Desvio para o vermelho (Portuguese Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Desvio para o vermelho" in Portuguese language version.

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This was recognized early on by physicists and astronomers working in cosmology in the 1930s. The earliest layman publication describing the details of this correspondence is Eddington, Arthur (1933). The Expanding Universe: Astronomy's 'Great Debate', 1900–1931. [S.l.]: Cambridge University Press (Reprint: ISBN 978-0-521-34976-5)
Theo Koupelis; Karl F. Kuhn (2007). In Quest of the Universe 5th ed. [S.l.]: Jones & Bartlett Publishers. p. 557. ISBN 978-0-7637-4387-1

arxiv.org

Measurements of the peculiar velocities out to 5 Mpc using the Hubble Space Telescope were reported in 2003 by Karachentsev; et al. (2003). «Local galaxy flows within 5 Mpc». Astronomy and Astrophysics. 398 (2): 479–491. Bibcode:2003A&A...398..479K. arXiv:astro-ph/0211011. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20021566
"It is perfectly valid to interpret the equations of relativity in terms of an expanding space. The mistake is to push analogies too far and imbue space with physical properties that are not consistent with the equations of relativity." Geraint F. Lewis; Francis, Matthew J.; Barnes, Luke A.; Kwan, Juliana; et al. (2008). «Cosmological Radar Ranging in an Expanding Universe». Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 388 (3): 960–964. Bibcode:2008MNRAS.388..960L. arXiv:0805.2197. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13477.x
Michal Chodorowski (2007). «Is space really expanding? A counterexample». Concepts Phys. 4 (1): 17–34. Bibcode:2007ONCP....4...15C. arXiv:astro-ph/0601171. doi:10.2478/v10005-007-0002-2
Speed faster than light is allowed because the expansion of the spacetime metric is described by general relativity in terms of sequences of only locally valid inertial frames as opposed to a global Minkowski metric. Expansion faster than light is an integrated effect over many local inertial frames and is allowed because no single inertial frame is involved. The speed-of-light limitation applies only locally. See Michal Chodorowski (2007). «Is space really expanding? A counterexample». Concepts Phys. 4 (1): 17–34. Bibcode:2007ONCP....4...15C. arXiv:astro-ph/0601171. doi:10.2478/v10005-007-0002-2
This is only true in a universe where there are no peculiar velocities. Otherwise, redshifts combine as
$1+z=(1+z_{\mathrm {Doppler} })(1+z_{\mathrm {expansion} })$
which yields solutions where certain objects that "recede" are blueshifted and other objects that "approach" are redshifted. For more on this bizarre result see Davis, T. M., Lineweaver, C. H., and Webb, J. K. "Solutions to the tethered galaxy problem in an expanding universe and the observation of receding blueshifted objects", American Journal of Physics (2003), 71 358–364.
When cosmological redshifts were first discovered, Fritz Zwicky proposed an effect known as tired light. While usually considered for historical interests, it is sometimes, along with intrinsic redshift suggestions, utilized by nonstandard cosmologies. In 1981, H. J. Reboul summarised many alternative redshift mechanisms that had been discussed in the literature since the 1930s. In 2001, Geoffrey Burbidge remarked in a review that the wider astronomical community has marginalized such discussions since the 1960s. Burbidge and Halton Arp, while investigating the mystery of the nature of quasars, tried to develop alternative redshift mechanisms, and very few of their fellow scientists acknowledged let alone accepted their work. Moreover, Goldhaber; et al. (2001). «Timescale Stretch Parameterization of Type Ia Supernova B-Band Lightcurves». Astrophysical Journal. 558 (1): 359–386. Bibcode:2001ApJ...558..359G. arXiv:astro-ph/0104382. doi:10.1086/322460 pointed out that alternative theories are unable to account for timescale stretch observed in type Ia supernovae
Bolzonella, M.; Miralles, J.-M.; Pelló, R., Photometric redshifts based on standard SED fitting procedures, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 363, p.476–492 (2000).
A pedagogical overview of the K-correction by David Hogg and other members of the SDSS collaboration can be found at astro-ph.
The Exoplanet Tracker is the newest observing project to use this technique, able to track the redshift variations in multiple objects at once, as reported in Ge, Jian; Van Eyken, Julian; Mahadevan, Suvrath; Dewitt, Curtis; et al. (2006). «The First Extrasolar Planet Discovered with a New‐Generation High‐Throughput Doppler Instrument». The Astrophysical Journal. 648 (1): 683–695. Bibcode:2006ApJ...648..683G. arXiv:astro-ph/0605247. doi:10.1086/505699
Oesch, P. A.; Brammer, G.; van Dokkum, P.; et al. (1 de março de 2016). «A Remarkably Luminous Galaxy at z=11.1 Measured with Hubble Space Telescope Grism Spectroscopy». The Astrophysical Journal. 819 (2): 129. Bibcode:2016ApJ...819..129O. arXiv:1603.00461. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/819/2/129
