Hipoteza o multiregionalnom porijeklu modernog čovjeka (Serbo-Croatian Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Hipoteza o multiregionalnom porijeklu modernog čovjeka" in Serbo-Croatian language version.

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Wolpoff, M.H., and R. Caspari. (2000). "The Many Species of Humanity". Przegląd Antropologiczny (Anthropological Review) 63(1):3-17.

archive.org

Wu, X., Poirier, F. E. (1995).Human evolution in China: a metric description of the fossils and a review of the sites. New York: Oxford University Press.
The CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase CMAH pseudogene shows 2.9 Mya coalescence time. Hayakawa, T; Aki, I; Varki, A; Satta, Y; Takahata, N (February 2006). „Fixation of the Human-Specific CMP-N-Acetylneuraminic Acid Hydroxylase Pseudogene and Implications of Haplotype Diversity for Human Evolution”. Genetics 172 (2): 1139–46. DOI:10.1534/genetics.105.046995. ISSN 0016-6731. PMC 1456212. PMID 16272417.
The NAT1 lineage tree is rooted in Eurasia with a coalescence time of 2.0 Mya that cannot be explained by balancing selection and with the NAT1*11A haplotype absent from subsaharan Africa. Patin, E.; Barreiro, L. B.; Sabeti, P. C.; Austerlitz, F.; Luca, F.; Sajantila, A.; Behar, D. M. Semino, O.; Sakuntabhai, A.; Guiso, N.; Gicquel, B.; Mcelreavey, K.; Harding, R. M.; Heyer, E.; Quintana-Murci, L. (March 2006). „Deciphering the Ancient and Complex Evolutionary History of Human Arylamine N-Acetyltransferase Genes”. American Journal of Human Genetics 78 (3): 423–36. DOI:10.1086/500614. ISSN 0002-9297. PMC 1380286. PMID 16416399.
* Witherspoon, D. J.; Wooding, S.; Rogers, A. R.; Marchani, E. E.; Watkins, W. S.; Batzer, M. A.; Jorde, L. B. (2007). „Genetic Similarities Within and Between Human Populations”. Genetics 176 (1): 351–9. DOI:10.1534/genetics.106.067355. PMC 1893020. PMID 17339205.
Witherspoon DJ, Wooding S, Rogers AR, et al. (May 2007). „Genetic Similarities Within and Between Human Populations”. Genetics 176 (1): 351–9. DOI:10.1534/genetics.106.067355. PMC 1893020. PMID 17339205.
Hua Liu, et al. (2006). „A Geographically Explicit Genetic Model of Worldwide Human-Settlement History”. American Journal of Human Genetics 79 (2): 230–237. DOI:10.1086/505436. PMC 1559480. PMID 16826514.

biochemsoctrans.org

J. Hardy, A. Pittman, A. Myers, K. Gwinn-Hardy, H. C. Fung, R. de Silva, M. Hutton and J. Duckworth (2005). „Evidence suggesting that Homo neanderthalensis contributed the H2 MAPT haplotype to Homo sapiens”. Biochemical Society Transactions 33, part 4: 582–585.

biomedcentral.com

NAT2 SNPs lineages cluster in sub-Saharan Africa, Europe, and East Asia, with genetic distances scaling with geographic distances. Sabbagh, A.; Langaney, A.; Darlu, P.; Gérard, N.; Krishnamoorthy, R.; Poloni, E. S. (February 2008). „Worldwide distribution of NAT2 diversity: Implications for NAT2 evolutionary history” (Free full text). BMC genetics 9: 21. DOI:10.1186/1471-2156-9-21. PMC 2292740. PMID 18304320. Also see map; may resize browser window.

