Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Evrei" in Romanian language version.
Between the 10th century and the beginning of their exile in 586 there was polytheism as normal religion all throughout Israel; only afterwards things begin to change and very slowly they begin to change. I would say it is only correct for the last centuries, maybe only from the period of the Maccabees, that means the second century BC, so in the time of Jesus of Nazareth it is true, but for the time before it, it is not true.
To the local rulers, they were a turbulent underclass who had to be bought off, killed off, or somehow controlled.
So the question to ask in understanding the Torah on its own terms is not when, or even if, Moses lived, but what his life conveys in Israel’s saga. [...] Typical of the folkloristic, national hero, Moses succesfully withstands [...]
Because of his view of the history of religions as an evolutionary process, the latter is his preferred option. Polytheism is seen as older than monotheism and so as the more likely background for the original version of the legend, the visit of three gods to test an individual who proves through his hospitality his worthiness to be given the gift of a son.
New data from archaeological surveys, excavations, and, sadly, from looted artifacts purchased on the antiquities market have advanced knowledge of the Persian period in its local and international aspects (Stern 2001; Grabbe 2004; Betlyon 2005; Pearce and Wunsch 2014; Lemaire 2015). Archaeological discoveries since the 1970s have demonstrated that preexilic Israelite religion was not yet monotheistic and that strictly monotheistic Yahwism gained adherents in the Persian period (Gnuse 1997; Smith 2002; Albertz and Becking 2003). Not surprisingly then, the last few decades have witnessed reassessments of old certainties and new questions about the history, religion, and culture of the people who worshiped Yhwh in the sixth through late fourth centuries BCE.
Second, it was probably not until the exile that monotheism proper was clearly formulated.
The impression one has now is that the debate has settled down. Although they do not seem to admit it, the minimalists have triumphed in many ways. That is, most scholars reject the historicity of the 'patriarchal period', see the settlement as mostly made up of indigenous inhabitants of Canaan and are cautious about the early monarchy. The exodus is rejected or assumed to be based on an event much different from the biblical account. On the other hand, there is not the widespread rejection of the biblical text as a historical source that one finds among the main minimalists. There are few, if any, maximalists (defined as those who accept the biblical text unless it can be absolutely disproved) in mainstream scholarship, only on the more fundamentalist fringes.
The alleged decree of Cyrus permitting—even commanding—the Jews to rebuild the temple and permitting them to return cannot be considered authentic.
Only later would a Yahweh-only party polemicize against and seek to suppress certain… what came to be seen as undesirable elements of Israelite-Judean religion, and these elements would be labeled Canaanite, as a part of a process of Israelite differentiation. But what appears in the Bible as a battle between Israelites, pure Yahwists, and Canaanites, pure polytheists, is indeed better understood as a civil war between Yahweh-only Israelites, and Israelites who are participating in the cult of their ancestors.
Históricamente, no podemos hablar más de un periodo de los Patriarcas, del Éxodo de los israelitas de Egipto, de la conquista de Canaán, de un periodo de los Jueces en Palestina, ni de una Monarquía Unida dominando desde el Éufrates hasta el Arco de Egipto.31 Incluso la historicidad del Exilio de los israelitas de Palestina hacia Babilonia como un evento único ha sido puesta en seria duda recientemente.32
31 Cf. Th. L. Thompson, Early History of the Israelite People: From the Written and Archaeological Sources, Studies in the History of the Ancient Near East, 4, Leiden, E. J. Brill, 1992, pp. 10-116, 146-158, 215-300, 401412; N. P. Lemche, "Early Israel Revisited", Currents in Research: Biblical Studies, vol. 4, 1996, pp. 9-34, y The Israelites in History and Tradition, Library of Ancient Israel, Louisville, wjk, 1998, pp. 35 85; I. Finkelstein y N. A. Silberman, The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision on Ancient Israel and the Origin of Its Sacred Texts, Nueva York, Free Press, 2001, pp. 27-96, 123-145. Vease tambien Liverani, Oltre la Bibbia. Storia antica di Israele, Roma-Bari, Laterza, 2003, y Recenti tendenze nella ricostruzione della storia antica d'Israele, Roma, Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, 2005.
32 L. L. Grabbe (ed.), Leading Captivity Captive: "The Exile" as History and Ideology, Journal for the Study of the Old Testament - Supplement Series, 278/European Seminar in Historical Methodology, 2, Sheffield, Sheffield Academic Press, 1998.
Din punct de vedere istoric, nu se mai poate vorbi de o perioadă a Patriarhilor, de Ieșirea israeliților din Egipt, de cucerirea Canaanului, de o perioadă a Judecătorilor în Palestina și nici de o Monarhie Unită care domină de la Eufrat la Arcul Egiptului.31 Chiar și istoricitatea Exilului israeliților din Palestina în Babilon ca eveniment unic a fost recent serios pusă la îndoială.32
Had no founder of the worship of YHWH and the covenant institutions that characterized Israel from its beginnings been recorded in tradition, analogy would have required postulating him; and that is probably what happened.
Current scholarly consensus based on archaeology holds the enslavement and exodus traditions to be unhistorical.