M.D. Lehnert; Nesvadba, NP; Cuby, JG; Swinbank, AM; et al. (2010). «Spectroscopic Confirmation of a galaxy at redshift z = 8.6». Nature. 467 (7318): 940–942. Bibcode:2010Natur.467..940L. PMID 20962840. arXiv:1010.4312. doi:10.1038/nature09462
Watson, Darach; Christensen, Lise; Knudsen, Kirsten Kraiberg; Richard, Johan; Gallazzi, Anna; Michałowski, Michał Jerzy (2015). «A dusty, normal galaxy in the epoch of reionization». Nature. 519 (7543): 327–330. Bibcode:2015Natur.519..327W. PMID 25731171. arXiv:1503.00002. doi:10.1038/nature14164
Bradley, L.; et al. (2008). «Discovery of a Very Bright Strongly Lensed Galaxy Candidate at z ~ 7.6». The Astrophysical Journal. 678 (2): 647–654. Bibcode:2008ApJ...678..647B. arXiv:0802.2506. doi:10.1086/533519
Egami, E.; et al. (2005). «Spitzer and Hubble Space Telescope Constraints on the Physical Properties of the z~7 Galaxy Strongly Lensed by A2218». The Astrophysical Journal. 618 (1): L5–L8. Bibcode:2005ApJ...618L...5E. arXiv:astro-ph/0411117. doi:10.1086/427550
Salvaterra, R.; Valle, M. Della; Campana, S.; Chincarini, G.; et al. (2009). «GRB 090423 reveals an exploding star at the epoch of re-ionization». Nature. 461 (7268): 1258–60. Bibcode:2009Natur.461.1258S. PMID 19865166. arXiv:0906.1578. doi:10.1038/nature08445
Bañados, Eduardo; Venemans, Bram P.; Mazzucchelli, Chiara; Farina, Emanuele P.; Walter, Fabian; Wang, Feige; Decarli, Roberto; Stern, Daniel; Fan, Xiaohui; Davies, Frederick B.; Hennawi, Joseph F.; Simcoe, Robert A.; Turner, Monica L.; Rix, Hans-Walter; Yang, Jinyi; Kelson, Daniel D.; Rudie, Gwen C.; Winters, Jan Martin (janeiro de 2018). «An 800-million-solar-mass black hole in a significantly neutral Universe at a redshift of 7.5». Nature. 553 (7689): 473–476. Bibcode:2018Natur.553..473B. PMID 29211709. arXiv:1712.01860. doi:10.1038/nature25180
Saxena, A. (2018). «Discovery of a radio galaxy at z = 5.72». Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 480 (2): 2733–2742. Bibcode:2018MNRAS.480.2733S. arXiv:1806.01191. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty1996
Walter, Fabian; Bertoldi, Frank; Carilli, Chris; Cox, Pierre; et al. (2003). «Molecular gas in the host galaxy of a quasar at redshift z = 6.42». Nature. 424 (6947): 406–8. Bibcode:2003Natur.424..406W. PMID 12879063. arXiv:astro-ph/0307410. doi:10.1038/nature01821
Smail, Ian; Owen, F. N.; Morrison, G. E.; Keel, W. C.; et al. (2002). «The Diversity of Extremely Red Objects». The Astrophysical Journal. 581 (2): 844–864. Bibcode:2002ApJ...581..844S. arXiv:astro-ph/0208434. doi:10.1086/344440
Totani, Tomonori; Yoshii, Yuzuru; Iwamuro, Fumihide; Maihara, Toshinori; et al. (2001). «Hyper Extremely Red Objects in the Subaru Deep Field: Evidence for Primordial Elliptical Galaxies in the Dusty Starburst Phase». The Astrophysical Journal. 558 (2): L87–L91. Bibcode:2001ApJ...558L..87T. arXiv:astro-ph/0108145. doi:10.1086/323619
Naoz, S.; Noter, S.; Barkana, R. (2006). «The first stars in the Universe». Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters. 373 (1): L98–L102. Bibcode:2006MNRAS.373L..98N. arXiv:astro-ph/0604050. doi:10.1111/j.1745-3933.2006.00251.x
Lesgourgues, J; Pastor, S (2006). «Massive neutrinos and cosmology». Physics Reports. 429 (6): 307–379. Bibcode:2006PhR...429..307L. arXiv:astro-ph/0603494. doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2006.04.001
Grishchuk, Leonid P (2005). «Relic gravitational waves and cosmology». Physics-Uspekhi. 48 (12): 1235–1247. Bibcode:2005PhyU...48.1235G. arXiv:gr-qc/0504018. doi:10.1070/PU2005v048n12ABEH005795
Sobral, David; Matthee, Jorryt; Darvish, Behnam; Schaerer, Daniel; Mobasher, Bahram; Röttgering, Huub J. A.; Santos, Sérgio; Hemmati, Shoubaneh (4 de junho de 2015). «Evidence For POPIII-Like Stellar Populations In The Most Luminous LYMAN-α Emitters At The Epoch Of Re-Ionisation: Spectroscopic Confirmation». The Astrophysical Journal. 808 (2). 139 páginas. Bibcode:2015ApJ...808..139S. arXiv:1504.01734. doi:10.1088/0004-637x/808/2/139
Shaun Cole; Percival; Peacock; Norberg; et al. (2005). «The 2dF galaxy redshift survey: Power-spectrum analysis of the final dataset and cosmological implications». Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 362 (2): 505–34. Bibcode:2005MNRAS.362..505C. arXiv:astro-ph/0501174. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09318.x 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey homepage Arquivado em 2007-02-05 no Wayback Machine
Marc Davis; DEEP2 collaboration (2002). «Science objectives and early results of the DEEP2 redshift survey». Conference on Astronomical Telescopes and Instrumentation, Waikoloa, Hawaii, 22–28 Aug 2002. Bibcode:2003SPIE.4834..161D. arXiv:astro-ph/0209419. doi:10.1117/12.457897
Aoki, Kentaro; Toshihiro Kawaguchi; Kouji Ohta (janeiro de 2005). «The Largest Blueshifts of the [O III] Emission Line in Two Narrow-Line Quasars». Astrophysical Journal. 618 (2): 601–608. Bibcode:2005ApJ...618..601A. arXiv:astro-ph/0409546. doi:10.1086/426075
R. J. Nemiroff (1993). «Visual distortions near a neutron star and black hole». American Journal of Physics. 61 (7): 619–632. Bibcode:1993AmJPh..61..619N. arXiv:astro-ph/9312003v1. doi:10.1119/1.17224