books.google.com

McBride B, Haviland WE, Prins HEL, Walrath D (2009). The Essence of Anthropology. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing. str. 90. ISBN 978-0-495-59981-4.
Reid GBR, Hetherington R (2010). The climate connection: climate change and modern human evolution. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. str. 64. ISBN 0-521-14723-9.
Meredith M (2011). Born in Africa: The Quest for the Origins of Human Life. New York: PublicAffairs. ISBN 1-58648-663-2. ^{[mrtav link]}

doi.org

dx.doi.org

Wolpoff, M. H.; J. N. Spuhler, F. H. Smith, J. Radovcic, G. Pope, D. W. Frayer, R. Eckhardt and G. Clark (1988). "Modern Human Origins" Science 241 (4867) 772–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.3136545
Wolpoff, MH; Hawks, J; Caspari, R (2000). „Multiregional, not multiple origins” (pdf). American Journal of Physical Anthropology 112 (1): 129–36. DOI:10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(200005)112:1<129::AID-AJPA11>3.0.CO;2-K. PMID 10766948.
Wolpoff, Milford H.; John Hawks; David W. Frayer; Keith Hunley (2001). „Modern Human Ancestry at the Peripheries: A Test of the Replacement Theory”. Science (AAAS) 291 (5502): 293–297. Bibcode 2001Sci...291..293W. DOI:10.1126/science.291.5502.293. PMID 11209077.
Harvati, Katerina; Stephen R. Frost and Kieran P McNulty (2004). „Neanderthal taxonomy reconsidered: Implications of 3D primate models of intra- and interspecific differences”. PNAS 101 (5): 1147–1152. Bibcode 2004PNAS..101.1147H. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0308085100. PMC 337021. PMID 14745010.
Pearson, Osbjorn M. (2004). „Has the Combination of Genetic and Fossil Evidence Solved the Riddle of Modern Human Origins?”. Evolutionary Anthropology 13 (4): 145–159. DOI:10.1002/evan.20017.
Wolpoff, Milford; Bruce Mannheim, Alan Mann, John Hawks, Rachel Caspari, Karen R. Rosenberg, David W. Frayer, George W. Gill and Geoffrey Clark (2004). „Why not the Neandertals?”. World Archaeology 36 (4): 527. DOI:10.1080/0043824042000303700.
Trinkaus, E. (May 2007). „European early modern humans and the fate of the Neandertals” (Free full text). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104 (18): 7367–72. Bibcode 2007PNAS..104.7367T. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0702214104. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 1863481. PMID 17452632.
Duarte C., 2. Maurício J., Pettitt P., Souto P., Trinkaus E., van der Plicht H., Zilhão J. (1999). „The early Upper Paleolithic human skeleton from the Abrigo do Lagar Velho (Portugal) and modern human emergence in Iberia”. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96 (13): 7604–7609. Bibcode 1999PNAS...96.7604D. DOI:10.1073/pnas.96.13.7604. PMC 22133. PMID 10377462.
Trinkaus, E.; Moldovan, O.; Milota, S.; Bîlgăr, A.; Sarcina, L.; Athreya, S.; Bailey, S. E.; Rodrigo, R.; Mircea, G.; Higham, T.; Ramsey, C. B.; van der Plicht, J. (September 2003). „An early modern human from the Peştera cu Oase, Romania” (free full text). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100 (20): 11231–11236. Bibcode 2003PNAS..10011231T. DOI:10.1073/pnas.2035108100. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 208740. PMID 14504393. »When multiple measurements are undertaken, the mean result can be determined through averaging the activity ratios. For Oase 1, this provides a weighted average activity ratio of 〈14a〉 = 1.29 ± 0.15%, resulting in a combined OxA-GrA 14C age of 34,950, +990, and −890 B.P.«
Tattersall, Ian, and Schwartz, Jeffrey H. (1999). „Hominids and hybrids: The place of Neanderthals in human evolution”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 96 (13): 7117–7119. Bibcode 1999PNAS...96.7117T. DOI:10.1073/pnas.96.13.7117. PMC 33580. PMID 10377375.
