Rase umane (Romanian Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Rase umane" in Romanian language version.

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Relethford, John H. (11 iulie 2002). „Apportionment of global human genetic diversity based on craniometrics and skin color” (PDF). American Journal of Physical Anthropology^⁠(d). 118 (4): 393–398. doi:10.1002/ajpa.10079. PMID 12124919. Arhivat din original (PDF) la 26 octombrie 2017. Accesat în 25 octombrie 2017.

aaanet.org

AAA 1998. : "For example, 'Evidence from the analysis of genetics (e.g., DNA) indicates that most physical variation, about 94%, lies within so-called racial groups. Conventional geographic "racial" groupings differ from one another only in about 6% of their genes. This means that there is greater variation within 'racial' groups than between them.'" „American Anthropological Association Statement on 'Race'”. AAAnet.org. American Anthropological Association^⁠(d). 17 mai 1998. Accesat în 18 aprilie 2009.
AAA 1998. „American Anthropological Association Statement on 'Race'”. AAAnet.org. American Anthropological Association^⁠(d). 17 mai 1998. Accesat în 18 aprilie 2009.

afrobras.org.br

„Negros de origem européia” [Blacks of European origin]. afrobras.org.br (în portugheză). Arhivat din original la 24 noiembrie 2010.

alvaro.com.br

De Assis Poiares, Lilian; De Sá Osorio, Paulo; Spanhol, Fábio Alexandre; Coltre, Sidnei César; Rodenbusch, Rodrigo; Gusmão, Leonor; Largura, Alvaro; Sandrini, Fabiano; Da Silva, Cláudia Maria Dornelles (2010). „Allele frequencies of 15 STRs in a representative sample of the Brazilian population” (PDF). Forensic Science International: Genetics. 4 (2): e61–e63. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2009.05.006. PMID 20129458. Arhivat din original (PDF) la 8 aprilie 2011.

archive.org

Desmond & Moore 2009, pp. 332–341. Desmond, Adrian; Moore, James (2009), Darwin's sacred cause: how a hatred of slavery shaped Darwin's views on human evolution, Allen Lane, Penguin Books, p. 484, ISBN 978-1-84614-035-8
Stringer, Chris (2012). Lone Survivors: How We Came to Be the Only Humans on Earth. London: Times Books. ISBN 978-0-8050-8891-5.
Dawkins, Richard; Wong, Yan (2005). The Ancestor's Tale: A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Evolution. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 406–407. ISBN 978-0-61-861916-0. (Summarizing Edwards' thesis): We can all happily agree that human racial classification is of no social value and is positively destructive of social and human relations. That is one reason why I object to ticking boxes on forms and why I object to positive discrimination in job selection. But that doesn't mean that race is of 'virtually no genetic or taxonomic significance.' This is Edwards's point, and he reasons as follows. However small the racial partition of total variation may be, if such racial characteristics as there are highly correlated with other racial characteristics, they are by definition informative, and therefore of taxonomic significance.
Dawkins, Richard; Wong, Yan (2005). The Ancestor's Tale: A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Evolution. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 406–407. ISBN 978-0-61-861916-0. (Summarizing Edwards' thesis): We can all happily agree that human racial classification is of no social value and is positively destructive of social and human relations. That is one reason why I object to ticking boxes on forms and why I object to positive discrimination in job selection. But that doesn't mean that race is of 'virtually no genetic or taxonomic significance.' This is Edwards's point, and he reasons as follows. However small the racial partition of total variation may be, if such racial characteristics as there are highly correlated with other racial characteristics, they are by definition informative, and therefore of taxonomic significance.
Telles, Edward Eric (2004). „Racial Classification”. Race in Another America: The significance of skin color in Brazil. Princeton University Press. pp. 81–84. ISBN 0-691-11866-3.
Sexton, Jared (2008). Amalgamation Schemes. University of Minnesota Press^⁠(d).
Lieberman, Leonard; Kirk, Rodney C.; Littlefield, Alice (2003). „Perishing Paradigm: Race 1931–1999”. American Anthropologist^⁠(d). 105 (1): 110–113. doi:10.1525/aa.2003.105.1.110.
An article in the same issue questions the precise rate of decline, but from their opposing perspective agrees that the Negroid/ Caucasoid/ Mongoloid paradigm has fallen into near-total disfavor.
^ Cartmill, Matt; Brown, Kaye (2003). „Surveying the Race Concept: A Reply to Lieberman, Kirk, and Littlefield”. American Anthropologist^⁠(d). 105 (1): 114–115. doi:10.1525/aa.2003.105.1.114.
Reynolds, Larry T.; Lieberman, Leonard (1996). Race and Other Misadventures: Essays in Honor of Ashley Montagu in His Ninetieth Year. Altamira Press. p. 159. ISBN 1-882-28935-8.
Morning, Ann (noiembrie 2007). „'Everyone Knows It's a Social Construct': Contemporary Science and the Nature of Race”. Sociological Focus^⁠(d). 40 (4): 436–454. doi:10.1080/00380237.2007.10571319.
Frazier, E. Franklin (1947). „Sociological Theory and Race Relations”. American Sociological Review^⁠(d). 12 (3): 265–271. doi:10.2307/2086515. JSTOR 2086515.
Konigsberg, Lyle W.; Algee-Hewitt, Bridget F. B.; Steadman, Dawnie Wolfe (1 mai 2009). „Estimation and evidence in forensic anthropology: Sex and race”. American Journal of Physical Anthropology^⁠(d). 139 (1): 77–90. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20934. ISSN 1096-8644. PMID 19226642.

bbc.co.uk

news.bbc.co.uk

Salek, Silvia (10 iulie 2007). „BBC delves into Brazilians' roots”. BBC News. Accesat în 13 iulie 2009.

bioanth.org

„AABA Statement on Race & Racism”. American Association of Biological Anthropologists. 2019.
„AABA Statement on Race & Racism”. American Association of Biological Anthropologists. 2019.

books.google.com

Barnshaw, John (2008). „Race”. În Schaefer, Richard T. Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society. 1. Sage Publications^⁠(d). pp. 1091–1093. ISBN 978-1-45-226586-5.
Hunt, James (24 februarie 1863). „Introductory address on the study of Anthropology”. The Anthropological Review^⁠(d). 1: 3. ... we should always remember, that by whatever means the Negro, for instance, acquired his present physical, mental and moral character, whether he has risen from an ape or descended from a perfect man, we still know that the Races of Europe have now much in their mental and moral nature which the races of Africa have not got.
Black & Ferguson 2011, p. 125.

britannica.com

Smedley, Audrey; Takezawa, Yasuko I.; Wade, Peter. „Race: Human”. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. Accesat în 22 august 2017.

brocku.ca

Cooley, Charles H. (mai 1897). „Genius, Fame and the Comparison of Races”. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science^⁠(d). 9 (3): 1–42. doi:10.1177/000271629700900301. Republished as: Jacoby, Russell; Glauberman, Naomi, ed. (1995). „Genius, Fame, and Race”. The Bell Curve Debate: History, Documents, Opinions. Toronto: Random House. pp. 417–437.

brookings.edu

Bleich, Erik (1 mai 2001). „Race Policy in France”. The Brookings Institution.

buzzfeednews.com

„How Not To Talk About Race And Genetics”. Buzzfeed News^⁠(d). 30 martie 2018. Arhivat din original la 30 august 2019. Accesat în 8 octombrie 2019. [The] robust body of scholarship recognizes the existence of geographically based genetic variation in our species, but shows that such variation is not consistent with biological definitions of race. Nor does that variation map precisely onto ever changing socially defined racial groups.

cell.com

Bryc, Katarzyna; Durand, Eric Y.; Macpherson, Michael; Reich, David; Mountain, Joanna L. (8 ianuarie 2015). „The Genetic Ancestry of African Americans, Latinos, and European Americans across the United States” (PDF). American Journal of Human Genetics^⁠(d). Cell Press^⁠(d) on behalf of the American Society of Human Genetics^⁠(d). 96 (1): 37–53. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.11.010. ISSN 0002-9297. PMC 4289685 . PMID 25529636. Arhivat din original (PDF) la 10 mai 2022. Accesat în 1 iunie 2022. The relationship between self-reported identity and genetic African ancestry, as well as the low numbers of self-reported African Americans with minor levels of African ancestry, provide insight into the complexity of genetic and social consequences of racial categorization, assortative mating, and the impact of notions of "race" on patterns of mating and self-identity in the US. Our results provide empirical support that, over recent centuries, many individuals with partial African and Native American ancestry have "passed" into the white community, with multiple lines of evidence establishing African and Native American ancestry in self-reported European Americans.

census.gov

„Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity”. Office of Management and Budget^⁠(d). 30 octombrie 1997. Arhivat din original la 15 martie 2009. Accesat în 19 martie 2009. Also: U.S. Census Bureau Guidance on the Presentation and Comparison of Race and Hispanic Origin Data Arhivat în 8 aprilie 2019, la Wayback Machine. and B03002. Hispanic or Latino Origin by Race. 2007 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates Arhivat în 27 decembrie 1996, la Wayback Machine.

com%2F02-Journals%2FT-Anth%2FAnth-09-0-000-000-2007-Web%2FAnth-09-1-000-000-2007-Abst-PDF%2FAnth-09-1-073-078-2007-422-%2520%258Atrkalj-G%2FAnth-09-1-073-078-2007-422-%2520%258Atrkalj-G-Tt.pdf

krepublishers.com%2F02-Journals%2FT-Anth%2FAnth-09-0-000-000-2007-Web%2FAnth-09-1-000-000-2007-Abst-PDF%2FAnth-09-1-073-078-2007-422-%2520%258Atrkalj-G%2FAnth-09-1-073-078-2007-422-%2520%258Atrkalj-G-Tt.pdf