books.google.com

Maulik, Dev (2005). «Doppler Sonography: A Brief History». In: Maulik, Dev; Zalud, Ivica. Doppler Ultrasound in Obstetrics And Gynecology. [S.l.]: Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-23088-5
The distinction is made clear in Harrison, Edward Robert (2000). Cosmology: The Science of the Universe 2nd ed. [S.l.]: Cambridge University Press. p. 306ff. ISBN 978-0-521-66148-5
Lars Bergström; Ariel Goobar (2006). Cosmology and Particle Astrophysics 2nd ed. [S.l.]: Springer. p. 77, Eq.4.79. ISBN 978-3-540-32924-4
M.S. Longair (1998). Galaxy Formation. [S.l.]: Springer. p. 161. ISBN 978-3-540-63785-1
Yu N Parijskij (2001). «The High Redshift Radio Universe». In: Norma Sanchez. Current Topics in Astrofundamental Physics. [S.l.]: Springer. p. 223. ISBN 978-0-7923-6856-4
Steven Weinberg (2008). Cosmology. [S.l.]: Oxford University Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-19-852682-7

caltech.edu

ned.ipac.caltech.edu

See [1] for a tutorial on how to define and interpret large redshift measurements.

authors.library.caltech.edu

Libbrecht, Keng (1988). «Solar and stellar seismology» (PDF). Space Science Reviews. 47 (3–4): 275–301. Bibcode:1988SSRv...47..275L. doi:10.1007/BF00243557

cfa-harvard.edu

See the official CfA website for more details.