Cann, Rebecca L., Stoneking, Mark, and Wilson, Allan C. (1987-01-01). „Mitochondrial DNA and human evolution”. Nature 325 (6099): 31–36. Bibcode 1987Natur.325...31C. DOI:10.1038/325031a0. PMID 3025745. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2010-08-13. Pristupljeno 2014-11-28.
Relethford, J. H. (2008-03-05). „Genetic evidence and the modern human origins debate”. Heredity (Macmillan) 100 (6): 555–63. DOI:10.1038/hdy.2008.14. PMID 18322457.
Krings M, Stone A, Schmitz RW, Krainitzki H, Stoneking M, Pääbo S (July 1997). „Neandertal DNA sequences and the origin of modern humans”. Cell 90 (1): 19–30. DOI:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80310-4. PMID 9230299.
Hammer, M. F., et. al." (1998). „Out of Africa and Back Again: Nested Cladistic Analysis of Human Y Chromosome Variation”. Molecular Biology and Evolution 15 (4): 427–441. DOI:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025939. PMID 9549093.
Hammer, M. F.; Garrigan, D.; Wood, E.; Wilder, J. A.; Mobasher, Z.; Bigham, A.; Krenz, J. G.; Nachman, M. W. (August 2004). „Heterogeneous patterns of variation among multiple human x-linked Loci: the possible role of diversity-reducing selection in non-africans” (Free full text). Genetics 167 (4): 1841–53. DOI:10.1534/genetics.103.025361. ISSN 0016-6731. PMC 1470985. PMID 15342522. Additional discussion of these results is available in a video of a presentation given by Hammer at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ff0jwWaPlnU (video) from about 40 to 50 minutes into the video.
The CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase CMAH pseudogene shows 2.9 Mya coalescence time. Hayakawa, T; Aki, I; Varki, A; Satta, Y; Takahata, N (February 2006). „Fixation of the Human-Specific CMP-N-Acetylneuraminic Acid Hydroxylase Pseudogene and Implications of Haplotype Diversity for Human Evolution”. Genetics 172 (2): 1139–46. DOI:10.1534/genetics.105.046995. ISSN 0016-6731. PMC 1456212. PMID 16272417.
The PDHA1 (pyruvate dehydrogenase) locus on the X chromosome has an estimated coalescence time of 1.86 Mya, inconsistent with a recent species origin, although the worldwide lineage pattern is unlike other autosomal sites and may be consistent with recent dispersal from Africa. Rosalind M. Harding (March 16, 1999). „More on the X files”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 96 (6): 2582–2584. Bibcode 1999PNAS...96.2582H. DOI:10.1073/pnas.96.6.2582.
A second group finds the same ancient origin for PDHA1, but finds no evidence of a recent expansion, consistent with other autosomal and X chromosome sites and contrary to mitochondrial data. Harris, E. E.; Jody Hey (1999). „X chromosome evidence for ancient human histories”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 96 (6): 3320–4. Bibcode 1999PNAS...96.3320H. DOI:10.1073/pnas.96.6.3320. PMC 15940. PMID 10077682.
The ASAH1 gene has two recently differentiated lineages with a coalescence time 2.4±.4 Mya not explainable by balancing selection. The V lineage shows evidence of recent positive selection. The lineage pattern may be the result of hybridization during a recent range expansion from Africa with the V lineage tracing to archaic humans from outside Africa, though it is also consistent with a mixture of two long isolated groups within Africa; it is not consistent with a recent origination of a modern human species that replaced archaic forms without interbreeding. Kim, Hl; Satta, Y (March 2008). „Population Genetic Analysis of the N-Acylsphingosine Amidohydrolase Gene Associated With Mental Activity in Humans” (Free full text). Genetics 178 (3): 1505–15. DOI:10.1534/genetics.107.083691. ISSN 0016-6731. PMC 2278054. PMID 18245333. »"It is speculated that, when modern humans dispersed from Africa, admixture of the distinct V and M lineages occurred and the V lineage has since spread in the entire population by possible positive selection."«