Štrkalj, Goran (2007). „The Status of the Race Concept in Contemporary Biological Anthropology: A Review” (PDF). The Anthropologist^⁠(d). 9: 73–78. doi:10.1080/09720073.2007.11890983.

doi.org

Using Population Descriptors in Genetics and Genomics Research: A New Framework for an Evolving Field (Consensus Study Report). National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine^⁠(d). 2023. doi:10.17226/26902. ISBN 978-0-309-70065-8. In humans, race is a socially constructed designation, a misleading and harmful surrogate for population genetic differences, and has a long history of being incorrectly identified as the major genetic reason for phenotypic differences between groups.
Amutah, C.; Greenidge, K.; Mante, A.; Munyikwa, M.; Surya, S. L.; Higginbotham, E.; Jones, D. S.; Lavizzo-Mourey, R.; Roberts, D. (martie 2021). Malina, D., ed. „Misrepresenting Race — The Role of Medical Schools in Propagating Physician Bias”. The New England Journal of Medicine^⁠(d). Massachusetts Medical Society^⁠(d). 384 (9): 872–878. doi:10.1056/NEJMms2025768. ISSN 1533-4406. PMID 33406326.
Yudell, M.; Roberts, D.; DeSalle, R.; Tishkoff, S. (5 februarie 2016). „Taking race out of human genetics”. Science. American Association for the Advancement of Science^⁠(d). 351 (6273): 564–565. Bibcode:2016Sci...351..564Y. doi:10.1126/science.aac4951. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 26912690.
Yudell, M.; Roberts, D.; DeSalle, R.; Tishkoff, S. (5 februarie 2016). „Taking race out of human genetics”. Science. American Association for the Advancement of Science^⁠(d). 351 (6273): 564–565. Bibcode:2016Sci...351..564Y. doi:10.1126/science.aac4951. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 26912690.
Jorde, Lynn B.; Wooding, Stephen P. (2004). „Genetic variation, classification, and 'race'”. Nature. Nature Research^⁠(d). 36 (11 Suppl): S28–S33. doi:10.1038/ng1435 . ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 15508000. Ancestry, then, is a more subtle and complex description of an individual's genetic makeup than is race. This is in part a consequence of the continual mixing and migration of human populations throughout history. Because of this complex and interwoven history, many loci must be examined to derive even an approximate portrayal of individual ancestry.
Bryc, Katarzyna; Durand, Eric Y.; Macpherson, Michael; Reich, David; Mountain, Joanna L. (8 ianuarie 2015). „The Genetic Ancestry of African Americans, Latinos, and European Americans across the United States” (PDF). American Journal of Human Genetics^⁠(d). Cell Press^⁠(d) on behalf of the American Society of Human Genetics^⁠(d). 96 (1): 37–53. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.11.010. ISSN 0002-9297. PMC 4289685 . PMID 25529636. Arhivat din original (PDF) la 10 mai 2022. Accesat în 1 iunie 2022. The relationship between self-reported identity and genetic African ancestry, as well as the low numbers of self-reported African Americans with minor levels of African ancestry, provide insight into the complexity of genetic and social consequences of racial categorization, assortative mating, and the impact of notions of "race" on patterns of mating and self-identity in the US. Our results provide empirical support that, over recent centuries, many individuals with partial African and Native American ancestry have "passed" into the white community, with multiple lines of evidence establishing African and Native American ancestry in self-reported European Americans.
AAPA 1996, p. 714. "Pure races, in the sense of genetically homogeneous populations, do not exist in the human species today, nor is there any evidence that they have ever existed in the past." „AAPA statement on biological aspects of race” (PDF). American Journal of Physical Anthropology^⁠(d). American Association of Physical Anthropologists^⁠(d). 101 (4): 569–570. 1996. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1331010408. Arhivat din original (PDF) la 23 iulie 2004.
Pillay, Kathryn (2019). „Indian Identity in South Africa”. The Palgrave Handbook of Ethnicity. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 77–92. doi:10.1007/978-981-13-2898-5_9. ISBN 978-981-13-2897-8.
Williams, S. M.; Templeton, A. R. (2003). „Race and Genomics”. New England Journal of Medicine^⁠(d). 348 (25): 2581–2582. doi:10.1056/nejm200306193482521. PMID 12815151.
Hartigan, John (iunie 2008). „Is Race Still Socially Constructed? The Recent Controversy over Race and Medical Genetics”. Science as Culture. 17 (2): 163–193. doi:10.1080/09505430802062943.
Race, Ethnicity, and Genetics Working Group (octombrie 2005). „The Use of Racial, Ethnic, and Ancestral Categories in Human Genetics Research”. American Journal of Human Genetics. 77 (4): 519–532. doi:10.1086/491747. PMC 1275602 . PMID 16175499.
Hirschman, Charles (2004). „The Origins and Demise of the Concept of Race”. Population and Development Review^⁠(d). 30 (3): 385–415. doi:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2004.00021.x. ISSN 1728-4457.
Hirschman, Charles (2004). „The Origins and Demise of the Concept of Race”. Population and Development Review^⁠(d). 30 (3): 385–415. doi:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2004.00021.x. ISSN 1728-4457.
Hirschman, Charles (2004). „The Origins and Demise of the Concept of Race”. Population and Development Review^⁠(d). 30 (3): 385–415. doi:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2004.00021.x. ISSN 1728-4457.
Hirschman, Charles (2004). „The Origins and Demise of the Concept of Race”. Population and Development Review^⁠(d). 30 (3): 385–415. doi:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2004.00021.x. ISSN 1728-4457.
Goodman, A. H. (noiembrie 2000). „Why genes don't count (for racial differences in health)”. American Journal of Public Health^⁠(d). 90 (11): 1699–1702. doi:10.2105/ajph.90.11.1699. ISSN 0090-0036. PMC 1446406 . PMID 11076233.
Goodman, A. H. (noiembrie 2000). „Why genes don't count (for racial differences in health)”. American Journal of Public Health^⁠(d). 90 (11): 1699–1702. doi:10.2105/ajph.90.11.1699. ISSN 0090-0036. PMC 1446406 . PMID 11076233.
Relethford, John H. (23 februarie 2017). „Biological Anthropology, Population Genetics, and Race”. În Zack, Naomi. The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy and Race. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190236953.013.20. ISBN 978-0-19-023695-3. Human populations do not exhibit the levels of geographic isolation or genetic divergence to fit the subspecies model of race.
Hunley, Keith L.; Cabana, Graciela S.; Long, Jeffrey C. (1 decembrie 2015). „The apportionment of human diversity revisited”. American Journal of Physical Anthropology^⁠(d). 160 (4): 561–569. doi:10.1002/ajpa.22899. ISSN 1096-8644. PMID 26619959.
Pigliucci, Massimo; Kaplan, Jonathan (decembrie 2003). „On the Concept of Biological Race and Its Applicability to Humans”. Philosophy of Science^⁠(d). 70 (5): 1161–1172. doi:10.1086/377397.
Walsh, Anthony; Yun, Ilhong (octombrie 2011). „Race and Criminology in the Age of Genomic Science”. Social Science Quarterly^⁠(d). 92 (5): 1279–1296. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6237.2011.00818.x.
Romualdi, Chiara; Balding, David; Nasidze, Ivane S.; Risch, Gregory; Robichaux, Myles; Sherry, Stephen T.; Stoneking, Mark; Batzer, Mark A.; Barbujani, Guido (aprilie 2002). „Patterns of human diversity, within and among continents, inferred from biallelic DNA polymorphisms”. Genome Research^⁠(d). 12 (4): 602–612. doi:10.1101/gr.214902. ISSN 1088-9051. PMC 187513 . PMID 11932244.
Kaplan, Jonathan Michael; Winther, Rasmus Grønfeldt (2014). „Realism, Antirealism, and Conventionalism About Race”. Philosophy of Science^⁠(d). 81 (5): 1039–1052. doi:10.1086/678314.
Weiss, K. M.; Fullerton, S. M. (2005). „Racing around, getting nowhere”. Evolutionary Anthropology. 14 (5): 165–169. doi:10.1002/evan.20079.
Gannett, Lisa (septembrie 2014). „Biogeographical ancestry and race”. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences. 47: 173–184. doi:10.1016/j.shpsc.2014.05.017. PMID 24989973.
Hunley, Keith L.; Healy, Meghan E.; Long, Jeffrey C. (18 februarie 2009). „The global pattern of gene identity variation reveals a history of long-range migrations, bottlenecks, and local mate exchange: Implications for biological race” (PDF). American Journal of Physical Anthropology^⁠(d). 139 (1): 35–46. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20932. PMID 19226641.
Parra, F. C.; Amado, R. C.; Lambertucci, J. R.; Rocha, J.; Antunes, C. M.; Pena, S. D. (ianuarie 2003). „Color and genomic ancestry in Brazilians”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 100 (1): 177–182. Bibcode:2003PNAS..100..177P. doi:10.1073/pnas.0126614100. PMC 140919 . PMID 12509516.
Pena, Sérgio D. J.; Di Pietro, Giuliano; Fuchshuber-Moraes, Mateus; Genro, Julia Pasqualini; Hutz, Mara H.; Kehdy, Fernanda de Souza Gomes; Kohlrausch, Fabiana; Magno, Luiz Alexandre Viana; Montenegro, Raquel Carvalho (2011). Harpending, Henry, ed. „The Genomic Ancestry of Individuals from Different Geographical Regions of Brazil Is More Uniform Than Expected”. PLoS One^⁠(d). 6 (2): e17063. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...617063P. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017063. PMC 3040205 . PMID 21359226.