There can be little doubt that polytheism was the normal religion of Israel in practice. [...] On popular religion in Israel see Francesca Stavrakopoulou , “‘Popular’ Religion and ‘Official’ Religion: Practice, Perception, Portrayal,” in Religious Diversity in Ancient Israel and Judah (eds. F. Stavrakopoulou and J. Barton ; London: T & T Clark, 2010), 37–58. This essay problematizes the distinction between popular and official religion, a distinction that was not necessarily obvious at the time to everyone, even though the Old Testament gives the impression that it was.
In rejecting their petition, Supreme Court Justice Menachem Elon cited their belief in Jesus. ‘In the last two thousand years of history…the Jewish people have decided that messianic Jews do not belong to the Jewish nation…and have no right to force themselves on it,’ he wrote, concluding that ‘those who believe in Jesus, are, in fact Christians.’
Had no founder of the worship of YHWH and the covenant institutions that characterized Israel from its beginnings been recorded in tradition, analogy would have required postulating him; and that is probably what happened.
Current scholarly consensus based on archaeology holds the enslavement and exodus traditions to be unhistorical.
Históricamente, no podemos hablar más de un periodo de los Patriarcas, del Éxodo de los israelitas de Egipto, de la conquista de Canaán, de un periodo de los Jueces en Palestina, ni de una Monarquía Unida dominando desde el Éufrates hasta el Arco de Egipto.31 Incluso la historicidad del Exilio de los israelitas de Palestina hacia Babilonia como un evento único ha sido puesta en seria duda recientemente.32
31 Cf. Th. L. Thompson, Early History of the Israelite People: From the Written and Archaeological Sources, Studies in the History of the Ancient Near East, 4, Leiden, E. J. Brill, 1992, pp. 10-116, 146-158, 215-300, 401412; N. P. Lemche, "Early Israel Revisited", Currents in Research: Biblical Studies, vol. 4, 1996, pp. 9-34, y The Israelites in History and Tradition, Library of Ancient Israel, Louisville, wjk, 1998, pp. 35 85; I. Finkelstein y N. A. Silberman, The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision on Ancient Israel and the Origin of Its Sacred Texts, Nueva York, Free Press, 2001, pp. 27-96, 123-145. Vease tambien Liverani, Oltre la Bibbia. Storia antica di Israele, Roma-Bari, Laterza, 2003, y Recenti tendenze nella ricostruzione della storia antica d'Israele, Roma, Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, 2005.
32 L. L. Grabbe (ed.), Leading Captivity Captive: "The Exile" as History and Ideology, Journal for the Study of the Old Testament - Supplement Series, 278/European Seminar in Historical Methodology, 2, Sheffield, Sheffield Academic Press, 1998.
Din punct de vedere istoric, nu se mai poate vorbi de o perioadă a Patriarhilor, de Ieșirea israeliților din Egipt, de cucerirea Canaanului, de o perioadă a Judecătorilor în Palestina și nici de o Monarhie Unită care domină de la Eufrat la Arcul Egiptului.31 Chiar și istoricitatea Exilului israeliților din Palestina în Babilon ca eveniment unic a fost recent serios pusă la îndoială.32
Had no founder of the worship of YHWH and the covenant institutions that characterized Israel from its beginnings been recorded in tradition, analogy would have required postulating him; and that is probably what happened.
Current scholarly consensus based on archaeology holds the enslavement and exodus traditions to be unhistorical.
Históricamente, no podemos hablar más de un periodo de los Patriarcas, del Éxodo de los israelitas de Egipto, de la conquista de Canaán, de un periodo de los Jueces en Palestina, ni de una Monarquía Unida dominando desde el Éufrates hasta el Arco de Egipto.31 Incluso la historicidad del Exilio de los israelitas de Palestina hacia Babilonia como un evento único ha sido puesta en seria duda recientemente.32
31 Cf. Th. L. Thompson, Early History of the Israelite People: From the Written and Archaeological Sources, Studies in the History of the Ancient Near East, 4, Leiden, E. J. Brill, 1992, pp. 10-116, 146-158, 215-300, 401412; N. P. Lemche, "Early Israel Revisited", Currents in Research: Biblical Studies, vol. 4, 1996, pp. 9-34, y The Israelites in History and Tradition, Library of Ancient Israel, Louisville, wjk, 1998, pp. 35 85; I. Finkelstein y N. A. Silberman, The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision on Ancient Israel and the Origin of Its Sacred Texts, Nueva York, Free Press, 2001, pp. 27-96, 123-145. Vease tambien Liverani, Oltre la Bibbia. Storia antica di Israele, Roma-Bari, Laterza, 2003, y Recenti tendenze nella ricostruzione della storia antica d'Israele, Roma, Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, 2005.
32 L. L. Grabbe (ed.), Leading Captivity Captive: "The Exile" as History and Ideology, Journal for the Study of the Old Testament - Supplement Series, 278/European Seminar in Historical Methodology, 2, Sheffield, Sheffield Academic Press, 1998.
Din punct de vedere istoric, nu se mai poate vorbi de o perioadă a Patriarhilor, de Ieșirea israeliților din Egipt, de cucerirea Canaanului, de o perioadă a Judecătorilor în Palestina și nici de o Monarhie Unită care domină de la Eufrat la Arcul Egiptului.31 Chiar și istoricitatea Exilului israeliților din Palestina în Babilon ca eveniment unic a fost recent serios pusă la îndoială.32