Daniel Garrigan, Zahra Mobasher, Sarah B. Kingan, Jason A. Wilder and Michael F. Hammer (August 2005). „Deep Haplotype Divergence and Long-Range Linkage Disequilibrium at Xp21.1 Provide Evidence That Humans Descend From a Structured Ancestral Population”. Genetics 170 (4): 1849–1856. DOI:10.1534/genetics.105.041095. PMC 1449746. PMID 15937130.
NAT2 SNPs lineages cluster in sub-Saharan Africa, Europe, and East Asia, with genetic distances scaling with geographic distances. Sabbagh, A.; Langaney, A.; Darlu, P.; Gérard, N.; Krishnamoorthy, R.; Poloni, E. S. (February 2008). „Worldwide distribution of NAT2 diversity: Implications for NAT2 evolutionary history” (Free full text). BMC genetics 9: 21. DOI:10.1186/1471-2156-9-21. PMC 2292740. PMID 18304320. Also see map; may resize browser window.
The NAT1 lineage tree is rooted in Eurasia with a coalescence time of 2.0 Mya that cannot be explained by balancing selection and with the NAT1*11A haplotype absent from subsaharan Africa. Patin, E.; Barreiro, L. B.; Sabeti, P. C.; Austerlitz, F.; Luca, F.; Sajantila, A.; Behar, D. M. Semino, O.; Sakuntabhai, A.; Guiso, N.; Gicquel, B.; Mcelreavey, K.; Harding, R. M.; Heyer, E.; Quintana-Murci, L. (March 2006). „Deciphering the Ancient and Complex Evolutionary History of Human Arylamine N-Acetyltransferase Genes”. American Journal of Human Genetics 78 (3): 423–36. DOI:10.1086/500614. ISSN 0002-9297. PMC 1380286. PMID 16416399.
Garrigan, D.; Mobasher, Z.; Severson, T.; Wilder, J. A.; Hammer, M. F. (February 2005). „Evidence for archaic Asian ancestry on the human X chromosome” (Free full text). Molecular Biology and Evolution 22 (2): 189–92. DOI:10.1093/molbev/msi013. ISSN 0737-4038. PMID 15483323.
Cox, M. P.; Mendez, F. L.; Karafet, T. M.; Pilkington, M. M.; Kingan, S. B.; Destro-Bisol, G.; Strassmann, B. I.; Hammer, M. F. (January 2008). „Testing for Archaic Hominin Admixture on the X Chromosome: Model Likelihoods for the Modern Human RRM2P4 Region From Summaries of Genealogical Topology Under the Structured Coalescent” (Free full text). Genetics 178 (1): 427–37. DOI:10.1534/genetics.107.080432. ISSN 0016-6731. PMC 2206091. PMID 18202385.
Zody, M. C.; Jiang, Z.; Fung, H. C.; Antonacci, F. Hillier, L. W.; Cardone, M. F.; Graves, T. A.; Kidd, J. M.; Cheng, Z.; Abouelleil, A.; Chen, L.; Wallis, J.; Glasscock, J.; Wilson, R. K.; Reily, A. D.; Duckworth, J.; Ventura, M.; Hardy, J.; Warren, W. C.; Eichler, E. E. (August 2008). „Evolutionary Toggling of the MAPT 17q21.31 Inversion Region”. Nature Genetics 40 (9): 1076–83. DOI:10.1038/ng.193. ISSN 1061-4036. PMC 2684794. PMID 19165922.
Almos, P. Z.; Horváth, S.; Czibula, A.; Raskó, I.; Sipos, B.; Bihari, P.; Béres, J.; Juhász, A.; Janka, Z.; Kálmán, J. (November 2008). „H1 tau haplotype-related genomic variation at 17q21.3 as an Asian heritage of the European Gypsy population”. Heredity 101 (5): 416–9. DOI:10.1038/hdy.2008.70. ISSN 0018-067X. PMID 18648385.
Stefansson H., Helgason A., Thorleifsson G., Steinthorsdottir V., Masson G., Barnard J., Baker A., Jonasdottir A., Ingason A., Gudnadottir V. G., et. al. (2005-01-16). „A common inversion under selection in Europeans”. Nature Genetics 37 (2): 129–137. DOI:10.1038/ng1508. PMID 15654335.
Evans, P. D.; Mekel-Bobrov, N.; Vallender, E. J.; Hudson, R. R.; Lahn, B. T. (November 2006). „Evidence that the adaptive allele of the brain size gene microcephalin introgressed into Homo sapiens from an archaic Homo lineage” (Free full text). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103 (48): 18178–83. Bibcode 2006PNAS..10318178E. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0606966103. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 1635020. PMID 17090677.