Guerreiro-Junior, Vanderlei; Bisso-Machado, Rafael; Marrero, Andrea; Hünemeier, Tábita; Salzano, Francisco M.; Bortolini, Maria Cátira (2009). „Genetic signatures of parental contribution in black and white populations in Brazil”. Genetics and Molecular Biology. 32 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1590/S1415-47572009005000001. PMC 3032968 . PMID 21637639.
Pena, S. D. J.; Bastos-Rodrigues, L.; Pimenta, J. R.; Bydlowski, S. P. (2009). „Genetic heritage variability of Brazilians in even regional averages, 2009 study”. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research. 42 (10): 870–876. doi:10.1590/S0100-879X2009005000026. PMID 19738982.
De Assis Poiares, Lilian; De Sá Osorio, Paulo; Spanhol, Fábio Alexandre; Coltre, Sidnei César; Rodenbusch, Rodrigo; Gusmão, Leonor; Largura, Alvaro; Sandrini, Fabiano; Da Silva, Cláudia Maria Dornelles (2010). „Allele frequencies of 15 STRs in a representative sample of the Brazilian population” (PDF). Forensic Science International: Genetics. 4 (2): e61–e63. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2009.05.006. PMID 20129458. Arhivat din original (PDF) la 8 aprilie 2011.
Wagner, Jennifer K.; Yu, Joon-Ho; Ifekwunigwe, Jayne O.; Harrell, Tanya M.; Bamshad, Michael J.; Royal, Charmaine D. (februarie 2017). „Anthropologists' views on race, ancestry, and genetics”. American Journal of Physical Anthropology^⁠(d). 162 (2): 318–327. doi:10.1002/ajpa.23120. PMC 5299519 . PMID 27874171.
Štrkalj, Goran; Wang, Qian (2003). „On the Concept of Race in Chinese Biological Anthropology: Alive and Well” (PDF). Current Anthropology^⁠(d). University of Chicago Press^⁠(d). 44 (3): 403. doi:10.1086/374899. Arhivat din original (PDF) la 12 noiembrie 2013. Accesat în 12 noiembrie 2013.
Štrkalj, Goran (2007). „The Status of the Race Concept in Contemporary Biological Anthropology: A Review” (PDF). The Anthropologist^⁠(d). 9 (1): 73–78. doi:10.1080/09720073.2007.11890983.
Kaszycka, Katarzyna A.; Štrkalj, Goran; Strzalko, Jan (2009). „Current Views of European Anthropologists on Race: Influence of Educational and Ideological Background”. American Anthropologist^⁠(d). 111 (1): 43–56. doi:10.1111/j.1548-1433.2009.01076.x.
Lieberman, Leonard; Kirk, Rodney C.; Littlefield, Alice (2003). „Perishing Paradigm: Race 1931–1999”. American Anthropologist^⁠(d). 105 (1): 110–113. doi:10.1525/aa.2003.105.1.110.
An article in the same issue questions the precise rate of decline, but from their opposing perspective agrees that the Negroid/ Caucasoid/ Mongoloid paradigm has fallen into near-total disfavor.
^ Cartmill, Matt; Brown, Kaye (2003). „Surveying the Race Concept: A Reply to Lieberman, Kirk, and Littlefield”. American Anthropologist^⁠(d). 105 (1): 114–115. doi:10.1525/aa.2003.105.1.114.
Štrkalj, Goran (2007). „The Status of the Race Concept in Contemporary Biological Anthropology: A Review” (PDF). The Anthropologist^⁠(d). 9: 73–78. doi:10.1080/09720073.2007.11890983.
Morning, Ann (noiembrie 2007). „'Everyone Knows It's a Social Construct': Contemporary Science and the Nature of Race”. Sociological Focus^⁠(d). 40 (4): 436–454. doi:10.1080/00380237.2007.10571319.
Brace, C. Loring (1995). „Region Does not Mean 'Race': Reality Versus Convention in Forensic Anthropology”. Journal of Forensic Sciences^⁠(d). 40 (2): 29–33. doi:10.1520/JFS15336J.
Rivara, Frederick P.; Finberg, Laurence (2001). „Use of the Terms Race and Ethnicity”. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine^⁠(d). 155 (2): 119. doi:10.1001/archpedi.155.2.119. PMID 11177083. In future issues of the Archives, we ask authors to not use race and ethnicity when there is no biological, scientific, or sociological reason for doing so. Race or ethnicity should not be used as explanatory variables, when the underlying constructs are variables that can, and should, be measured directly (eg, educational level of subjects, household income of the families, single vs 2-parent households, employment of parents, owning vs renting one's home, and other measures of socioeconomic status). In contrast, the recent attention on decreasing health disparities uses race and ethnicity not as explanatory variables but as ways of examining the underlying sociocultural reasons for these disparities and appropriately targeting attention and resources on children and adolescents with poorer health. In select issues and questions such as these, use of race and ethnicity is appropriate.
Schwartz, Robert S. (3 mai 2001). „Racial Profiling in Medical Research”. The New England Journal of Medicine^⁠(d). 344 (18): 1392–1393. doi:10.1056/NEJM200105033441810. PMID 11333999.
Morning, Ann (2008). „Reconstructing Race in Science and Society: Biology Textbooks, 1952–2002”. American Journal of Sociology^⁠(d). 114 (114 Suppl): S106–S137. doi:10.1086/592206. PMID 19569402.
Gissis, S. (2008). „When is 'race' a race? 1946–2003”. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences. 39 (4): 437–450. doi:10.1016/j.shpsc.2008.09.006. PMID 19026975.
Moscou, Susan (iunie 2008). „The conceptualization and operationalization of race and ethnicity by health services researchers”. Nursing Inquiry^⁠(d). 15 (2): 94–105. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1800.2008.00413.x. PMID 18476852.
Štrkalj, Goran; Solyali, Veli (2010). „Human Biological Variation in Anatomy Textbooks: The Role of Ancestry”. Studies on Ethno-Medicine. Kamla-Raj Ent. 4 (3): 157–161. doi:10.1080/09735070.2010.11886375.
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Frazier, E. Franklin (1947). „Sociological Theory and Race Relations”. American Sociological Review^⁠(d). 12 (3): 265–271. doi:10.2307/2086515. JSTOR 2086515.
Cooley, Charles H. (mai 1897). „Genius, Fame and the Comparison of Races”. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science^⁠(d). 9 (3): 1–42. doi:10.1177/000271629700900301. Republished as: Jacoby, Russell; Glauberman, Naomi, ed. (1995). „Genius, Fame, and Race”. The Bell Curve Debate: History, Documents, Opinions. Toronto: Random House. pp. 417–437.
Condit, Celeste; Templeton, Alan; Bates, Benjamin R.; Bevan, Jennifer L.; Harris, Tina M. (septembrie 2003). „Attitudinal barriers to delivery of race-targeted pharmacogenomics among informed lay persons”. Genetics in Medicine. 5 (5): 385–392. doi:10.1097/01.GIM.0000087990.30961.72 . PMID 14501834. In summary, they argues that, in order to predict the clinical success of pharmacogenomic research, scholars must conduct subsidiary research on two fronts: Science, wherein the degree of correspondence between popular and professional racial categories can be assessed; and society at large, through which attitudinal factors moderate the relationship between scientific soundness and societal acceptance. To accept race-as-proxy, then, may be necessary but insufficient to solidify the future of race-based pharmacogenomics.
Lee, Catherine (martie 2009). „'Race' and 'ethnicity' in biomedical research: How do scientists construct and explain differences in health?”. Social Science & Medicine^⁠(d). 68 (6): 1183–1190. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.12.036. PMID 19185964.
Kahn 2011, p. 132. . "For example, what are we to make of the fact that African Americans suffer from disproportionately high rates of hypertension, but Africans in Nigeria have among the world's lowest rates of hypertension, far lower than the overwhelmingly white population of Germany? Genetics certainly plays a role in hypertension. But any role it plays in explaining such differences must surely be vanishingly small." Citing: Cooper, Richard; Wolf-Maier, Katharina; Luke, Amy; Adeyemo, Adebowale; Banegas, José R.; Forrester, Terrence; Giampaoli, Simona; Joffres, Michel; Kastarinen, Mika; Primatesta, Paola; Stegmayr, Birgitta; Thamm, Michael (5 ianuarie 2005). „An International Comparative Study of Blood Pressure in Populations of European vs. African Descent”. BMC Medicine^⁠(d). 3 (2): 2. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-3-2 . PMC 545060 . PMID 15629061.
Dichter, M. E.; Marcus, S. M.; Morabito, M. S.; Rhodes, K. V. (2011). „Explaining the IPV arrest decision: Incident, agency, and community factors”. Criminal Justice Review. 36: 22–39. doi:10.1177/0734016810383333.
Konigsberg, Lyle W.; Algee-Hewitt, Bridget F. B.; Steadman, Dawnie Wolfe (1 mai 2009). „Estimation and evidence in forensic anthropology: Sex and race”. American Journal of Physical Anthropology^⁠(d). 139 (1): 77–90. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20934. ISSN 1096-8644. PMID 19226642.
Brace, C. Loring (1995). „Region Does not Mean 'Race': Reality Versus Convention in Forensic Anthropology”. Journal of Forensic Sciences^⁠(d). 40 (2): 171–175. doi:10.1520/JFS15336J.
Relethford, John H. (11 iulie 2002). „Apportionment of global human genetic diversity based on craniometrics and skin color” (PDF). American Journal of Physical Anthropology^⁠(d). 118 (4): 393–398. doi:10.1002/ajpa.10079. PMID 12124919. Arhivat din original (PDF) la 26 octombrie 2017. Accesat în 25 octombrie 2017.
Relethford, John H. (18 februarie 2009). „Race and global patterns of phenotypic variation”. American Journal of Physical Anthropology^⁠(d). 139 (1): 16–22. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20900. PMID 19226639. Craniometric variation is geographically structured, allowing high levels of classification accuracy when comparing crania from different parts of the world. Nonetheless, the boundaries in global variation are not abrupt and do not fit a strict view of the race concept; the number of races and the cutoffs used to define them are arbitrary.

