization, 2600-1800 BCE». AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts
- «Tectonic Activity during the Harappan Civilization». AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts. 2001. Bibcode:2001AGUFM.U52B..07P
- Kovach, Robert L.; Grijalva, Kelly; Nur, Amos (1 de outubro de 2010). Earthquakes and civilizations of the Indus Valley: A challenge for archaeoseismology. Col: Geological Society of America Special Papers. 471. [S.l.: s.n.] ISBN 978-0-8137-2471-3. doi:10.1130/2010.2471(11)
safarmer.com
- «The Collapse of the Indus-Script Thesis: The Myth of a Literate Harappan Civilization» (PDF)
- 'Conditional Entropy' Cannot Distinguish Linguistic from Non-linguistic Systems Acessado em 19 de setembro de 2009.
saudiaramcoworld.com
- «Traders of the Plain». Saudi Aramco World
sciencedirect.com
- Broke:[95] "A história na Índia harapeana era um pouco diferente (veja a Figura 111.3). A vila da Idade do Bronze e as sociedades urbanas do Vale do Indo são uma espécie de anomalia, pois os arqueólogos encontraram pouca indicação de defesa local e de guerra regional. Parece que as abundantes chuvas de monções do início ao holoceno médio criaram uma condição de abundância para todos e as energias competitivas foram canalizadas para o comércio e não para o conflito. Os estudiosos argumentam há muito tempo que essas chuvas moldaram as origens das sociedades urbanas harapeanas, que emergiram das aldeias neolíticas por volta de 2 600 a.C. Parece agora que essas chuvas começaram a diminuir lentamente no III milênio a.C., exatamente no ponto em que as cidades harapeanas começaram a se desenvolver. Assim, parece que essa "primeira urbanização" no sul da Ásia foi a resposta inicial dos povos do vale do Indo ao início da aridificação do holoceno tardio. Essas cidades foram mantidas por 300 a 400 anos e depois gradualmente abandonadas quando os povos harapeanos se reinstalaram em aldeias dispersas na faixa leste de seus territórios, no Punjabe e no vale do Ganges.'
17 (nota de rodapé):
(a) [3]
(b) Camilo Ponton, "Holocene Aridification of India," GRL 39 (2012), L03704;
(c) Harunur Rashid et al., "Late Glacial to Holocene Indian Summer Monsoon Variability Based upon Sediment Records Taken from the Bay of Bengal," Terrestrial, Atmospheric, and Oceanic Sciences 22 (2011), 215–28;
(d) Marco Madella and Dorian Q. Fuller, "Paleoecology and the Harappan Civilization of South Asia: A Reconsideration," Quaternary Science Reviews 25 (2006), 1283–301. Compare with the very different interpretations in
(e) Possehl, Gregory L. (2002), The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective, ISBN 978-0-7591-0172-2, Rowman Altamira, pp. 237–245
(f) Michael Staubwasser et al., "Climate Change at the 4.2 ka BP termination of the Indus Valley Civilization and Holocene South Asian Monsoon Variability," GRL 30 (2003), 1425. [in] Bar-Matthews and Avner Ayalon, "Mid-Holocene Climate Variations."
stratigraphy.org
thequint.com
- Ver também Tony Joseph, How We, The Indians, Came To Be, the quint
visitoman.nl
- Story of Ras Al Jinz. Oman Information
web.archive.org
- Tripathi, Jayant K.; Bock, Barbara; Rajamani, V.; Eisenhauer, A. (25 de outubro de 2004). «Is River Ghaggar, Saraswati? Geochemical Constraints» (PDF). Current Science. 87 (8). Cópia arquivada (PDF) em 25 de dezembro de 2004
wiley.com
onlinelibrary.wiley.com
- Broke:[95] "A história na Índia harapeana era um pouco diferente (veja a Figura 111.3). A vila da Idade do Bronze e as sociedades urbanas do Vale do Indo são uma espécie de anomalia, pois os arqueólogos encontraram pouca indicação de defesa local e de guerra regional. Parece que as abundantes chuvas de monções do início ao holoceno médio criaram uma condição de abundância para todos e as energias competitivas foram canalizadas para o comércio e não para o conflito. Os estudiosos argumentam há muito tempo que essas chuvas moldaram as origens das sociedades urbanas harapeanas, que emergiram das aldeias neolíticas por volta de 2 600 a.C. Parece agora que essas chuvas começaram a diminuir lentamente no III milênio a.C., exatamente no ponto em que as cidades harapeanas começaram a se desenvolver. Assim, parece que essa "primeira urbanização" no sul da Ásia foi a resposta inicial dos povos do vale do Indo ao início da aridificação do holoceno tardio. Essas cidades foram mantidas por 300 a 400 anos e depois gradualmente abandonadas quando os povos harapeanos se reinstalaram em aldeias dispersas na faixa leste de seus territórios, no Punjabe e no vale do Ganges.'
17 (nota de rodapé):
(a) [3]
(b) Camilo Ponton, "Holocene Aridification of India," GRL 39 (2012), L03704;
(c) Harunur Rashid et al., "Late Glacial to Holocene Indian Summer Monsoon Variability Based upon Sediment Records Taken from the Bay of Bengal," Terrestrial, Atmospheric, and Oceanic Sciences 22 (2011), 215–28;
(d) Marco Madella and Dorian Q. Fuller, "Paleoecology and the Harappan Civilization of South Asia: A Reconsideration," Quaternary Science Reviews 25 (2006), 1283–301. Compare with the very different interpretations in
(e) Possehl, Gregory L. (2002), The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective, ISBN 978-0-7591-0172-2, Rowman Altamira, pp. 237–245
(f) Michael Staubwasser et al., "Climate Change at the 4.2 ka BP termination of the Indus Valley Civilization and Holocene South Asian Monsoon Variability," GRL 30 (2003), 1425. [in] Bar-Matthews and Avner Ayalon, "Mid-Holocene Climate Variations."
worldcat.org
- «Fluvial landscapes of the Harappan civilization». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 109. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3387054. PMID 22645375. doi:10.1073/pnas.1112743109
- «Intensified summer monsoon and the urbanization of Indus Civilization in northwest India». Scientific Reports. 8. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.4225D. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5844871. PMID 29523797. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-22504-5