Trinkaus, E. (May 2007). „European early modern humans and the fate of the Neandertals” (Free full text). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104 (18): 7367–72. Bibcode 2007PNAS..104.7367T. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0702214104. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 1863481. PMID 17452632.
Evans, P. D.; Gilbert, S. L.; Mekel-Bobrov, N.; Vallender, E. J.; Anderson, J. R.; Vaez-Azizi, L. M.; Tishkoff, S. A.; Hudson, R. R.; Lahn, B. T. (September 2005). „Microcephalin, a gene regulating brain size, continues to evolve adaptively in humans”. Science 309 (5741): 1717–20. Bibcode 2005Sci...309.1717E. DOI:10.1126/science.1113722. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 16151009.
Templeton, Alan R. (2005). „Haplotype Trees and Modern Human Origins”. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 48 (S41): 33–59. DOI:10.1002/ajpa.20351.
Yotova, Vania; Lefebvre, Jean-Francois i dr.. „An X-Linked Haplotype of Neandertal Origin Is Present Among All Non-African Populations”. Molecular Biology and Evolution (Oxford University Press) 28 (7): 1957–1962. DOI:10.1093/molbev/msr024. PMID 21266489.
Reich et. al. (2011). „Denisova Admixture and the First Modern Human Dispersals into Southeast Asia and Oceania”. The American Journal of Human Genetics 89 (4). DOI:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.09.005. PMC 3188841. PMID 21944045.
Noonan, James P., et. al. (2006-11-17). „Sequencing and Analysis of Neanderthal Genomic DNA”. Science 314 (5802): 1113–1118. Bibcode 2006Sci...314.1113N. DOI:10.1126/science.1131412. PMC 2583069. PMID 17110569.
Green, Richard E., et. al. (2010-05-07). „A Draft Sequence of the Neandertal Genome”. Science 328 (5979): 710–722. Bibcode 2010Sci...328..710G. DOI:10.1126/science.1188021. PMID 20448178.
Reich, David, et al. (2010-12-23). „Genetic history of an archaic hominin group from Denisova Cave in Siberia”. Nature 468 (7327): 1053–1060. Bibcode 2010Natur.468.1053R. DOI:10.1038/nature09710. PMID 21179161.
Laurent Abi-Rached, et. al. (2011-08-25). „The Shaping of Modern Human Immune Systems by Multiregional Admixture with Archaic Humans”. Science 334 (6052): 89–94. Bibcode 2011Sci...334...89A. DOI:10.1126/science.1209202. PMC 3677943. PMID 21868630. Arhivirano iz originala na datum Aug 2011.
* Witherspoon, D. J.; Wooding, S.; Rogers, A. R.; Marchani, E. E.; Watkins, W. S.; Batzer, M. A.; Jorde, L. B. (2007). „Genetic Similarities Within and Between Human Populations”. Genetics 176 (1): 351–9. DOI:10.1534/genetics.106.067355. PMC 1893020. PMID 17339205.
Witherspoon DJ, Wooding S, Rogers AR, et al. (May 2007). „Genetic Similarities Within and Between Human Populations”. Genetics 176 (1): 351–9. DOI:10.1534/genetics.106.067355. PMC 1893020. PMID 17339205.
Relethford. John. H. (2001-04-12). „Absence of Regional Affinities of Neandertal DNA with Living Humans Does Not Reject Multiregional Evolution”. Physical Anthropology 115 (1): 95–98. DOI:10.1002/ajpa.1060.
Hua Liu, et al. (2006). „A Geographically Explicit Genetic Model of Worldwide Human-Settlement History”. American Journal of Human Genetics 79 (2): 230–237. DOI:10.1086/505436. PMC 1559480. PMID 16826514.
Weaver, Timothy D.; Charles C. Roseman (2008). „New developments in the genetic evidence for modern human origins”. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews (Wiley–Liss) 17 (1): 69–80. DOI:10.1002/evan.20161. ^{[mrtav link]}
Fagundes, N. J.; Ray N.; Beaumont M.; Neuenschwander S.; Salzano F. M.; Bonatto S. L.; Excoffier L. (2007). „Statistical evaluation of alternative models of human evolution”. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104 (45): 17614–9. Bibcode 2007PNAS..10417614F. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0708280104. PMC 2077041. PMID 17978179.
Lahr, M. M. (1994). „The Multiregional Model of Modern Human Origins: A Reassessment of its Morphological Basis”. Journal of Human Evolution 26: 23–56. DOI:10.1006/jhev.1994.1003.