europa.eu

eur-lex.europa.eu

Council Directive 2000/43/EC of 29 June 2000 implementing the principle of equal treatment between persons irrespective of racial or ethnic origin

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Štrkalj, Goran; Wang, Qian (2003). „On the Concept of Race in Chinese Biological Anthropology: Alive and Well” (PDF). Current Anthropology^⁠(d). University of Chicago Press^⁠(d). 44 (3): 403. doi:10.1086/374899. Arhivat din original (PDF) la 12 noiembrie 2013. Accesat în 12 noiembrie 2013.

fora.tv

„New Ideas, New Fuels: Craig Venter at the Oxonian”. FORA.tv. 3 noiembrie 2008. Arhivat din original la 22 ianuarie 2009. Accesat în 18 aprilie 2009.

harvard.edu

adsabs.harvard.edu

Yudell, M.; Roberts, D.; DeSalle, R.; Tishkoff, S. (5 februarie 2016). „Taking race out of human genetics”. Science. American Association for the Advancement of Science^⁠(d). 351 (6273): 564–565. Bibcode:2016Sci...351..564Y. doi:10.1126/science.aac4951. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 26912690.
Yudell, M.; Roberts, D.; DeSalle, R.; Tishkoff, S. (5 februarie 2016). „Taking race out of human genetics”. Science. American Association for the Advancement of Science^⁠(d). 351 (6273): 564–565. Bibcode:2016Sci...351..564Y. doi:10.1126/science.aac4951. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 26912690.
Parra, F. C.; Amado, R. C.; Lambertucci, J. R.; Rocha, J.; Antunes, C. M.; Pena, S. D. (ianuarie 2003). „Color and genomic ancestry in Brazilians”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 100 (1): 177–182. Bibcode:2003PNAS..100..177P. doi:10.1073/pnas.0126614100. PMC 140919 . PMID 12509516.
Pena, Sérgio D. J.; Di Pietro, Giuliano; Fuchshuber-Moraes, Mateus; Genro, Julia Pasqualini; Hutz, Mara H.; Kehdy, Fernanda de Souza Gomes; Kohlrausch, Fabiana; Magno, Luiz Alexandre Viana; Montenegro, Raquel Carvalho (2011). Harpending, Henry, ed. „The Genomic Ancestry of Individuals from Different Geographical Regions of Brazil Is More Uniform Than Expected”. PLoS One^⁠(d). 6 (2): e17063. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...617063P. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017063. PMC 3040205 . PMID 21359226.

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„Office of Minority Health”. Minorityhealth.hhs.gov. 16 august 2011. Arhivat din original la 18 ianuarie 2013. Accesat în 30 decembrie 2012.

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„European Union Directives on the Prohibition of Discrimination”. HumanRights.is. Icelandic Human Rights Centre. Arhivat din original la 24 iulie 2012.

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„Brasil: 500 anos de povoamento” [Brazil: 500 years of settlement] (în portugheză). IBGE. Arhivat din original la 23 septembrie 2009. Accesat în 29 decembrie 2011.

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Venâncio, Renato Pinto (2000). „Presença portuguesa: de colonizadores a imigrantes” [Portuguese presence: from colonizers to immigrants]. Brasil: 500 anos de povoamento [Brazil: 500 years of settlement]. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE. , Relevant extract available here: „território brasileiro e povoamento” [Brazilian territory and settlement] (în portugheză). IBGE. Accesat în 16 octombrie 2021.

jstor.org

Frazier, E. Franklin (1947). „Sociological Theory and Race Relations”. American Sociological Review^⁠(d). 12 (3): 265–271. doi:10.2307/2086515. JSTOR 2086515.

justice.gov.uk

„Statistics on Race and the Criminal Justice System 2010, Appendix C: Classifications of ethnicity” (PDF). Ministry of Justice. octombrie 2011. Accesat în 24 septembrie 2014.

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Štrkalj, Goran (2007). „The Status of the Race Concept in Contemporary Biological Anthropology: A Review” (PDF). The Anthropologist^⁠(d). 9 (1): 73–78. doi:10.1080/09720073.2007.11890983.

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„Race | Boundless Sociology”. courses.lumenlearning.com. Accesat în 6 iulie 2019.

nationalacademies.org

nap.nationalacademies.org

Using Population Descriptors in Genetics and Genomics Research: A New Framework for an Evolving Field (Consensus Study Report). National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine^⁠(d). 2023. doi:10.17226/26902. ISBN 978-0-309-70065-8. In humans, race is a socially constructed designation, a misleading and harmful surrogate for population genetic differences, and has a long history of being incorrectly identified as the major genetic reason for phenotypic differences between groups.

nationalacademies.org

„Researchers Need to Rethink and Justify How and Why Race, Ethnicity, and Ancestry Labels Are Used in Genetics and Genomics Research, Says New Report”. National Academies. 14 martie 2023. Accesat în 17 aprilie 2023.

