Bank for International Settlements — The Role of Central Bank Money in Payment Systems. See page 9, titled, «The coexistence of central and commercial bank monies: multiple issuers, one currency»: http://www.bis.org/publ/cpss55.pdfАрхивная копия от 9 сентября 2008 на Wayback Machine
A quick quote in reference to the 2 different types of money is listed on page 3. It is the first sentence of the document:
«Contemporary monetary systems are based on the mutually reinforcing roles of central bank money and commercial bank monies.»
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(Krugman & Wells 2009, Chapter 14: Money, Banking, and the Federal Reserve System: Reserves, Bank Deposits, and the Money Multiplier, pp. 393–396)
An explanation of how it works from the New York Regional Reserve Bank of the US Federal Reserve system. Scroll down to the «Reserve Requirements and Money Creation» section. Here is what it says:
«Reserve requirements affect the potential of the banking system to create transaction deposits. If the reserve requirement is 10 %, for example, a bank that receives a $100 deposit may lend out $90 of that deposit. If the borrower then writes a check to someone who deposits the $90, the bank receiving that deposit can lend out $81. As the process continues, the banking system can expand the initial deposit of $100 into a maximum of $1,000 of money ($100+$90+81+$72.90+…=$1,000). In contrast, with a 20 % reserve requirement, the banking system would be able to expand the initial $100 deposit into a maximum of $500 ($100+$80+$64+$51.20+…=$500). Thus, higher reserve requirements should result in reduced money creation and, in turn, in reduced economic activity.
In practice, the connection between reserve requirements and money creation is not nearly as strong as the exercise above would suggest. Reserve requirements apply only to transaction accounts, which are components of M1, a narrowly defined measure of money. Deposits that are components of M2 and M3 (but not M1), such as savings accounts and time deposits, have no reserve requirements and therefore can expand without regard to reserve levels. Furthermore, the Federal Reserve operates in a way that permits banks to acquire the reserves they need to meet their requirements from the money market, so long as they are willing to pay the prevailing price (the federal funds rate) for borrowed reserves. Consequently, reserve requirements currently play a relatively limited role in money creation in the United States»
Bank for International Settlements — The Role of Central Bank Money in Payment Systems. See page 9, titled, «The coexistence of central and commercial bank monies: multiple issuers, one currency»: http://www.bis.org/publ/cpss55.pdfАрхивная копия от 9 сентября 2008 на Wayback Machine
A quick quote in reference to the 2 different types of money is listed on page 3. It is the first sentence of the document:
«Contemporary monetary systems are based on the mutually reinforcing roles of central bank money and commercial bank monies.»
An explanation of how it works from the New York Regional Reserve Bank of the US Federal Reserve system. Scroll down to the «Reserve Requirements and Money Creation» section. Here is what it says:
«Reserve requirements affect the potential of the banking system to create transaction deposits. If the reserve requirement is 10 %, for example, a bank that receives a $100 deposit may lend out $90 of that deposit. If the borrower then writes a check to someone who deposits the $90, the bank receiving that deposit can lend out $81. As the process continues, the banking system can expand the initial deposit of $100 into a maximum of $1,000 of money ($100+$90+81+$72.90+…=$1,000). In contrast, with a 20 % reserve requirement, the banking system would be able to expand the initial $100 deposit into a maximum of $500 ($100+$80+$64+$51.20+…=$500). Thus, higher reserve requirements should result in reduced money creation and, in turn, in reduced economic activity.
In practice, the connection between reserve requirements and money creation is not nearly as strong as the exercise above would suggest. Reserve requirements apply only to transaction accounts, which are components of M1, a narrowly defined measure of money. Deposits that are components of M2 and M3 (but not M1), such as savings accounts and time deposits, have no reserve requirements and therefore can expand without regard to reserve levels. Furthermore, the Federal Reserve operates in a way that permits banks to acquire the reserves they need to meet their requirements from the money market, so long as they are willing to pay the prevailing price (the federal funds rate) for borrowed reserves. Consequently, reserve requirements currently play a relatively limited role in money creation in the United States»
