McAlpine J. F.Phylogeny and classification of the Muscomorpha / McAlpine J. F., M. Wood (eds.). — Manual of Neartic Diptera. Vol.3.. — Ottawa, Hull: Canadian Government Publishing Centre, 1989. — С. 1397—1518. — 1333-1581 с. — (Research Branch Agriculture Canada Monograph No. 32). — ISBN 0-660-12961-2.