nih.gov

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Amutah, C.; Greenidge, K.; Mante, A.; Munyikwa, M.; Surya, S. L.; Higginbotham, E.; Jones, D. S.; Lavizzo-Mourey, R.; Roberts, D. (martie 2021). Malina, D., ed. „Misrepresenting Race — The Role of Medical Schools in Propagating Physician Bias”. The New England Journal of Medicine^⁠(d). Massachusetts Medical Society^⁠(d). 384 (9): 872–878. doi:10.1056/NEJMms2025768. ISSN 1533-4406. PMID 33406326.
Yudell, M.; Roberts, D.; DeSalle, R.; Tishkoff, S. (5 februarie 2016). „Taking race out of human genetics”. Science. American Association for the Advancement of Science^⁠(d). 351 (6273): 564–565. Bibcode:2016Sci...351..564Y. doi:10.1126/science.aac4951. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 26912690.
Yudell, M.; Roberts, D.; DeSalle, R.; Tishkoff, S. (5 februarie 2016). „Taking race out of human genetics”. Science. American Association for the Advancement of Science^⁠(d). 351 (6273): 564–565. Bibcode:2016Sci...351..564Y. doi:10.1126/science.aac4951. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 26912690.
Jorde, Lynn B.; Wooding, Stephen P. (2004). „Genetic variation, classification, and 'race'”. Nature. Nature Research^⁠(d). 36 (11 Suppl): S28–S33. doi:10.1038/ng1435 . ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 15508000. Ancestry, then, is a more subtle and complex description of an individual's genetic makeup than is race. This is in part a consequence of the continual mixing and migration of human populations throughout history. Because of this complex and interwoven history, many loci must be examined to derive even an approximate portrayal of individual ancestry.
Bryc, Katarzyna; Durand, Eric Y.; Macpherson, Michael; Reich, David; Mountain, Joanna L. (8 ianuarie 2015). „The Genetic Ancestry of African Americans, Latinos, and European Americans across the United States” (PDF). American Journal of Human Genetics^⁠(d). Cell Press^⁠(d) on behalf of the American Society of Human Genetics^⁠(d). 96 (1): 37–53. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.11.010. ISSN 0002-9297. PMC 4289685 . PMID 25529636. Arhivat din original (PDF) la 10 mai 2022. Accesat în 1 iunie 2022. The relationship between self-reported identity and genetic African ancestry, as well as the low numbers of self-reported African Americans with minor levels of African ancestry, provide insight into the complexity of genetic and social consequences of racial categorization, assortative mating, and the impact of notions of "race" on patterns of mating and self-identity in the US. Our results provide empirical support that, over recent centuries, many individuals with partial African and Native American ancestry have "passed" into the white community, with multiple lines of evidence establishing African and Native American ancestry in self-reported European Americans.
Lieberman, L.; Kaszycka, K. A.; Martinez Fuentes, A. J.; Yablonsky, L.; Kirk, R. C.; Strkalj, G.; Wang, Q.; Sun, L. (decembrie 2004). „The race concept in six regions: variation without consensus”. Collegium Antropologicum. 28 (2): 907–921. PMID 15666627.
Williams, S. M.; Templeton, A. R. (2003). „Race and Genomics”. New England Journal of Medicine^⁠(d). 348 (25): 2581–2582. doi:10.1056/nejm200306193482521. PMID 12815151.
Race, Ethnicity, and Genetics Working Group (octombrie 2005). „The Use of Racial, Ethnic, and Ancestral Categories in Human Genetics Research”. American Journal of Human Genetics. 77 (4): 519–532. doi:10.1086/491747. PMC 1275602 . PMID 16175499.
Goodman, A. H. (noiembrie 2000). „Why genes don't count (for racial differences in health)”. American Journal of Public Health^⁠(d). 90 (11): 1699–1702. doi:10.2105/ajph.90.11.1699. ISSN 0090-0036. PMC 1446406 . PMID 11076233.
Goodman, A. H. (noiembrie 2000). „Why genes don't count (for racial differences in health)”. American Journal of Public Health^⁠(d). 90 (11): 1699–1702. doi:10.2105/ajph.90.11.1699. ISSN 0090-0036. PMC 1446406 . PMID 11076233.
Hunley, Keith L.; Cabana, Graciela S.; Long, Jeffrey C. (1 decembrie 2015). „The apportionment of human diversity revisited”. American Journal of Physical Anthropology^⁠(d). 160 (4): 561–569. doi:10.1002/ajpa.22899. ISSN 1096-8644. PMID 26619959.
Romualdi, Chiara; Balding, David; Nasidze, Ivane S.; Risch, Gregory; Robichaux, Myles; Sherry, Stephen T.; Stoneking, Mark; Batzer, Mark A.; Barbujani, Guido (aprilie 2002). „Patterns of human diversity, within and among continents, inferred from biallelic DNA polymorphisms”. Genome Research^⁠(d). 12 (4): 602–612. doi:10.1101/gr.214902. ISSN 1088-9051. PMC 187513 . PMID 11932244.
Gannett, Lisa (septembrie 2014). „Biogeographical ancestry and race”. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences. 47: 173–184. doi:10.1016/j.shpsc.2014.05.017. PMID 24989973.
Hunley, Keith L.; Healy, Meghan E.; Long, Jeffrey C. (18 februarie 2009). „The global pattern of gene identity variation reveals a history of long-range migrations, bottlenecks, and local mate exchange: Implications for biological race” (PDF). American Journal of Physical Anthropology^⁠(d). 139 (1): 35–46. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20932. PMID 19226641.
Parra, F. C.; Amado, R. C.; Lambertucci, J. R.; Rocha, J.; Antunes, C. M.; Pena, S. D. (ianuarie 2003). „Color and genomic ancestry in Brazilians”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 100 (1): 177–182. Bibcode:2003PNAS..100..177P. doi:10.1073/pnas.0126614100. PMC 140919 . PMID 12509516.
Pena, Sérgio D. J.; Di Pietro, Giuliano; Fuchshuber-Moraes, Mateus; Genro, Julia Pasqualini; Hutz, Mara H.; Kehdy, Fernanda de Souza Gomes; Kohlrausch, Fabiana; Magno, Luiz Alexandre Viana; Montenegro, Raquel Carvalho (2011). Harpending, Henry, ed. „The Genomic Ancestry of Individuals from Different Geographical Regions of Brazil Is More Uniform Than Expected”. PLoS One^⁠(d). 6 (2): e17063. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...617063P. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017063. PMC 3040205 . PMID 21359226.
Guerreiro-Junior, Vanderlei; Bisso-Machado, Rafael; Marrero, Andrea; Hünemeier, Tábita; Salzano, Francisco M.; Bortolini, Maria Cátira (2009). „Genetic signatures of parental contribution in black and white populations in Brazil”. Genetics and Molecular Biology. 32 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1590/S1415-47572009005000001. PMC 3032968 . PMID 21637639.
Pena, S. D. J.; Bastos-Rodrigues, L.; Pimenta, J. R.; Bydlowski, S. P. (2009). „Genetic heritage variability of Brazilians in even regional averages, 2009 study”. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research. 42 (10): 870–876. doi:10.1590/S0100-879X2009005000026. PMID 19738982.
De Assis Poiares, Lilian; De Sá Osorio, Paulo; Spanhol, Fábio Alexandre; Coltre, Sidnei César; Rodenbusch, Rodrigo; Gusmão, Leonor; Largura, Alvaro; Sandrini, Fabiano; Da Silva, Cláudia Maria Dornelles (2010). „Allele frequencies of 15 STRs in a representative sample of the Brazilian population” (PDF). Forensic Science International: Genetics. 4 (2): e61–e63. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2009.05.006. PMID 20129458. Arhivat din original (PDF) la 8 aprilie 2011.
Wagner, Jennifer K.; Yu, Joon-Ho; Ifekwunigwe, Jayne O.; Harrell, Tanya M.; Bamshad, Michael J.; Royal, Charmaine D. (februarie 2017). „Anthropologists' views on race, ancestry, and genetics”. American Journal of Physical Anthropology^⁠(d). 162 (2): 318–327. doi:10.1002/ajpa.23120. PMC 5299519 . PMID 27874171.
Rivara, Frederick P.; Finberg, Laurence (2001). „Use of the Terms Race and Ethnicity”. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine^⁠(d). 155 (2): 119. doi:10.1001/archpedi.155.2.119. PMID 11177083. In future issues of the Archives, we ask authors to not use race and ethnicity when there is no biological, scientific, or sociological reason for doing so. Race or ethnicity should not be used as explanatory variables, when the underlying constructs are variables that can, and should, be measured directly (eg, educational level of subjects, household income of the families, single vs 2-parent households, employment of parents, owning vs renting one's home, and other measures of socioeconomic status). In contrast, the recent attention on decreasing health disparities uses race and ethnicity not as explanatory variables but as ways of examining the underlying sociocultural reasons for these disparities and appropriately targeting attention and resources on children and adolescents with poorer health. In select issues and questions such as these, use of race and ethnicity is appropriate.
Schwartz, Robert S. (3 mai 2001). „Racial Profiling in Medical Research”. The New England Journal of Medicine^⁠(d). 344 (18): 1392–1393. doi:10.1056/NEJM200105033441810. PMID 11333999.
Morning, Ann (2008). „Reconstructing Race in Science and Society: Biology Textbooks, 1952–2002”. American Journal of Sociology^⁠(d). 114 (114 Suppl): S106–S137. doi:10.1086/592206. PMID 19569402.
Gissis, S. (2008). „When is 'race' a race? 1946–2003”. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences. 39 (4): 437–450. doi:10.1016/j.shpsc.2008.09.006. PMID 19026975.
Moscou, Susan (iunie 2008). „The conceptualization and operationalization of race and ethnicity by health services researchers”. Nursing Inquiry^⁠(d). 15 (2): 94–105. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1800.2008.00413.x. PMID 18476852.
Condit, Celeste; Templeton, Alan; Bates, Benjamin R.; Bevan, Jennifer L.; Harris, Tina M. (septembrie 2003). „Attitudinal barriers to delivery of race-targeted pharmacogenomics among informed lay persons”. Genetics in Medicine. 5 (5): 385–392. doi:10.1097/01.GIM.0000087990.30961.72 . PMID 14501834. In summary, they argues that, in order to predict the clinical success of pharmacogenomic research, scholars must conduct subsidiary research on two fronts: Science, wherein the degree of correspondence between popular and professional racial categories can be assessed; and society at large, through which attitudinal factors moderate the relationship between scientific soundness and societal acceptance. To accept race-as-proxy, then, may be necessary but insufficient to solidify the future of race-based pharmacogenomics.
Lee, Catherine (martie 2009). „'Race' and 'ethnicity' in biomedical research: How do scientists construct and explain differences in health?”. Social Science & Medicine^⁠(d). 68 (6): 1183–1190. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.12.036. PMID 19185964.
Kahn 2011, p. 132. . "For example, what are we to make of the fact that African Americans suffer from disproportionately high rates of hypertension, but Africans in Nigeria have among the world's lowest rates of hypertension, far lower than the overwhelmingly white population of Germany? Genetics certainly plays a role in hypertension. But any role it plays in explaining such differences must surely be vanishingly small." Citing: Cooper, Richard; Wolf-Maier, Katharina; Luke, Amy; Adeyemo, Adebowale; Banegas, José R.; Forrester, Terrence; Giampaoli, Simona; Joffres, Michel; Kastarinen, Mika; Primatesta, Paola; Stegmayr, Birgitta; Thamm, Michael (5 ianuarie 2005). „An International Comparative Study of Blood Pressure in Populations of European vs. African Descent”. BMC Medicine^⁠(d). 3 (2): 2. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-3-2 . PMC 545060 . PMID 15629061.
Konigsberg, Lyle W.; Algee-Hewitt, Bridget F. B.; Steadman, Dawnie Wolfe (1 mai 2009). „Estimation and evidence in forensic anthropology: Sex and race”. American Journal of Physical Anthropology^⁠(d). 139 (1): 77–90. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20934. ISSN 1096-8644. PMID 19226642.
Relethford, John H. (11 iulie 2002). „Apportionment of global human genetic diversity based on craniometrics and skin color” (PDF). American Journal of Physical Anthropology^⁠(d). 118 (4): 393–398. doi:10.1002/ajpa.10079. PMID 12124919. Arhivat din original (PDF) la 26 octombrie 2017. Accesat în 25 octombrie 2017.
Relethford, John H. (18 februarie 2009). „Race and global patterns of phenotypic variation”. American Journal of Physical Anthropology^⁠(d). 139 (1): 16–22. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20900. PMID 19226639. Craniometric variation is geographically structured, allowing high levels of classification accuracy when comparing crania from different parts of the world. Nonetheless, the boundaries in global variation are not abrupt and do not fit a strict view of the race concept; the number of races and the cutoffs used to define them are arbitrary.

grants1.nih.gov

„Social and Demographic Studies of Rance and Ethnicity in the United States”. Grants1.NIH.gov. US National Institutes of Health^⁠(d). 16 ianuarie 2003. PA-03-057. Arhivat din original la 9 noiembrie 2014. Program announcement and request for grant applications (through 1 February 2006).

npr.org

Wang, Hansi Lo (29 ianuarie 2018). „No Middle Eastern Or North African Category On 2020 Census, Bureau Says”. NPR^⁠(d). Accesat în 16 august 2019.

nytimes.com

Zimmer, Carl (24 decembrie 2014). „White? Black? A Murky Distinction Grows Still Murkier”. The New York Times. Accesat în 24 decembrie 2014. On average, the scientists found, people who identified as African-American had genes that were only 73.2 percent African. European genes accounted for 24 percent of their DNA, while 0.8 percent came from Native Americans. Latinos, on the other hand, had genes that were on average 65.1 percent European, 18 percent Native American, and 6.2 percent African. The researchers found that European-Americans had genomes that were on average 98.6 percent European, 0.19 percent African, and 0.18 percent Native American. These broad estimates masked wide variation among individuals.
Zimmer, Carl (14 martie 2023). „Guidelines Warn Against Racial Categories in Genetic Research”. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Accesat în 17 aprilie 2023.
Reich, David (23 martie 2018). „How Genetics Is Changing Our Understanding of 'Race'”. The New York Times. Arhivat din original la 8 septembrie 2019. Accesat în 8 octombrie 2019. Groundbreaking advances in DNA sequencing technology have been made over the last two decades. These advances enable us to measure with exquisite accuracy what fraction of an individual's genetic ancestry traces back to, say, West Africa 500 years ago – before the mixing in the Americas of the West African and European gene pools that were almost completely isolated for the last 70,000 years. With the help of these tools, we are learning that while race may be a social construct, differences in genetic ancestry that happen to correlate to many of today's racial constructs are real. Recent genetic studies have demonstrated differences across populations not just in the genetic determinants of simple traits such as skin color, but also in more complex traits like bodily dimensions and susceptibility to diseases.