doi.org

dx.doi.org

Huggins, William (1868). «Further Observations on the Spectra of Some of the Stars and Nebulae, with an Attempt to Determine Therefrom Whether These Bodies are Moving towards or from the Earth, Also Observations on the Spectra of the Sun and of Comet II». Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 158: 529–564. Bibcode:1868RSPT..158..529H. doi:10.1098/rstl.1868.0022
Reber, G. (1995). «Intergalactic Plasma». Astrophysics and Space Science. 227 (1–2): 93–96. Bibcode:1995Ap&SS.227...93R. doi:10.1007/BF00678069
Bélopolsky, A. (1901). «On an Apparatus for the Laboratory Demonstration of the Doppler-Fizeau Principle». Astrophysical Journal. 13: 15. Bibcode:1901ApJ....13...15B. doi:10.1086/140786
Adams, Walter S. (1908). «Preliminary catalogue of lines affected in sun-spots». Contributions from the Solar Observatory of the Carnegie Institution of Washington: Carnegie Institution of Washington. Contributions from the Mount Wilson Observatory / Carnegie Institution of Washington. 22: 1–21. Bibcode:1908CMWCI..22....1A Reprinted in Adams, Walter S. (1908). «Preliminary Catalogue of Lines Affected in Sun-Spots Region λ 4000 TO λ 4500». Astrophysical Journal. 27: 45. Bibcode:1908ApJ....27...45A. doi:10.1086/141524
Hubble, Edwin (1929). «A Relation between Distance and Radial Velocity among Extra-Galactic Nebulae». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 15 (3): 168–173. Bibcode:1929PNAS...15..168H. PMC 522427. PMID 16577160. doi:10.1073/pnas.15.3.168
Friedman, A. A. (1922). «Über die Krümmung des Raumes». Zeitschrift für Physik. 10 (1): 377–386. Bibcode:1922ZPhy...10..377F. doi:10.1007/BF01332580 English translation in Friedman, A. (1999). «On the Curvature of Space». General Relativity and Gravitation. 31 (12): 1991–2000. Bibcode:1999GReGr..31.1991F. doi:10.1023/A:1026751225741 )
Ives, H.; Stilwell, G. (1938). «An Experimental study of the rate of a moving atomic clock». J. Opt. Soc. Am. 28 (7): 215–226. Bibcode:1938JOSA...28..215I. doi:10.1364/josa.28.000215
Measurements of the peculiar velocities out to 5 Mpc using the Hubble Space Telescope were reported in 2003 by Karachentsev; et al. (2003). «Local galaxy flows within 5 Mpc». Astronomy and Astrophysics. 398 (2): 479–491. Bibcode:2003A&A...398..479K. arXiv:astro-ph/0211011. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20021566
"It is perfectly valid to interpret the equations of relativity in terms of an expanding space. The mistake is to push analogies too far and imbue space with physical properties that are not consistent with the equations of relativity." Geraint F. Lewis; Francis, Matthew J.; Barnes, Luke A.; Kwan, Juliana; et al. (2008). «Cosmological Radar Ranging in an Expanding Universe». Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 388 (3): 960–964. Bibcode:2008MNRAS.388..960L. arXiv:0805.2197. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13477.x
Michal Chodorowski (2007). «Is space really expanding? A counterexample». Concepts Phys. 4 (1): 17–34. Bibcode:2007ONCP....4...15C. arXiv:astro-ph/0601171. doi:10.2478/v10005-007-0002-2
Edward Harrison (1992). «The redshift-distance and velocity-distance laws». Astrophysical Journal, Part 1. 403: 28–31. Bibcode:1993ApJ...403...28H. doi:10.1086/172179 . A pdf file can be found here [2].
Speed faster than light is allowed because the expansion of the spacetime metric is described by general relativity in terms of sequences of only locally valid inertial frames as opposed to a global Minkowski metric. Expansion faster than light is an integrated effect over many local inertial frames and is allowed because no single inertial frame is involved. The speed-of-light limitation applies only locally. See Michal Chodorowski (2007). «Is space really expanding? A counterexample». Concepts Phys. 4 (1): 17–34. Bibcode:2007ONCP....4...15C. arXiv:astro-ph/0601171. doi:10.2478/v10005-007-0002-2
Pound, R.; Rebka, G. (1960). «Apparent Weight of Photons». Physical Review Letters. 4 (7): 337–341. Bibcode:1960PhRvL...4..337P. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.4.337 . This paper was the first measurement.
Sachs, R. K.; Wolfe, A. M. (1967). «Perturbations of a cosmological model and angular variations of the cosmic microwave background». Astrophysical Journal. 147 (73): 73. Bibcode:1967ApJ...147...73S. doi:10.1086/148982
When cosmological redshifts were first discovered, Fritz Zwicky proposed an effect known as tired light. While usually considered for historical interests, it is sometimes, along with intrinsic redshift suggestions, utilized by nonstandard cosmologies. In 1981, H. J. Reboul summarised many alternative redshift mechanisms that had been discussed in the literature since the 1930s. In 2001, Geoffrey Burbidge remarked in a review that the wider astronomical community has marginalized such discussions since the 1960s. Burbidge and Halton Arp, while investigating the mystery of the nature of quasars, tried to develop alternative redshift mechanisms, and very few of their fellow scientists acknowledged let alone accepted their work. Moreover, Goldhaber; et al. (2001). «Timescale Stretch Parameterization of Type Ia Supernova B-Band Lightcurves». Astrophysical Journal. 558 (1): 359–386. Bibcode:2001ApJ...558..359G. arXiv:astro-ph/0104382. doi:10.1086/322460 pointed out that alternative theories are unable to account for timescale stretch observed in type Ia supernovae
The Exoplanet Tracker is the newest observing project to use this technique, able to track the redshift variations in multiple objects at once, as reported in Ge, Jian; Van Eyken, Julian; Mahadevan, Suvrath; Dewitt, Curtis; et al. (2006). «The First Extrasolar Planet Discovered with a New‐Generation High‐Throughput Doppler Instrument». The Astrophysical Journal. 648 (1): 683–695. Bibcode:2006ApJ...648..683G. arXiv:astro-ph/0605247. doi:10.1086/505699
