Атеизм (Russian Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Атеизм" in Russian language version.

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1911encyclopedia.org

  • Atheism. // Encyclopedia Britannica (1911). Дата обращения: 25 августа 2007. Архивировано 30 января 2012 года.

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  • Вопреки популярному мнению, что нельзя доказывать отрицательные суждения (которое, кстати, само является отрицательным суждением), иногда отрицательные суждения доказывать можно. (См., например, теорему Ферма.) Но ещё Парменид пришел к выводу, что не может существовать то, что само в себе содержит логическое противоречие. Так, мы твердо знаем, что не существует женатых холостяков, квадратных окружностей и самого большого числа, потому что такие понятия внутренне противоречивы. Они нарушают основной закон логики — закон противоречия — который гласит, что ничто не может одновремённо обладать и не обладать некоторым свойством. Поэтому один из путей доказательства любого безоговорочного отрицания — показать, что оно содержит в себе внутреннее противоречие. См. Теодор Шик, «Может ли наука доказать, что Бога нет?» Архивная копия от 12 ноября 2011 на Wayback Machine

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  • Nielsen K. E[англ.]. Atheism // Encyclopædia Britannica. — 2010.

    Atheism, in general, the critique and denial of metaphysical beliefs in God or spiritual beings… Instead of saying that an atheist is someone who believes that it is false or probably false that there is a God, a more adequate characterization of atheism consists in the more complex claim that to be an atheist is to be someone who rejects belief in God for the following reasons (which reason is stressed depends on how God is being conceived)… Atheism, however, casts a wider net and rejects all belief in “spiritual beings,” and to the extent that belief in spiritual beings is definitive of what it means for a system to be religious, atheism rejects religion.

  • Nielsen, Kai (2009). "Atheism". Encyclopædia Britannica. Архивировано 12 мая 2011. Дата обращения: 9 июня 2012. Источник. Дата обращения: 4 апреля 2011. Архивировано 12 мая 2011 года.

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  • Слово αθεοι не присутствует больше ни в каком виде ни в Септуагинте, ни в Новом Завете. Robertson A. T. Ephesians: Chapter 2 // Word Pictures in the New Testament (англ.). — Broadman Press[англ.], 1960.

    Old Greek word, not in LXX, only here in N.T. Atheists in the original sense of being without God and also in the sense of hostility to God from failure to worship him. See Paul’s words in Ro 1:18-32

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  • Song H. Metacognitive Model of Ambivalence: The Role of Multiple Beliefs and Metacognitions in Creating Attitude Ambivalence / H. Song, D. R. Ewoldsen // Communication Theory. — 2015. — Vol. 25, Is. 1. — P. 23—45. — doi:10.1111/comt.12050.

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  • Gallup poll. Дата обращения: 31 января 2013. Архивировано 19 октября 2013 года.
  • The Religiosity Index is a measure of the importance of religion for respondents and their self-reported attendance of religious services. For religions in which attendance at services is limited, care must be used in interpreting the data. (Gallup WorldView Архивная копия от 21 августа 2013 на Wayback Machine)

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  • Rowe W. L[англ.]. Atheism // Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy / ed. Edward Craig. — London, New York : Taylor & Francis, 1998. — ISBN 9780415073103.

    As commonly understood, atheism is the position that affirms the nonexistence of God. So an atheist is someone who disbelieves in God, whereas a theist is someone who believes in God. Another meaning of "atheism" is simply nonbelief in the existence of God, rather than positive belief in the nonexistence of God. …an atheist, in the broader sense of the term, is someone who disbelieves in every form of deity, not just the God of traditional Western theology.

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  • Франкл В. Человек в поисках смысла (недоступная ссылка)  (недоступная ссылка): Сборник: Пер. с англ. и нем. / Общ. ред. Л. Я. Гозмана и Д. А. Леонтьева; вст. ст. Д. А. Леонтьева. — М.: Прогресс, 1990. — 368 с: ил. — (Б-ка зарубежной психологии)

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  • Гараджа В. И. Атеизм // Новая философская энциклопедия / Стёпин В. С. — 2-е изд. — М. : Мысль, 2010. — ISBN 978-5-244-01115-9.

    АТЕИЗМ (франц. athéisme от греч. ἀ θεος – без бога, безбожие) – отрицание Бога (богов). Поскольку с отрицанием обязательным образом не связано никакое утверждение, понятие «атеизм» содержательно может быть определено только конкретно-исторически.