ons.gov.uk

"Office of National Statistics: Review of equality data: audit report" Arhivat în 26 august 2014, la Wayback Machine. Retrieved 24 September 2014.

oxforddictionaries.com

„Race²”. Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. Arhivat din original la 6 septembrie 2015. Accesat în 5 octombrie 2012. 1. Each of the major division of humankind, having distinct physical characteristics [example elided]. 1.1. mass noun The fact or condition of belonging to a racial division or group; the qualities or characteristics associated with this. 1.2. A group of people sharing the same culture, history, language, etc.; an ethnic group [example elided]. Dă 8 definiții, de la cea biologică la cea literară; doar cele mai pertinente au fost citate.

pbs.org

„Does Race Exist?”. www.pbs.org. 15 februarie 2000. Accesat în 9 noiembrie 2017.

philpapers.org

Kaplan, Jonathan Michael; Winther, Rasmus Grønfeldt (2014). „Realism, Antirealism, and Conventionalism About Race”. Philosophy of Science^⁠(d). 81 (5): 1039–1052. doi:10.1086/678314.
Winther, Rasmus Grønfeldt (2015). „The Genetic Reification of 'Race'?: A Story of Two Mathematical Methods” (PDF). Critical Philosophy of Race^⁠(d). 2 (2): 204–223.
„The Genetic Reification of "Race"? A story of two mathematical methods” (PDF). Accesat în 15 ianuarie 2020.

physanth.org

„AABA Statement on Race & Racism”. physanth.org.

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philsci-archive.pitt.edu

Pigliucci, Massimo; Kaplan, Jonathan (decembrie 2003). „On the Concept of Biological Race and Its Applicability to Humans”. Philosophy of Science^⁠(d). 70 (5): 1161–1172. doi:10.1086/377397.

psmag.com

White, Michael (30 mai 2014). „Why Your Race Isn't Genetic”. Pacific Standard^⁠(d). Accesat în 13 decembrie 2014. [O]ngoing contacts, plus the fact that we were a small, genetically homogeneous species to begin with, has resulted in relatively close genetic relationships, despite our worldwide presence. The DNA differences between humans increase with geographical distance, but boundaries between populations are, as geneticists Kenneth Weiss and Jeffrey Long put it, "multilayered, porous, ephemeral, and difficult to identify". Pure, geographically separated ancestral populations are an abstraction: "There is no reason to think that there ever were isolated, homogeneous parental populations at any time in our human past."

psychologytoday.com

Fuentes, Agustín (9 aprilie 2012). „Race Is Real, but not in the way Many People Think”. Psychology Today^⁠(d).

science.org

Yudell, M.; Roberts, D.; DeSalle, R.; Tishkoff, S. (5 februarie 2016). „Taking race out of human genetics”. Science. American Association for the Advancement of Science^⁠(d). 351 (6273): 564–565. Bibcode:2016Sci...351..564Y. doi:10.1126/science.aac4951. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 26912690.
Yudell, M.; Roberts, D.; DeSalle, R.; Tishkoff, S. (5 februarie 2016). „Taking race out of human genetics”. Science. American Association for the Advancement of Science^⁠(d). 351 (6273): 564–565. Bibcode:2016Sci...351..564Y. doi:10.1126/science.aac4951. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 26912690.
Kaiser, Jocelyn (14 martie 2023). „Geneticists should rethink how they use race and ethnicity, panel urges”. Science. Online. doi:10.1126/science.adh7982.

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Graves, Joseph (7 iunie 2006). „What We Know and What We Don't Know: Human Genetic Variation and the Social Construction of Race”. Race and Genomics. Arhivat din original la 3 iunie 2019. Accesat în 19 martie 2025.

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Hunley, Keith L.; Healy, Meghan E.; Long, Jeffrey C. (18 februarie 2009). „The global pattern of gene identity variation reveals a history of long-range migrations, bottlenecks, and local mate exchange: Implications for biological race” (PDF). American Journal of Physical Anthropology^⁠(d). 139 (1): 35–46. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20932. PMID 19226641.

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Oliveira Godinho, Neide Maria de (2008). O Impacto das Migrações na Constituição Genética de Populações Latino-Americanas (Teză) (în portugheză). Universidade de Brasília^⁠(d).

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virginia.edu

AAPA 1996, p. 714. "Pure races, in the sense of genetically homogeneous populations, do not exist in the human species today, nor is there any evidence that they have ever existed in the past." „AAPA statement on biological aspects of race” (PDF). American Journal of Physical Anthropology^⁠(d). American Association of Physical Anthropologists^⁠(d). 101 (4): 569–570. 1996. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1331010408. Arhivat din original (PDF) la 23 iulie 2004.

web.archive.org

Bryc, Katarzyna; Durand, Eric Y.; Macpherson, Michael; Reich, David; Mountain, Joanna L. (8 ianuarie 2015). „The Genetic Ancestry of African Americans, Latinos, and European Americans across the United States” (PDF). American Journal of Human Genetics^⁠(d). Cell Press^⁠(d) on behalf of the American Society of Human Genetics^⁠(d). 96 (1): 37–53. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.11.010. ISSN 0002-9297. PMC 4289685 . PMID 25529636. Arhivat din original (PDF) la 10 mai 2022. Accesat în 1 iunie 2022. The relationship between self-reported identity and genetic African ancestry, as well as the low numbers of self-reported African Americans with minor levels of African ancestry, provide insight into the complexity of genetic and social consequences of racial categorization, assortative mating, and the impact of notions of "race" on patterns of mating and self-identity in the US. Our results provide empirical support that, over recent centuries, many individuals with partial African and Native American ancestry have "passed" into the white community, with multiple lines of evidence establishing African and Native American ancestry in self-reported European Americans.
AAPA 1996, p. 714. "Pure races, in the sense of genetically homogeneous populations, do not exist in the human species today, nor is there any evidence that they have ever existed in the past." „AAPA statement on biological aspects of race” (PDF). American Journal of Physical Anthropology^⁠(d). American Association of Physical Anthropologists^⁠(d). 101 (4): 569–570. 1996. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1331010408. Arhivat din original (PDF) la 23 iulie 2004.
„Race²”. Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. Arhivat din original la 6 septembrie 2015. Accesat în 5 octombrie 2012. 1. Each of the major division of humankind, having distinct physical characteristics [example elided]. 1.1. mass noun The fact or condition of belonging to a racial division or group; the qualities or characteristics associated with this. 1.2. A group of people sharing the same culture, history, language, etc.; an ethnic group [example elided]. Dă 8 definiții, de la cea biologică la cea literară; doar cele mai pertinente au fost citate.
Reich, David (23 martie 2018). „How Genetics Is Changing Our Understanding of 'Race'”. The New York Times. Arhivat din original la 8 septembrie 2019. Accesat în 8 octombrie 2019. Groundbreaking advances in DNA sequencing technology have been made over the last two decades. These advances enable us to measure with exquisite accuracy what fraction of an individual's genetic ancestry traces back to, say, West Africa 500 years ago – before the mixing in the Americas of the West African and European gene pools that were almost completely isolated for the last 70,000 years. With the help of these tools, we are learning that while race may be a social construct, differences in genetic ancestry that happen to correlate to many of today's racial constructs are real. Recent genetic studies have demonstrated differences across populations not just in the genetic determinants of simple traits such as skin color, but also in more complex traits like bodily dimensions and susceptibility to diseases.
„How Not To Talk About Race And Genetics”. Buzzfeed News^⁠(d). 30 martie 2018. Arhivat din original la 30 august 2019. Accesat în 8 octombrie 2019. [The] robust body of scholarship recognizes the existence of geographically based genetic variation in our species, but shows that such variation is not consistent with biological definitions of race. Nor does that variation map precisely onto ever changing socially defined racial groups.
Graves, Joseph (7 iunie 2006). „What We Know and What We Don't Know: Human Genetic Variation and the Social Construction of Race”. Race and Genomics. Arhivat din original la 3 iunie 2019. Accesat în 19 martie 2025.
„New Ideas, New Fuels: Craig Venter at the Oxonian”. FORA.tv. 3 noiembrie 2008. Arhivat din original la 22 ianuarie 2009. Accesat în 18 aprilie 2009.
„Negros de origem européia” [Blacks of European origin]. afrobras.org.br (în portugheză). Arhivat din original la 24 noiembrie 2010.
„Brasil: 500 anos de povoamento” [Brazil: 500 years of settlement] (în portugheză). IBGE. Arhivat din original la 23 septembrie 2009. Accesat în 29 decembrie 2011.
„European Union Directives on the Prohibition of Discrimination”. HumanRights.is. Icelandic Human Rights Centre. Arhivat din original la 24 iulie 2012.
„Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity”. Office of Management and Budget^⁠(d). 30 octombrie 1997. Arhivat din original la 15 martie 2009. Accesat în 19 martie 2009. Also: U.S. Census Bureau Guidance on the Presentation and Comparison of Race and Hispanic Origin Data Arhivat în 8 aprilie 2019, la Wayback Machine. and B03002. Hispanic or Latino Origin by Race. 2007 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates Arhivat în 27 decembrie 1996, la Wayback Machine.
Štrkalj, Goran; Wang, Qian (2003). „On the Concept of Race in Chinese Biological Anthropology: Alive and Well” (PDF). Current Anthropology^⁠(d). University of Chicago Press^⁠(d). 44 (3): 403. doi:10.1086/374899. Arhivat din original (PDF) la 12 noiembrie 2013. Accesat în 12 noiembrie 2013.
Bindon, Jim (2005). „Post World War II” (PDF). University of Alabama^⁠(d). Arhivat din original (PDF) la 30 august 2006. Accesat în 28 august 2006.
„Social and Demographic Studies of Rance and Ethnicity in the United States”. Grants1.NIH.gov. US National Institutes of Health^⁠(d). 16 ianuarie 2003. PA-03-057. Arhivat din original la 9 noiembrie 2014. Program announcement and request for grant applications (through 1 February 2006).
„Office of Minority Health”. Minorityhealth.hhs.gov. 16 august 2011. Arhivat din original la 18 ianuarie 2013. Accesat în 30 decembrie 2012.
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"Office of National Statistics: Review of equality data: audit report" Arhivat în 26 august 2014, la Wayback Machine. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
Relethford, John H. (11 iulie 2002). „Apportionment of global human genetic diversity based on craniometrics and skin color” (PDF). American Journal of Physical Anthropology^⁠(d). 118 (4): 393–398. doi:10.1002/ajpa.10079. PMID 12124919. Arhivat din original (PDF) la 26 octombrie 2017. Accesat în 25 octombrie 2017.