Libbrecht, Keng (1988). «Solar and stellar seismology» (PDF). Space Science Reviews. 47 (3–4): 275–301. Bibcode:1988SSRv...47..275L. doi:10.1007/BF00243557
Oesch, P. A.; Brammer, G.; van Dokkum, P.; et al. (1 de março de 2016). «A Remarkably Luminous Galaxy at z=11.1 Measured with Hubble Space Telescope Grism Spectroscopy». The Astrophysical Journal. 819 (2): 129. Bibcode:2016ApJ...819..129O. arXiv:1603.00461. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/819/2/129
M.D. Lehnert; Nesvadba, NP; Cuby, JG; Swinbank, AM; et al. (2010). «Spectroscopic Confirmation of a galaxy at redshift z = 8.6». Nature. 467 (7318): 940–942. Bibcode:2010Natur.467..940L. PMID 20962840. arXiv:1010.4312. doi:10.1038/nature09462
Watson, Darach; Christensen, Lise; Knudsen, Kirsten Kraiberg; Richard, Johan; Gallazzi, Anna; Michałowski, Michał Jerzy (2015). «A dusty, normal galaxy in the epoch of reionization». Nature. 519 (7543): 327–330. Bibcode:2015Natur.519..327W. PMID 25731171. arXiv:1503.00002. doi:10.1038/nature14164
Bradley, L.; et al. (2008). «Discovery of a Very Bright Strongly Lensed Galaxy Candidate at z ~ 7.6». The Astrophysical Journal. 678 (2): 647–654. Bibcode:2008ApJ...678..647B. arXiv:0802.2506. doi:10.1086/533519
Egami, E.; et al. (2005). «Spitzer and Hubble Space Telescope Constraints on the Physical Properties of the z~7 Galaxy Strongly Lensed by A2218». The Astrophysical Journal. 618 (1): L5–L8. Bibcode:2005ApJ...618L...5E. arXiv:astro-ph/0411117. doi:10.1086/427550
Salvaterra, R.; Valle, M. Della; Campana, S.; Chincarini, G.; et al. (2009). «GRB 090423 reveals an exploding star at the epoch of re-ionization». Nature. 461 (7268): 1258–60. Bibcode:2009Natur.461.1258S. PMID 19865166. arXiv:0906.1578. doi:10.1038/nature08445
Bañados, Eduardo; Venemans, Bram P.; Mazzucchelli, Chiara; Farina, Emanuele P.; Walter, Fabian; Wang, Feige; Decarli, Roberto; Stern, Daniel; Fan, Xiaohui; Davies, Frederick B.; Hennawi, Joseph F.; Simcoe, Robert A.; Turner, Monica L.; Rix, Hans-Walter; Yang, Jinyi; Kelson, Daniel D.; Rudie, Gwen C.; Winters, Jan Martin (janeiro de 2018). «An 800-million-solar-mass black hole in a significantly neutral Universe at a redshift of 7.5». Nature. 553 (7689): 473–476. Bibcode:2018Natur.553..473B. PMID 29211709. arXiv:1712.01860. doi:10.1038/nature25180
Saxena, A. (2018). «Discovery of a radio galaxy at z = 5.72». Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 480 (2): 2733–2742. Bibcode:2018MNRAS.480.2733S. arXiv:1806.01191. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty1996
Walter, Fabian; Bertoldi, Frank; Carilli, Chris; Cox, Pierre; et al. (2003). «Molecular gas in the host galaxy of a quasar at redshift z = 6.42». Nature. 424 (6947): 406–8. Bibcode:2003Natur.424..406W. PMID 12879063. arXiv:astro-ph/0307410. doi:10.1038/nature01821
Smail, Ian; Owen, F. N.; Morrison, G. E.; Keel, W. C.; et al. (2002). «The Diversity of Extremely Red Objects». The Astrophysical Journal. 581 (2): 844–864. Bibcode:2002ApJ...581..844S. arXiv:astro-ph/0208434. doi:10.1086/344440
Totani, Tomonori; Yoshii, Yuzuru; Iwamuro, Fumihide; Maihara, Toshinori; et al. (2001). «Hyper Extremely Red Objects in the Subaru Deep Field: Evidence for Primordial Elliptical Galaxies in the Dusty Starburst Phase». The Astrophysical Journal. 558 (2): L87–L91. Bibcode:2001ApJ...558L..87T. arXiv:astro-ph/0108145. doi:10.1086/323619
Lineweaver, Charles; Tamara M. Davis (2005). «Misconceptions about the Big Bang». Scientific American. 292 (3): 36–45. Bibcode:2005SciAm.292c..36L. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0305-36
Naoz, S.; Noter, S.; Barkana, R. (2006). «The first stars in the Universe». Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters. 373 (1): L98–L102. Bibcode:2006MNRAS.373L..98N. arXiv:astro-ph/0604050. doi:10.1111/j.1745-3933.2006.00251.x
Lesgourgues, J; Pastor, S (2006). «Massive neutrinos and cosmology». Physics Reports. 429 (6): 307–379. Bibcode:2006PhR...429..307L. arXiv:astro-ph/0603494. doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2006.04.001
Grishchuk, Leonid P (2005). «Relic gravitational waves and cosmology». Physics-Uspekhi. 48 (12): 1235–1247. Bibcode:2005PhyU...48.1235G. arXiv:gr-qc/0504018. doi:10.1070/PU2005v048n12ABEH005795
Sobral, David; Matthee, Jorryt; Darvish, Behnam; Schaerer, Daniel; Mobasher, Bahram; Röttgering, Huub J. A.; Santos, Sérgio; Hemmati, Shoubaneh (4 de junho de 2015). «Evidence For POPIII-Like Stellar Populations In The Most Luminous LYMAN-α Emitters At The Epoch Of Re-Ionisation: Spectroscopic Confirmation». The Astrophysical Journal. 808 (2). 139 páginas. Bibcode:2015ApJ...808..139S. arXiv:1504.01734. doi:10.1088/0004-637x/808/2/139
Shaun Cole; Percival; Peacock; Norberg; et al. (2005). «The 2dF galaxy redshift survey: Power-spectrum analysis of the final dataset and cosmological implications». Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 362 (2): 505–34. Bibcode:2005MNRAS.362..505C. arXiv:astro-ph/0501174. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09318.x 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey homepage Arquivado em 2007-02-05 no Wayback Machine
Marc Davis; DEEP2 collaboration (2002). «Science objectives and early results of the DEEP2 redshift survey». Conference on Astronomical Telescopes and Instrumentation, Waikoloa, Hawaii, 22–28 Aug 2002. Bibcode:2003SPIE.4834..161D. arXiv:astro-ph/0209419. doi:10.1117/12.457897
Aoki, Kentaro; Toshihiro Kawaguchi; Kouji Ohta (janeiro de 2005). «The Largest Blueshifts of the [O III] Emission Line in Two Narrow-Line Quasars». Astrophysical Journal. 618 (2): 601–608. Bibcode:2005ApJ...618..601A. arXiv:astro-ph/0409546. doi:10.1086/426075
R. J. Nemiroff (1993). «Visual distortions near a neutron star and black hole». American Journal of Physics. 61 (7): 619–632. Bibcode:1993AmJPh..61..619N. arXiv:astro-ph/9312003v1. doi:10.1119/1.17224