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merriam-webster.com

  • Theism. // Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Архивировано 30 января 2012 года.

    belief in the existence of a god or gods

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  • Zdybicka Z. J. Ateizm : [арх. 28 сентября 2020] // Powszechna encyklopedia filozofii[пол.]. — Lublin : Polskie Towarzystwo Tomasza z Akwinu, 2000. — Vol. 1.
  • Zdybicka, Zofia J. Atheism. Universal Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Polish Thomas Aquinas Association (2005). Дата обращения: 25 августа 2007. Архивировано из оригинала 26 сентября 2007 года. С. 4.
  • «A. J. Ayer presented an explicitly atheistic position. He regarded religious statements as meaningless because they are not empirically verifiable (the dogma of logical positivism). His well-known attack upon metaphysics and theology arose from his conviction that the entire body of facts lie within the world as it can be known by the empirical sciences(empirical scientism). Findlay, Smart and others are known for their attempts to show that the concept of God as necessary being is logically contradictory. Structuralism is represented especially by Levi-Strauss. It applied the structuralist method to the analysis of religious language and holds that religious language is chiefly a construct of man’s subconscious, but there is no real and transcendent meaning. Not only has God died, even His name should no longer occur within the horizon of knowledge because it has no meaning. Naturalism developed especially in the USA. It regards nature as the whole of being and as the basis of all phenomena. The creators of naturalism deny the existence of God and the immortality of the human soul. J. Dewey held that the acceptance of the existence of God in a certain way destroys the uniformity of reality and leads to a devaluation of the world (materialistic monism).» — Zdybicka Z.[англ.]. Atheism // Universal Encyclopedia of Philosophy. — Polish Thomas Aquinas Association, 2005. — С. 16—17. Архивировано 10 июня 2013 года.

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religionsfreiheit.net

  • Schirrmacher T. Iran: Suppression of religious freedom and persecution of religious minorities Архивная копия от 4 февраля 2012 на Wayback Machine // IJRF Vol 2:1, 2009. pp.111—130
    «Apostasy from Islam is subject to the death penalty, both in theory and in practice. The death penalty is imposed by the courts of justice and executed in prison but also carried out by Hezbollah groups by means of secret or public assassination. Capital punishment for apostasy from Islam, while so far not stipulated by law, is based on a decree issued by Ayatollah Khomeini and is considered to be part of the Sharia…»

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  • Albania. State.gov (15 сентября 2006). Дата обращения: 4 февраля 2011. Архивировано 1 февраля 2013 года. US Department of State — International religious freedom report 2006

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  • Faith L. Justice. Interview: James Morrow (англ.). // Strange Horizons (3 декабря 2001). — «That maxim, 'There are no atheists in foxholes,' it's not an argument against atheism -- it's an argument against foxholes». Дата обращения: 1 февраля 2021. Архивировано 13 сентября 2019 года.

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  • Nielsen K. E[англ.]. Atheism // Encyclopædia Britannica. — 2010.

    Atheism, in general, the critique and denial of metaphysical beliefs in God or spiritual beings… Instead of saying that an atheist is someone who believes that it is false or probably false that there is a God, a more adequate characterization of atheism consists in the more complex claim that to be an atheist is to be someone who rejects belief in God for the following reasons (which reason is stressed depends on how God is being conceived)… Atheism, however, casts a wider net and rejects all belief in “spiritual beings,” and to the extent that belief in spiritual beings is definitive of what it means for a system to be religious, atheism rejects religion.

  • Edwards P[англ.]. Atheism // Encyclopedia of philosophy / ed. Donald M. Borchert. — 2nd ed. — New York: Thomson Gale, 2006. — Vol. 1. — 6200 p. — ISBN 0-02-865780-2.

    On our definition, an 'atheist' is a person who rejects belief in God, regardless of whether or not his reason for the rejection is the claim that 'God exists' expresses a false proposition. People frequently adopt an attitude of rejection toward a position for reasons other than that it is a false proposition. It is common among contemporary philosophers, and indeed it was not uncommon in earlier centuries, to reject positions on the ground that they are meaningless. Sometimes, too, a theory is rejected on such grounds as that it is sterile or redundant or capricious, and there are many other considerations which in certain contexts are generally agreed to constitute good grounds for rejecting an assertion.

  • Rowe W. L[англ.]. Atheism // Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy / ed. Edward Craig. — London, New York : Taylor & Francis, 1998. — ISBN 9780415073103.

    As commonly understood, atheism is the position that affirms the nonexistence of God. So an atheist is someone who disbelieves in God, whereas a theist is someone who believes in God. Another meaning of "atheism" is simply nonbelief in the existence of God, rather than positive belief in the nonexistence of God. …an atheist, in the broader sense of the term, is someone who disbelieves in every form of deity, not just the God of traditional Western theology.