webcitation.org

De Assis Poiares, Lilian; De Sá Osorio, Paulo; Spanhol, Fábio Alexandre; Coltre, Sidnei César; Rodenbusch, Rodrigo; Gusmão, Leonor; Largura, Alvaro; Sandrini, Fabiano; Da Silva, Cláudia Maria Dornelles (2010). „Allele frequencies of 15 STRs in a representative sample of the Brazilian population” (PDF). Forensic Science International: Genetics. 4 (2): e61–e63. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2009.05.006. PMID 20129458. Arhivat din original (PDF) la 8 aprilie 2011.

whitehouse.gov

„Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity”. Office of Management and Budget^⁠(d). 30 octombrie 1997. Arhivat din original la 15 martie 2009. Accesat în 19 martie 2009. Also: U.S. Census Bureau Guidance on the Presentation and Comparison of Race and Hispanic Origin Data Arhivat în 8 aprilie 2019, la Wayback Machine. and B03002. Hispanic or Latino Origin by Race. 2007 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates Arhivat în 27 decembrie 1996, la Wayback Machine.

wikidata.org

Barnshaw, John (2008). „Race”. În Schaefer, Richard T. Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society. 1. Sage Publications^⁠(d). pp. 1091–1093. ISBN 978-1-45-226586-5.
Using Population Descriptors in Genetics and Genomics Research: A New Framework for an Evolving Field (Consensus Study Report). National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine^⁠(d). 2023. doi:10.17226/26902. ISBN 978-0-309-70065-8. In humans, race is a socially constructed designation, a misleading and harmful surrogate for population genetic differences, and has a long history of being incorrectly identified as the major genetic reason for phenotypic differences between groups.
Amutah, C.; Greenidge, K.; Mante, A.; Munyikwa, M.; Surya, S. L.; Higginbotham, E.; Jones, D. S.; Lavizzo-Mourey, R.; Roberts, D. (martie 2021). Malina, D., ed. „Misrepresenting Race — The Role of Medical Schools in Propagating Physician Bias”. The New England Journal of Medicine^⁠(d). Massachusetts Medical Society^⁠(d). 384 (9): 872–878. doi:10.1056/NEJMms2025768. ISSN 1533-4406. PMID 33406326.
Yudell, M.; Roberts, D.; DeSalle, R.; Tishkoff, S. (5 februarie 2016). „Taking race out of human genetics”. Science. American Association for the Advancement of Science^⁠(d). 351 (6273): 564–565. Bibcode:2016Sci...351..564Y. doi:10.1126/science.aac4951. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 26912690.
Yudell, M.; Roberts, D.; DeSalle, R.; Tishkoff, S. (5 februarie 2016). „Taking race out of human genetics”. Science. American Association for the Advancement of Science^⁠(d). 351 (6273): 564–565. Bibcode:2016Sci...351..564Y. doi:10.1126/science.aac4951. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 26912690.
AAA 1998. : "For example, 'Evidence from the analysis of genetics (e.g., DNA) indicates that most physical variation, about 94%, lies within so-called racial groups. Conventional geographic "racial" groupings differ from one another only in about 6% of their genes. This means that there is greater variation within 'racial' groups than between them.'" „American Anthropological Association Statement on 'Race'”. AAAnet.org. American Anthropological Association^⁠(d). 17 mai 1998. Accesat în 18 aprilie 2009.
Fuentes, Agustín (9 aprilie 2012). „Race Is Real, but not in the way Many People Think”. Psychology Today^⁠(d).
Jorde, Lynn B.; Wooding, Stephen P. (2004). „Genetic variation, classification, and 'race'”. Nature. Nature Research^⁠(d). 36 (11 Suppl): S28–S33. doi:10.1038/ng1435 . ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 15508000. Ancestry, then, is a more subtle and complex description of an individual's genetic makeup than is race. This is in part a consequence of the continual mixing and migration of human populations throughout history. Because of this complex and interwoven history, many loci must be examined to derive even an approximate portrayal of individual ancestry.
White, Michael (30 mai 2014). „Why Your Race Isn't Genetic”. Pacific Standard^⁠(d). Accesat în 13 decembrie 2014. [O]ngoing contacts, plus the fact that we were a small, genetically homogeneous species to begin with, has resulted in relatively close genetic relationships, despite our worldwide presence. The DNA differences between humans increase with geographical distance, but boundaries between populations are, as geneticists Kenneth Weiss and Jeffrey Long put it, "multilayered, porous, ephemeral, and difficult to identify". Pure, geographically separated ancestral populations are an abstraction: "There is no reason to think that there ever were isolated, homogeneous parental populations at any time in our human past."
Bryc, Katarzyna; Durand, Eric Y.; Macpherson, Michael; Reich, David; Mountain, Joanna L. (8 ianuarie 2015). „The Genetic Ancestry of African Americans, Latinos, and European Americans across the United States” (PDF). American Journal of Human Genetics^⁠(d). Cell Press^⁠(d) on behalf of the American Society of Human Genetics^⁠(d). 96 (1): 37–53. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.11.010. ISSN 0002-9297. PMC 4289685 . PMID 25529636. Arhivat din original (PDF) la 10 mai 2022. Accesat în 1 iunie 2022. The relationship between self-reported identity and genetic African ancestry, as well as the low numbers of self-reported African Americans with minor levels of African ancestry, provide insight into the complexity of genetic and social consequences of racial categorization, assortative mating, and the impact of notions of "race" on patterns of mating and self-identity in the US. Our results provide empirical support that, over recent centuries, many individuals with partial African and Native American ancestry have "passed" into the white community, with multiple lines of evidence establishing African and Native American ancestry in self-reported European Americans.
AAPA 1996, p. 714. "Pure races, in the sense of genetically homogeneous populations, do not exist in the human species today, nor is there any evidence that they have ever existed in the past." „AAPA statement on biological aspects of race” (PDF). American Journal of Physical Anthropology^⁠(d). American Association of Physical Anthropologists^⁠(d). 101 (4): 569–570. 1996. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1331010408. Arhivat din original (PDF) la 23 iulie 2004.
Wang, Hansi Lo (29 ianuarie 2018). „No Middle Eastern Or North African Category On 2020 Census, Bureau Says”. NPR^⁠(d). Accesat în 16 august 2019.
Williams, S. M.; Templeton, A. R. (2003). „Race and Genomics”. New England Journal of Medicine^⁠(d). 348 (25): 2581–2582. doi:10.1056/nejm200306193482521. PMID 12815151.
„How Not To Talk About Race And Genetics”. Buzzfeed News^⁠(d). 30 martie 2018. Arhivat din original la 30 august 2019. Accesat în 8 octombrie 2019. [The] robust body of scholarship recognizes the existence of geographically based genetic variation in our species, but shows that such variation is not consistent with biological definitions of race. Nor does that variation map precisely onto ever changing socially defined racial groups.
Hunt, James (24 februarie 1863). „Introductory address on the study of Anthropology”. The Anthropological Review^⁠(d). 1: 3. ... we should always remember, that by whatever means the Negro, for instance, acquired his present physical, mental and moral character, whether he has risen from an ape or descended from a perfect man, we still know that the Races of Europe have now much in their mental and moral nature which the races of Africa have not got.
Lewin, Roger (2005). Human Evolution an illustrated introduction (ed. Fifth). Blackwell Publishing^⁠(d). p. 159.
Hirschman, Charles (2004). „The Origins and Demise of the Concept of Race”. Population and Development Review^⁠(d). 30 (3): 385–415. doi:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2004.00021.x. ISSN 1728-4457.
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Hirschman, Charles (2004). „The Origins and Demise of the Concept of Race”. Population and Development Review^⁠(d). 30 (3): 385–415. doi:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2004.00021.x. ISSN 1728-4457.
Hirschman, Charles (2004). „The Origins and Demise of the Concept of Race”. Population and Development Review^⁠(d). 30 (3): 385–415. doi:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2004.00021.x. ISSN 1728-4457.
Goodman, A. H. (noiembrie 2000). „Why genes don't count (for racial differences in health)”. American Journal of Public Health^⁠(d). 90 (11): 1699–1702. doi:10.2105/ajph.90.11.1699. ISSN 0090-0036. PMC 1446406 . PMID 11076233.
Goodman, A. H. (noiembrie 2000). „Why genes don't count (for racial differences in health)”. American Journal of Public Health^⁠(d). 90 (11): 1699–1702. doi:10.2105/ajph.90.11.1699. ISSN 0090-0036. PMC 1446406 . PMID 11076233.