esa.int

«Cosmic Detectives». The European Space Agency (ESA). 2 de abril de 2013. Consultado em 25 de abril de 2013

google.com.br

books.google.com.br

Hawking, S. (2016). O universo numa casca de noz. [S.l.]: Editora Intrinseca. p. 292. ISBN 978-85-8057-889-8. Consultado em 9 de novembro de 2022

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Doppler, Christian (1846). Beiträge zur fixsternenkunde. 69. [S.l.]: Prague: G. Haase Söhne. Bibcode:1846befi.book.....D
Huggins, William (1868). «Further Observations on the Spectra of Some of the Stars and Nebulae, with an Attempt to Determine Therefrom Whether These Bodies are Moving towards or from the Earth, Also Observations on the Spectra of the Sun and of Comet II». Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 158: 529–564. Bibcode:1868RSPT..158..529H. doi:10.1098/rstl.1868.0022
Reber, G. (1995). «Intergalactic Plasma». Astrophysics and Space Science. 227 (1–2): 93–96. Bibcode:1995Ap&SS.227...93R. doi:10.1007/BF00678069
Bélopolsky, A. (1901). «On an Apparatus for the Laboratory Demonstration of the Doppler-Fizeau Principle». Astrophysical Journal. 13: 15. Bibcode:1901ApJ....13...15B. doi:10.1086/140786
Adams, Walter S. (1908). «Preliminary catalogue of lines affected in sun-spots». Contributions from the Solar Observatory of the Carnegie Institution of Washington: Carnegie Institution of Washington. Contributions from the Mount Wilson Observatory / Carnegie Institution of Washington. 22: 1–21. Bibcode:1908CMWCI..22....1A Reprinted in Adams, Walter S. (1908). «Preliminary Catalogue of Lines Affected in Sun-Spots Region λ 4000 TO λ 4500». Astrophysical Journal. 27: 45. Bibcode:1908ApJ....27...45A. doi:10.1086/141524
de Sitter, W. (1934). «On distance, magnitude, and related quantities in an expanding universe». Bulletin of the Astronomical Institutes of the Netherlands. 7: 205. Bibcode:1934BAN.....7..205D. It thus becomes urgent to investigate the effect of the redshift and of the metric of the universe on the apparent magnitude and observed numbers of nebulae of given magnitude
Slipher, Vesto (1912). «The radial velocity of the Andromeda Nebula». Lowell Observatory Bulletin. 1: 2.56–2.57. Bibcode:1913LowOB...2...56S. The magnitude of this velocity, which is the greatest hitherto observed, raises the question whether the velocity-like displacement might not be due to some other cause, but I believe we have at present no other interpretation for it
Slipher, Vesto (1915). «Spectrographic Observations of Nebulae». Popular Astronomy. 23: 21–24. Bibcode:1915PA.....23...21S
Slipher, Vesto (1915). «Spectrographic Observations of Nebulae». Popular Astronomy. 23: 22. Bibcode:1915PA.....23...21S
Hubble, Edwin (1929). «A Relation between Distance and Radial Velocity among Extra-Galactic Nebulae». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 15 (3): 168–173. Bibcode:1929PNAS...15..168H. PMC 522427. PMID 16577160. doi:10.1073/pnas.15.3.168
Friedman, A. A. (1922). «Über die Krümmung des Raumes». Zeitschrift für Physik. 10 (1): 377–386. Bibcode:1922ZPhy...10..377F. doi:10.1007/BF01332580 English translation in Friedman, A. (1999). «On the Curvature of Space». General Relativity and Gravitation. 31 (12): 1991–2000. Bibcode:1999GReGr..31.1991F. doi:10.1023/A:1026751225741 )
Ives, H.; Stilwell, G. (1938). «An Experimental study of the rate of a moving atomic clock». J. Opt. Soc. Am. 28 (7): 215–226. Bibcode:1938JOSA...28..215I. doi:10.1364/josa.28.000215
Measurements of the peculiar velocities out to 5 Mpc using the Hubble Space Telescope were reported in 2003 by Karachentsev; et al. (2003). «Local galaxy flows within 5 Mpc». Astronomy and Astrophysics. 398 (2): 479–491. Bibcode:2003A&A...398..479K. arXiv:astro-ph/0211011. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20021566
"It is perfectly valid to interpret the equations of relativity in terms of an expanding space. The mistake is to push analogies too far and imbue space with physical properties that are not consistent with the equations of relativity." Geraint F. Lewis; Francis, Matthew J.; Barnes, Luke A.; Kwan, Juliana; et al. (2008). «Cosmological Radar Ranging in an Expanding Universe». Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 388 (3): 960–964. Bibcode:2008MNRAS.388..960L. arXiv:0805.2197. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13477.x
Michal Chodorowski (2007). «Is space really expanding? A counterexample». Concepts Phys. 4 (1): 17–34. Bibcode:2007ONCP....4...15C. arXiv:astro-ph/0601171. doi:10.2478/v10005-007-0002-2
Edward Harrison (1992). «The redshift-distance and velocity-distance laws». Astrophysical Journal, Part 1. 403: 28–31. Bibcode:1993ApJ...403...28H. doi:10.1086/172179 . A pdf file can be found here [2].
Speed faster than light is allowed because the expansion of the spacetime metric is described by general relativity in terms of sequences of only locally valid inertial frames as opposed to a global Minkowski metric. Expansion faster than light is an integrated effect over many local inertial frames and is allowed because no single inertial frame is involved. The speed-of-light limitation applies only locally. See Michal Chodorowski (2007). «Is space really expanding? A counterexample». Concepts Phys. 4 (1): 17–34. Bibcode:2007ONCP....4...15C. arXiv:astro-ph/0601171. doi:10.2478/v10005-007-0002-2
Chant, C. A. (1930). «Notes and Queries (Telescopes and Observatory Equipment – The Einstein Shift of Solar Lines)». Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada. 24: 390. Bibcode:1930JRASC..24..390C
Pound, R.; Rebka, G. (1960). «Apparent Weight of Photons». Physical Review Letters. 4 (7): 337–341. Bibcode:1960PhRvL...4..337P. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.4.337 . This paper was the first measurement.
Sachs, R. K.; Wolfe, A. M. (1967). «Perturbations of a cosmological model and angular variations of the cosmic microwave background». Astrophysical Journal. 147 (73): 73. Bibcode:1967ApJ...147...73S. doi:10.1086/148982
When cosmological redshifts were first discovered, Fritz Zwicky proposed an effect known as tired light. While usually considered for historical interests, it is sometimes, along with intrinsic redshift suggestions, utilized by nonstandard cosmologies. In 1981, H. J. Reboul summarised many alternative redshift mechanisms that had been discussed in the literature since the 1930s. In 2001, Geoffrey Burbidge remarked in a review that the wider astronomical community has marginalized such discussions since the 1960s. Burbidge and Halton Arp, while investigating the mystery of the nature of quasars, tried to develop alternative redshift mechanisms, and very few of their fellow scientists acknowledged let alone accepted their work. Moreover, Goldhaber; et al. (2001). «Timescale Stretch Parameterization of Type Ia Supernova B-Band Lightcurves». Astrophysical Journal. 558 (1): 359–386. Bibcode:2001ApJ...558..359G. arXiv:astro-ph/0104382. doi:10.1086/322460 pointed out that alternative theories are unable to account for timescale stretch observed in type Ia supernovae
