Probably at a lower level too, the Chalcedonian element in the Armenian church seems to have remained and felt just as ‘Armenian’ as its opponents, well into the eleventh century. Armenian Chalcedonians were characterized by bilinguilism and trilinguilism, used Armenian rites and traditions, and avoided merging, or identification, with their Georgian and Greek co-religionists. Thus though these co-religionists pressed Armenian Chalcedonians to celebrate the litugy in Georgian or Greek, the late tenth-century Chalcedonian David of Taykc preferred an Armenian translation he commissioned, from Arabic, and the late eleventh-century prince Gabriel of Melitene is described by the twelfth-century historian William of Tyre as Greek by religion, Armenian by race, language and custom.
