Wood, D. M. and A. Borkent.Phylogeny and classification of the Nematocera / McAlpine J. F., M. Wood (eds.). — Manual of Neartic Diptera. Vol.3. — Ottawa, Hull: Canadian Government Publishing Centre, 1989. — С. 1333–1370. — 1333-1581 с. — (Research Branch Agriculture Canada Monograph No. 32). — ISBN 0-660-12961-2.