The Exoplanet Tracker is the newest observing project to use this technique, able to track the redshift variations in multiple objects at once, as reported in Ge, Jian; Van Eyken, Julian; Mahadevan, Suvrath; Dewitt, Curtis; et al. (2006). «The First Extrasolar Planet Discovered with a New‐Generation High‐Throughput Doppler Instrument». The Astrophysical Journal. 648 (1): 683–695. Bibcode:2006ApJ...648..683G. arXiv:astro-ph/0605247. doi:10.1086/505699
Libbrecht, Keng (1988). «Solar and stellar seismology» (PDF). Space Science Reviews. 47 (3–4): 275–301. Bibcode:1988SSRv...47..275L. doi:10.1007/BF00243557
An early review by Oort, J. H. on the subject: Oort, J. H. (1970). «The formation of galaxies and the origin of the high-velocity hydrogen». Astronomy and Astrophysics. 7: 381. Bibcode:1970A&A.....7..381O
Asaoka, Ikuko (1989). «X-ray spectra at infinity from a relativistic accretion disk around a Kerr black hole». Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 41 (4): 763–778. Bibcode:1989PASJ...41..763A
Oesch, P. A.; Brammer, G.; van Dokkum, P.; et al. (1 de março de 2016). «A Remarkably Luminous Galaxy at z=11.1 Measured with Hubble Space Telescope Grism Spectroscopy». The Astrophysical Journal. 819 (2): 129. Bibcode:2016ApJ...819..129O. arXiv:1603.00461. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/819/2/129
M.D. Lehnert; Nesvadba, NP; Cuby, JG; Swinbank, AM; et al. (2010). «Spectroscopic Confirmation of a galaxy at redshift z = 8.6». Nature. 467 (7318): 940–942. Bibcode:2010Natur.467..940L. PMID 20962840. arXiv:1010.4312. doi:10.1038/nature09462
Watson, Darach; Christensen, Lise; Knudsen, Kirsten Kraiberg; Richard, Johan; Gallazzi, Anna; Michałowski, Michał Jerzy (2015). «A dusty, normal galaxy in the epoch of reionization». Nature. 519 (7543): 327–330. Bibcode:2015Natur.519..327W. PMID 25731171. arXiv:1503.00002. doi:10.1038/nature14164
Bradley, L.; et al. (2008). «Discovery of a Very Bright Strongly Lensed Galaxy Candidate at z ~ 7.6». The Astrophysical Journal. 678 (2): 647–654. Bibcode:2008ApJ...678..647B. arXiv:0802.2506. doi:10.1086/533519
Egami, E.; et al. (2005). «Spitzer and Hubble Space Telescope Constraints on the Physical Properties of the z~7 Galaxy Strongly Lensed by A2218». The Astrophysical Journal. 618 (1): L5–L8. Bibcode:2005ApJ...618L...5E. arXiv:astro-ph/0411117. doi:10.1086/427550
Salvaterra, R.; Valle, M. Della; Campana, S.; Chincarini, G.; et al. (2009). «GRB 090423 reveals an exploding star at the epoch of re-ionization». Nature. 461 (7268): 1258–60. Bibcode:2009Natur.461.1258S. PMID 19865166. arXiv:0906.1578. doi:10.1038/nature08445
Bañados, Eduardo; Venemans, Bram P.; Mazzucchelli, Chiara; Farina, Emanuele P.; Walter, Fabian; Wang, Feige; Decarli, Roberto; Stern, Daniel; Fan, Xiaohui; Davies, Frederick B.; Hennawi, Joseph F.; Simcoe, Robert A.; Turner, Monica L.; Rix, Hans-Walter; Yang, Jinyi; Kelson, Daniel D.; Rudie, Gwen C.; Winters, Jan Martin (janeiro de 2018). «An 800-million-solar-mass black hole in a significantly neutral Universe at a redshift of 7.5». Nature. 553 (7689): 473–476. Bibcode:2018Natur.553..473B. PMID 29211709. arXiv:1712.01860. doi:10.1038/nature25180
Saxena, A. (2018). «Discovery of a radio galaxy at z = 5.72». Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 480 (2): 2733–2742. Bibcode:2018MNRAS.480.2733S. arXiv:1806.01191. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty1996
Walter, Fabian; Bertoldi, Frank; Carilli, Chris; Cox, Pierre; et al. (2003). «Molecular gas in the host galaxy of a quasar at redshift z = 6.42». Nature. 424 (6947): 406–8. Bibcode:2003Natur.424..406W. PMID 12879063. arXiv:astro-ph/0307410. doi:10.1038/nature01821
Smail, Ian; Owen, F. N.; Morrison, G. E.; Keel, W. C.; et al. (2002). «The Diversity of Extremely Red Objects». The Astrophysical Journal. 581 (2): 844–864. Bibcode:2002ApJ...581..844S. arXiv:astro-ph/0208434. doi:10.1086/344440
Totani, Tomonori; Yoshii, Yuzuru; Iwamuro, Fumihide; Maihara, Toshinori; et al. (2001). «Hyper Extremely Red Objects in the Subaru Deep Field: Evidence for Primordial Elliptical Galaxies in the Dusty Starburst Phase». The Astrophysical Journal. 558 (2): L87–L91. Bibcode:2001ApJ...558L..87T. arXiv:astro-ph/0108145. doi:10.1086/323619
Lineweaver, Charles; Tamara M. Davis (2005). «Misconceptions about the Big Bang». Scientific American. 292 (3): 36–45. Bibcode:2005SciAm.292c..36L. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0305-36
Naoz, S.; Noter, S.; Barkana, R. (2006). «The first stars in the Universe». Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters. 373 (1): L98–L102. Bibcode:2006MNRAS.373L..98N. arXiv:astro-ph/0604050. doi:10.1111/j.1745-3933.2006.00251.x
Lesgourgues, J; Pastor, S (2006). «Massive neutrinos and cosmology». Physics Reports. 429 (6): 307–379. Bibcode:2006PhR...429..307L. arXiv:astro-ph/0603494. doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2006.04.001
Grishchuk, Leonid P (2005). «Relic gravitational waves and cosmology». Physics-Uspekhi. 48 (12): 1235–1247. Bibcode:2005PhyU...48.1235G. arXiv:gr-qc/0504018. doi:10.1070/PU2005v048n12ABEH005795
Sobral, David; Matthee, Jorryt; Darvish, Behnam; Schaerer, Daniel; Mobasher, Bahram; Röttgering, Huub J. A.; Santos, Sérgio; Hemmati, Shoubaneh (4 de junho de 2015). «Evidence For POPIII-Like Stellar Populations In The Most Luminous LYMAN-α Emitters At The Epoch Of Re-Ionisation: Spectroscopic Confirmation». The Astrophysical Journal. 808 (2). 139 páginas. Bibcode:2015ApJ...808..139S. arXiv:1504.01734. doi:10.1088/0004-637x/808/2/139
Shaun Cole; Percival; Peacock; Norberg; et al. (2005). «The 2dF galaxy redshift survey: Power-spectrum analysis of the final dataset and cosmological implications». Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 362 (2): 505–34. Bibcode:2005MNRAS.362..505C. arXiv:astro-ph/0501174. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09318.x 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey homepage Arquivado em 2007-02-05 no Wayback Machine
Marc Davis; DEEP2 collaboration (2002). «Science objectives and early results of the DEEP2 redshift survey». Conference on Astronomical Telescopes and Instrumentation, Waikoloa, Hawaii, 22–28 Aug 2002. Bibcode:2003SPIE.4834..161D. arXiv:astro-ph/0209419. doi:10.1117/12.457897
Aoki, Kentaro; Toshihiro Kawaguchi; Kouji Ohta (janeiro de 2005). «The Largest Blueshifts of the [O III] Emission Line in Two Narrow-Line Quasars». Astrophysical Journal. 618 (2): 601–608. Bibcode:2005ApJ...618..601A. arXiv:astro-ph/0409546. doi:10.1086/426075
R. J. Nemiroff (1993). «Visual distortions near a neutron star and black hole». American Journal of Physics. 61 (7): 619–632. Bibcode:1993AmJPh..61..619N. arXiv:astro-ph/9312003v1. doi:10.1119/1.17224