genetics.org

Hammer, M. F.; Garrigan, D.; Wood, E.; Wilder, J. A.; Mobasher, Z.; Bigham, A.; Krenz, J. G.; Nachman, M. W. (August 2004). „Heterogeneous patterns of variation among multiple human x-linked Loci: the possible role of diversity-reducing selection in non-africans” (Free full text). Genetics 167 (4): 1841–53. DOI:10.1534/genetics.103.025361. ISSN 0016-6731. PMC 1470985. PMID 15342522. Additional discussion of these results is available in a video of a presentation given by Hammer at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ff0jwWaPlnU (video) from about 40 to 50 minutes into the video.
The ASAH1 gene has two recently differentiated lineages with a coalescence time 2.4±.4 Mya not explainable by balancing selection. The V lineage shows evidence of recent positive selection. The lineage pattern may be the result of hybridization during a recent range expansion from Africa with the V lineage tracing to archaic humans from outside Africa, though it is also consistent with a mixture of two long isolated groups within Africa; it is not consistent with a recent origination of a modern human species that replaced archaic forms without interbreeding. Kim, Hl; Satta, Y (March 2008). „Population Genetic Analysis of the N-Acylsphingosine Amidohydrolase Gene Associated With Mental Activity in Humans” (Free full text). Genetics 178 (3): 1505–15. DOI:10.1534/genetics.107.083691. ISSN 0016-6731. PMC 2278054. PMID 18245333. »"It is speculated that, when modern humans dispersed from Africa, admixture of the distinct V and M lineages occurred and the V lineage has since spread in the entire population by possible positive selection."«
Daniel Garrigan, Zahra Mobasher, Sarah B. Kingan, Jason A. Wilder and Michael F. Hammer (August 2005). „Deep Haplotype Divergence and Long-Range Linkage Disequilibrium at Xp21.1 Provide Evidence That Humans Descend From a Structured Ancestral Population”. Genetics 170 (4): 1849–1856. DOI:10.1534/genetics.105.041095. PMC 1449746. PMID 15937130.
Cox, M. P.; Mendez, F. L.; Karafet, T. M.; Pilkington, M. M.; Kingan, S. B.; Destro-Bisol, G.; Strassmann, B. I.; Hammer, M. F. (January 2008). „Testing for Archaic Hominin Admixture on the X Chromosome: Model Likelihoods for the Modern Human RRM2P4 Region From Summaries of Genealogical Topology Under the Structured Coalescent” (Free full text). Genetics 178 (1): 427–37. DOI:10.1534/genetics.107.080432. ISSN 0016-6731. PMC 2206091. PMID 18202385.
Stefansson H., Helgason A., Thorleifsson G., Steinthorsdottir V., Masson G., Barnard J., Baker A., Jonasdottir A., Ingason A., Gudnadottir V. G., et. al. (2005-01-16). „A common inversion under selection in Europeans”. Nature Genetics 37 (2): 129–137. DOI:10.1038/ng1508. PMID 15654335.