  • Atheism: Review. Ambiguity among religious terms. Origin of «Atheist». Resolving the ambiguity. (англ.). // ReligiousTolerance.org[англ.]. Дата обращения: 8 февраля 2021. Архивировано 6 декабря 2010 года.
  • Blackburn S. atheism // The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy[англ.] (англ.). — 3rd ed. — Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. — P. 35. — ISBN 978-0-19-873530-4.

    Atheism. Either the lack of belief in a god, or the belief that there is none.

  • Ferm V[англ.]. Atheism // Dictionary of Philosophy / ред. Runes, Dagobert D[англ.]. — New Jersey: Littlefield, Adams & Co. Philosophical Library, 1942 edition. — ISBN 0-06-463461-2.
  • Lacey A. Humanism // The Oxford Companion to Philosophy[англ.] (англ.) / Ted Honderich (ed.). — New York: Oxford University Press. — P. 376. — ISBN 0-19-866132-0.
  • Слово αθεοι не присутствует больше ни в каком виде ни в Септуагинте, ни в Новом Завете. Robertson A. T. Ephesians: Chapter 2 // Word Pictures in the New Testament (англ.). — Broadman Press[англ.], 1960.

    Old Greek word, not in LXX, only here in N.T. Atheists in the original sense of being without God and also in the sense of hostility to God from failure to worship him. See Paul’s words in Ro 1:18-32

  • Hanmer M.[англ.]. The auncient ecclesiasticall histories of the first six hundred years after Christ, written by Eusebius, Socrates, and Evagrius (англ.). — London, 1577. — P. 63.

    The opinion which they conceaue of you, to be Atheists, or godlesse men.

  • Drange Th. Atheism, Agnosticism, Noncognitivism (англ.). // Internet Infidels[англ.] (1998). Дата обращения: 1 мая 2013. Архивировано 10 мая 2013 года.
  • Lowder J. J. Atheism and Society (англ.). // Internet Infidels[англ.] (1997). Дата обращения: 25 августа 2007. Архивировано 30 января 2012 года.
  • Maritain J. On the Meaning of Contemporary Atheism (англ.) // The Review of Politics[англ.] : journal. — 1949. — July (vol. 11, no. 3). — P. 267—280. Архивировано 13 ноября 2005 года.
  • Schafersman S. D.[англ.]. Naturalism is an Essential Part of Science and Critical Inquiry : [арх. 9 февраля 2010] // Conference on Naturalism, Theism and the Scientific Enterprise. Department of Philosophy, The University of Texas. February 1997. Revised May 2007.
  • Joshi, L.R. A New Interpretation of Indian Atheism (англ.) // Philosophy East and West[англ.] : journal. — 1966. — Vol. 16, no. 3/4. — P. 189—206.
  • «A. J. Ayer presented an explicitly atheistic position. He regarded religious statements as meaningless because they are not empirically verifiable (the dogma of logical positivism). His well-known attack upon metaphysics and theology arose from his conviction that the entire body of facts lie within the world as it can be known by the empirical sciences(empirical scientism). Findlay, Smart and others are known for their attempts to show that the concept of God as necessary being is logically contradictory. Structuralism is represented especially by Levi-Strauss. It applied the structuralist method to the analysis of religious language and holds that religious language is chiefly a construct of man’s subconscious, but there is no real and transcendent meaning. Not only has God died, even His name should no longer occur within the horizon of knowledge because it has no meaning. Naturalism developed especially in the USA. It regards nature as the whole of being and as the basis of all phenomena. The creators of naturalism deny the existence of God and the immortality of the human soul. J. Dewey held that the acceptance of the existence of God in a certain way destroys the uniformity of reality and leads to a devaluation of the world (materialistic monism).» — Zdybicka Z.[англ.]. Atheism // Universal Encyclopedia of Philosophy. — Polish Thomas Aquinas Association, 2005. — С. 16—17. Архивировано 10 июня 2013 года.
  • Michael, S. M. Dalit Visions of a Just Society // Untouchable: Dalits in Modern India / S. M. Michael (ed.). — Lynne Rienner Publishers[англ.], 1999. — С. 31—33.
  • * Alister McGrath and Joanna Collicutt McGrath, The Dawkins Delusion? Atheist Fundamentalism and the Denial of the Divine — Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge[англ.], February 15, 2007, ISBN 978-0-281-05927-0

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  • Kenny A. Worshipping an Unknown God // Ratio. — 2006. — Т. 19, № 4. — С. 442. Архивировано 14 февраля 2021 года.

    Те, кто не верят в Бога, поскольку считают, что истинность утверждения «Бог существует» не установлена, могут называться негативными атеистами-агностиками, или просто агностиками.

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