articles.adsabs.harvard.edu

Edward Harrison (1992). «The redshift-distance and velocity-distance laws». Astrophysical Journal, Part 1. 403: 28–31. Bibcode:1993ApJ...403...28H. doi:10.1086/172179 . A pdf file can be found here [2].

adsabs.harvard.edu

When cosmological redshifts were first discovered, Fritz Zwicky proposed an effect known as tired light. While usually considered for historical interests, it is sometimes, along with intrinsic redshift suggestions, utilized by nonstandard cosmologies. In 1981, H. J. Reboul summarised many alternative redshift mechanisms that had been discussed in the literature since the 1930s. In 2001, Geoffrey Burbidge remarked in a review that the wider astronomical community has marginalized such discussions since the 1960s. Burbidge and Halton Arp, while investigating the mystery of the nature of quasars, tried to develop alternative redshift mechanisms, and very few of their fellow scientists acknowledged let alone accepted their work. Moreover, Goldhaber; et al. (2001). «Timescale Stretch Parameterization of Type Ia Supernova B-Band Lightcurves». Astrophysical Journal. 558 (1): 359–386. Bibcode:2001ApJ...558..359G. arXiv:astro-ph/0104382. doi:10.1086/322460 pointed out that alternative theories are unable to account for timescale stretch observed in type Ia supernovae

msoanu.edu.au

Shaun Cole; Percival; Peacock; Norberg; et al. (2005). «The 2dF galaxy redshift survey: Power-spectrum analysis of the final dataset and cosmological implications». Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 362 (2): 505–34. Bibcode:2005MNRAS.362..505C. arXiv:astro-ph/0501174. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09318.x 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey homepage Arquivado em 2007-02-05 no Wayback Machine

nasa.gov

heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov

See, for example, this 25 May 2004 press release from NASA's Swift space telescope that is researching gamma-ray bursts: "Measurements of the gamma-ray spectra obtained during the main outburst of the GRB have found little value as redshift indicators, due to the lack of well-defined features. However, optical observations of GRB afterglows have produced spectra with identifiable lines, leading to precise redshift measurements."

antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov

R.J. Nemiroff (1993). «Gravitational Principles and Mathematics». NASA

nih.gov

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Hubble, Edwin (1929). «A Relation between Distance and Radial Velocity among Extra-Galactic Nebulae». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 15 (3): 168–173. Bibcode:1929PNAS...15..168H. PMC 522427. PMID 16577160. doi:10.1073/pnas.15.3.168
M.D. Lehnert; Nesvadba, NP; Cuby, JG; Swinbank, AM; et al. (2010). «Spectroscopic Confirmation of a galaxy at redshift z = 8.6». Nature. 467 (7318): 940–942. Bibcode:2010Natur.467..940L. PMID 20962840. arXiv:1010.4312. doi:10.1038/nature09462
Watson, Darach; Christensen, Lise; Knudsen, Kirsten Kraiberg; Richard, Johan; Gallazzi, Anna; Michałowski, Michał Jerzy (2015). «A dusty, normal galaxy in the epoch of reionization». Nature. 519 (7543): 327–330. Bibcode:2015Natur.519..327W. PMID 25731171. arXiv:1503.00002. doi:10.1038/nature14164
Salvaterra, R.; Valle, M. Della; Campana, S.; Chincarini, G.; et al. (2009). «GRB 090423 reveals an exploding star at the epoch of re-ionization». Nature. 461 (7268): 1258–60. Bibcode:2009Natur.461.1258S. PMID 19865166. arXiv:0906.1578. doi:10.1038/nature08445
Bañados, Eduardo; Venemans, Bram P.; Mazzucchelli, Chiara; Farina, Emanuele P.; Walter, Fabian; Wang, Feige; Decarli, Roberto; Stern, Daniel; Fan, Xiaohui; Davies, Frederick B.; Hennawi, Joseph F.; Simcoe, Robert A.; Turner, Monica L.; Rix, Hans-Walter; Yang, Jinyi; Kelson, Daniel D.; Rudie, Gwen C.; Winters, Jan Martin (janeiro de 2018). «An 800-million-solar-mass black hole in a significantly neutral Universe at a redshift of 7.5». Nature. 553 (7689): 473–476. Bibcode:2018Natur.553..473B. PMID 29211709. arXiv:1712.01860. doi:10.1038/nature25180
Walter, Fabian; Bertoldi, Frank; Carilli, Chris; Cox, Pierre; et al. (2003). «Molecular gas in the host galaxy of a quasar at redshift z = 6.42». Nature. 424 (6947): 406–8. Bibcode:2003Natur.424..406W. PMID 12879063. arXiv:astro-ph/0307410. doi:10.1038/nature01821

nytimes.com

Overbye, Dennis (17 de junho de 2015). «Astronomers Report Finding Earliest Stars That Enriched Cosmos». The New York Times. Consultado em 17 de junho de 2015

phys.org

«Scientists observe supermassive black hole in infant universe». phys.org

sciencemag.org

M. J. Geller & J. P. Huchra, Science 246, 897 (1989). online

sdss3.org

«SDSS-III». www.sdss3.org

spacetelescope.org

«Hubble census finds galaxies at redshifts 9 to 12». ESA/Hubble Press Release. Consultado em 13 de dezembro de 2012

springer.com

Maulik, Dev (2005). «Doppler Sonography: A Brief History». In: Maulik, Dev; Zalud, Ivica. Doppler Ultrasound in Obstetrics And Gynecology. [S.l.]: Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-23088-5

st-andrews.ac.uk

www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk

O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F. (1998). «Christian Andreas Doppler». MacTutor History of Mathematics archive. University of St Andrews

uba.ar

df.uba.ar

Bedran,M.L. (2002)"A comparison between the Doppler and cosmological redshifts" Am.J.Phys. 70, 406–408

ucr.edu

math.ucr.edu

M. Weiss, What Causes the Hubble Redshift?, entry in the Physics FAQ (1994), available via John Baez's website

uq.edu.au

physics.uq.edu.au

See "Photons, Relativity, Doppler shift Arquivado em 2006-08-27 no Wayback Machine " at the University of Queensland

web.archive.org

See "Photons, Relativity, Doppler shift Arquivado em 2006-08-27 no Wayback Machine " at the University of Queensland
Shaun Cole; Percival; Peacock; Norberg; et al. (2005). «The 2dF galaxy redshift survey: Power-spectrum analysis of the final dataset and cosmological implications». Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 362 (2): 505–34. Bibcode:2005MNRAS.362..505C. arXiv:astro-ph/0501174. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09318.x 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey homepage Arquivado em 2007-02-05 no Wayback Machine