Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Dumnezeu" in Romanian language version.
Between the 10th century and the beginning of their exile in 586 there was polytheism as normal religion all throughout Israel; only afterwards things begin to change and very slowly they begin to change. I would say it is only correct for the last centuries, maybe only from the period of the Maccabees, that means the second century BC, so in the time of Jesus of Nazareth it is true, but for the time before it, it is not true.
The idolatry of the people of Judah was not a departure from their earlier monotheism. It was, instead, the way the people of Judah had worshiped for hundreds of years.
Because of his view of the history of religions as an evolutionary process, the latter is his preferred option. Polytheism is seen as older than monotheism and so as the more likely background for the original version of the legend, the visit of three gods to test an individual who proves through his hospitality his worthiness to be given the gift of a son.
If we look into the early Christian sources, it becomes apparent that the thesis of creatio ex nihilo in its full and proper sense, as an ontological statement, only appeared when it was intended, in opposition to the idea of world-formation from unoriginate matter, to give expression to the omnipotence, freedom and uniqueness of God.
Only later would a Yahweh-only party polemicize against and seek to suppress certain… what came to be seen as undesirable elements of Israelite-Judean religion, and these elements would be labeled Canaanite, as a part of a process of Israelite differentiation. But what appears in the Bible as a battle between Israelites, pure Yahwists, and Canaanites, pure polytheists, is indeed better understood as a civil war between Yahweh-only Israelites, and Israelites who are participating in the cult of their ancestors.
New data from archaeological surveys, excavations, and, sadly, from looted artifacts purchased on the antiquities market have advanced knowledge of the Persian period in its local and international aspects (Stern 2001; Grabbe 2004; Betlyon 2005; Pearce and Wunsch 2014; Lemaire 2015). Archaeological discoveries since the 1970s have demonstrated that preexilic Israelite religion was not yet monotheistic and that strictly monotheistic Yahwism gained adherents in the Persian period (Gnuse 1997; Smith 2002; Albertz and Becking 2003). Not surprisingly then, the last few decades have witnessed reassessments of old certainties and new questions about the history, religion, and culture of the people who worshiped Yhwh in the sixth through late fourth centuries BCE.
There can be little doubt that polytheism was the normal religion of Israel in practice. [...] On popular religion in Israel see Francesca Stavrakopoulou , “‘Popular’ Religion and ‘Official’ Religion: Practice, Perception, Portrayal,” in Religious Diversity in Ancient Israel and Judah (eds. F. Stavrakopoulou and J. Barton ; London: T & T Clark, 2010), 37–58. This essay problematizes the distinction between popular and official religion, a distinction that was not necessarily obvious at the time to everyone, even though the Old Testament gives the impression that it was.
Second, it was probably not until the exile that monotheism proper was clearly formulated.