Hunley, Keith L.; Cabana, Graciela S.; Long, Jeffrey C. (1 decembrie 2015). „The apportionment of human diversity revisited”. American Journal of Physical Anthropology^⁠(d). 160 (4): 561–569. doi:10.1002/ajpa.22899. ISSN 1096-8644. PMID 26619959.
Pigliucci, Massimo; Kaplan, Jonathan (decembrie 2003). „On the Concept of Biological Race and Its Applicability to Humans”. Philosophy of Science^⁠(d). 70 (5): 1161–1172. doi:10.1086/377397.
Walsh, Anthony; Yun, Ilhong (octombrie 2011). „Race and Criminology in the Age of Genomic Science”. Social Science Quarterly^⁠(d). 92 (5): 1279–1296. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6237.2011.00818.x.
Jorde, Lynn B.; Carey, John C.; Bamshad, Michael J.; White, Raymond L. (2000). Medical Genetics (ed. 2nd). Mosby^⁠(d). ISBN 978-0-8151-4608-7. ^{[necesită pagina]}
Romualdi, Chiara; Balding, David; Nasidze, Ivane S.; Risch, Gregory; Robichaux, Myles; Sherry, Stephen T.; Stoneking, Mark; Batzer, Mark A.; Barbujani, Guido (aprilie 2002). „Patterns of human diversity, within and among continents, inferred from biallelic DNA polymorphisms”. Genome Research^⁠(d). 12 (4): 602–612. doi:10.1101/gr.214902. ISSN 1088-9051. PMC 187513 . PMID 11932244.
Kaplan, Jonathan Michael; Winther, Rasmus Grønfeldt (2014). „Realism, Antirealism, and Conventionalism About Race”. Philosophy of Science^⁠(d). 81 (5): 1039–1052. doi:10.1086/678314.
Winther, Rasmus Grønfeldt (2015). „The Genetic Reification of 'Race'?: A Story of Two Mathematical Methods” (PDF). Critical Philosophy of Race^⁠(d). 2 (2): 204–223.
Hunley, Keith L.; Healy, Meghan E.; Long, Jeffrey C. (18 februarie 2009). „The global pattern of gene identity variation reveals a history of long-range migrations, bottlenecks, and local mate exchange: Implications for biological race” (PDF). American Journal of Physical Anthropology^⁠(d). 139 (1): 35–46. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20932. PMID 19226641.
Perry, Imani (2011). More Beautiful and More Terrible: The Embrace and Transcendence of Racial Inequality in the United States. New York: New York University Press^⁠(d). p. 23.
Perry, Imani (2011). More Beautiful and More Terrible: The Embrace and Transcendence of Racial Inequality in the United States. New York: New York University Press^⁠(d). p. 24.
Levine-Rasky, Cynthia, ed. (2002). Working through whiteness: international perspectives. SUNY Press^⁠(d). p. 73. ISBN 978-0-7914-5340-7. 'Money whitens' If any phrase encapsulates the association of whiteness and the modern in Latin America, this is it. It is a cliché formulated and reformulated throughout the region, a truism dependent upon the social experience that wealth is associated with whiteness, and that in obtaining the former one may become aligned with the latter (and vice versa).
Pena, Sérgio D. J.; Di Pietro, Giuliano; Fuchshuber-Moraes, Mateus; Genro, Julia Pasqualini; Hutz, Mara H.; Kehdy, Fernanda de Souza Gomes; Kohlrausch, Fabiana; Magno, Luiz Alexandre Viana; Montenegro, Raquel Carvalho (2011). Harpending, Henry, ed. „The Genomic Ancestry of Individuals from Different Geographical Regions of Brazil Is More Uniform Than Expected”. PLoS One^⁠(d). 6 (2): e17063. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...617063P. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017063. PMC 3040205 . PMID 21359226.
Oliveira Godinho, Neide Maria de (2008). O Impacto das Migrações na Constituição Genética de Populações Latino-Americanas (Teză) (în portugheză). Universidade de Brasília^⁠(d).
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„Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity”. Office of Management and Budget^⁠(d). 30 octombrie 1997. Arhivat din original la 15 martie 2009. Accesat în 19 martie 2009. Also: U.S. Census Bureau Guidance on the Presentation and Comparison of Race and Hispanic Origin Data Arhivat în 8 aprilie 2019, la Wayback Machine. and B03002. Hispanic or Latino Origin by Race. 2007 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates Arhivat în 27 decembrie 1996, la Wayback Machine.
Larsen, Clark Spencer, ed. (2010). A Companion to Biological Anthropology. Wiley-Blackwell^⁠(d). pp. 13, 26. ISBN 978-1-4051-8900-2. 'Race' as a typological characterization of human variation was to become a dominant theme in physical anthropology until the mid-twentieth century. ... Controversies over race did not end in the 1960s ... but there is a general sense in physical anthropology that the earlier use of race as a unit of study or as a conceptual unit is no longer viable and that this transition came in the 1960s.
Wagner, Jennifer K.; Yu, Joon-Ho; Ifekwunigwe, Jayne O.; Harrell, Tanya M.; Bamshad, Michael J.; Royal, Charmaine D. (februarie 2017). „Anthropologists' views on race, ancestry, and genetics”. American Journal of Physical Anthropology^⁠(d). 162 (2): 318–327. doi:10.1002/ajpa.23120. PMC 5299519 . PMID 27874171.
Štrkalj, Goran; Wang, Qian (2003). „On the Concept of Race in Chinese Biological Anthropology: Alive and Well” (PDF). Current Anthropology^⁠(d). University of Chicago Press^⁠(d). 44 (3): 403. doi:10.1086/374899. Arhivat din original (PDF) la 12 noiembrie 2013. Accesat în 12 noiembrie 2013.
Štrkalj, Goran (2007). „The Status of the Race Concept in Contemporary Biological Anthropology: A Review” (PDF). The Anthropologist^⁠(d). 9 (1): 73–78. doi:10.1080/09720073.2007.11890983.
Kaszycka, Katarzyna A.; Štrkalj, Goran; Strzalko, Jan (2009). „Current Views of European Anthropologists on Race: Influence of Educational and Ideological Background”. American Anthropologist^⁠(d). 111 (1): 43–56. doi:10.1111/j.1548-1433.2009.01076.x.
Lieberman, Leonard; Kirk, Rodney C.; Littlefield, Alice (2003). „Perishing Paradigm: Race 1931–1999”. American Anthropologist^⁠(d). 105 (1): 110–113. doi:10.1525/aa.2003.105.1.110.
An article in the same issue questions the precise rate of decline, but from their opposing perspective agrees that the Negroid/ Caucasoid/ Mongoloid paradigm has fallen into near-total disfavor.
^ Cartmill, Matt; Brown, Kaye (2003). „Surveying the Race Concept: A Reply to Lieberman, Kirk, and Littlefield”. American Anthropologist^⁠(d). 105 (1): 114–115. doi:10.1525/aa.2003.105.1.114.
AAA 1998. „American Anthropological Association Statement on 'Race'”. AAAnet.org. American Anthropological Association^⁠(d). 17 mai 1998. Accesat în 18 aprilie 2009.
Bindon, Jim (2005). „Post World War II” (PDF). University of Alabama^⁠(d). Arhivat din original (PDF) la 30 august 2006. Accesat în 28 august 2006.
Štrkalj, Goran (2007). „The Status of the Race Concept in Contemporary Biological Anthropology: A Review” (PDF). The Anthropologist^⁠(d). 9: 73–78. doi:10.1080/09720073.2007.11890983.
Morning, Ann (noiembrie 2007). „'Everyone Knows It's a Social Construct': Contemporary Science and the Nature of Race”. Sociological Focus^⁠(d). 40 (4): 436–454. doi:10.1080/00380237.2007.10571319.
Brace, C. Loring (1995). „Region Does not Mean 'Race': Reality Versus Convention in Forensic Anthropology”. Journal of Forensic Sciences^⁠(d). 40 (2): 29–33. doi:10.1520/JFS15336J.
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„Social and Demographic Studies of Rance and Ethnicity in the United States”. Grants1.NIH.gov. US National Institutes of Health^⁠(d). 16 ianuarie 2003. PA-03-057. Arhivat din original la 9 noiembrie 2014. Program announcement and request for grant applications (through 1 February 2006).
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worldcat.org

Amutah, C.; Greenidge, K.; Mante, A.; Munyikwa, M.; Surya, S. L.; Higginbotham, E.; Jones, D. S.; Lavizzo-Mourey, R.; Roberts, D. (martie 2021). Malina, D., ed. „Misrepresenting Race — The Role of Medical Schools in Propagating Physician Bias”. The New England Journal of Medicine^⁠(d). Massachusetts Medical Society^⁠(d). 384 (9): 872–878. doi:10.1056/NEJMms2025768. ISSN 1533-4406. PMID 33406326.
. ISSN 0036-8733. Arhivat din original|archive-url= necesită |url= (ajutor) la 14 februarie 2023. Lipsește sau este vid: |title= (ajutor)
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Yudell, M.; Roberts, D.; DeSalle, R.; Tishkoff, S. (5 februarie 2016). „Taking race out of human genetics”. Science. American Association for the Advancement of Science^⁠(d). 351 (6273): 564–565. Bibcode:2016Sci...351..564Y. doi:10.1126/science.aac4951. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 26912690.
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yale.edu

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youtube.com

The Royal Institution - panel discussion - What Science Tells us about Race and Racism. 16 martie 2016. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VXfaXpUE2T8.