harvard.edu

adsabs.harvard.edu

Wolpoff, Milford H.; John Hawks; David W. Frayer; Keith Hunley (2001). „Modern Human Ancestry at the Peripheries: A Test of the Replacement Theory”. Science (AAAS) 291 (5502): 293–297. Bibcode 2001Sci...291..293W. DOI:10.1126/science.291.5502.293. PMID 11209077.
Harvati, Katerina; Stephen R. Frost and Kieran P McNulty (2004). „Neanderthal taxonomy reconsidered: Implications of 3D primate models of intra- and interspecific differences”. PNAS 101 (5): 1147–1152. Bibcode 2004PNAS..101.1147H. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0308085100. PMC 337021. PMID 14745010.
Trinkaus, E. (May 2007). „European early modern humans and the fate of the Neandertals” (Free full text). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104 (18): 7367–72. Bibcode 2007PNAS..104.7367T. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0702214104. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 1863481. PMID 17452632.
Duarte C., 2. Maurício J., Pettitt P., Souto P., Trinkaus E., van der Plicht H., Zilhão J. (1999). „The early Upper Paleolithic human skeleton from the Abrigo do Lagar Velho (Portugal) and modern human emergence in Iberia”. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96 (13): 7604–7609. Bibcode 1999PNAS...96.7604D. DOI:10.1073/pnas.96.13.7604. PMC 22133. PMID 10377462.
Trinkaus, E.; Moldovan, O.; Milota, S.; Bîlgăr, A.; Sarcina, L.; Athreya, S.; Bailey, S. E.; Rodrigo, R.; Mircea, G.; Higham, T.; Ramsey, C. B.; van der Plicht, J. (September 2003). „An early modern human from the Peştera cu Oase, Romania” (free full text). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100 (20): 11231–11236. Bibcode 2003PNAS..10011231T. DOI:10.1073/pnas.2035108100. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 208740. PMID 14504393. »When multiple measurements are undertaken, the mean result can be determined through averaging the activity ratios. For Oase 1, this provides a weighted average activity ratio of 〈14a〉 = 1.29 ± 0.15%, resulting in a combined OxA-GrA 14C age of 34,950, +990, and −890 B.P.«
Tattersall, Ian, and Schwartz, Jeffrey H. (1999). „Hominids and hybrids: The place of Neanderthals in human evolution”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 96 (13): 7117–7119. Bibcode 1999PNAS...96.7117T. DOI:10.1073/pnas.96.13.7117. PMC 33580. PMID 10377375.
Cann, Rebecca L., Stoneking, Mark, and Wilson, Allan C. (1987-01-01). „Mitochondrial DNA and human evolution”. Nature 325 (6099): 31–36. Bibcode 1987Natur.325...31C. DOI:10.1038/325031a0. PMID 3025745. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2010-08-13. Pristupljeno 2014-11-28.
The PDHA1 (pyruvate dehydrogenase) locus on the X chromosome has an estimated coalescence time of 1.86 Mya, inconsistent with a recent species origin, although the worldwide lineage pattern is unlike other autosomal sites and may be consistent with recent dispersal from Africa. Rosalind M. Harding (March 16, 1999). „More on the X files”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 96 (6): 2582–2584. Bibcode 1999PNAS...96.2582H. DOI:10.1073/pnas.96.6.2582.
A second group finds the same ancient origin for PDHA1, but finds no evidence of a recent expansion, consistent with other autosomal and X chromosome sites and contrary to mitochondrial data. Harris, E. E.; Jody Hey (1999). „X chromosome evidence for ancient human histories”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 96 (6): 3320–4. Bibcode 1999PNAS...96.3320H. DOI:10.1073/pnas.96.6.3320. PMC 15940. PMID 10077682.
Evans, P. D.; Mekel-Bobrov, N.; Vallender, E. J.; Hudson, R. R.; Lahn, B. T. (November 2006). „Evidence that the adaptive allele of the brain size gene microcephalin introgressed into Homo sapiens from an archaic Homo lineage” (Free full text). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103 (48): 18178–83. Bibcode 2006PNAS..10318178E. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0606966103. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 1635020. PMID 17090677.
Trinkaus, E. (May 2007). „European early modern humans and the fate of the Neandertals” (Free full text). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104 (18): 7367–72. Bibcode 2007PNAS..104.7367T. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0702214104. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 1863481. PMID 17452632.
Evans, P. D.; Gilbert, S. L.; Mekel-Bobrov, N.; Vallender, E. J.; Anderson, J. R.; Vaez-Azizi, L. M.; Tishkoff, S. A.; Hudson, R. R.; Lahn, B. T. (September 2005). „Microcephalin, a gene regulating brain size, continues to evolve adaptively in humans”. Science 309 (5741): 1717–20. Bibcode 2005Sci...309.1717E. DOI:10.1126/science.1113722. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 16151009.
Noonan, James P., et. al. (2006-11-17). „Sequencing and Analysis of Neanderthal Genomic DNA”. Science 314 (5802): 1113–1118. Bibcode 2006Sci...314.1113N. DOI:10.1126/science.1131412. PMC 2583069. PMID 17110569.
Green, Richard E., et. al. (2010-05-07). „A Draft Sequence of the Neandertal Genome”. Science 328 (5979): 710–722. Bibcode 2010Sci...328..710G. DOI:10.1126/science.1188021. PMID 20448178.
Reich, David, et al. (2010-12-23). „Genetic history of an archaic hominin group from Denisova Cave in Siberia”. Nature 468 (7327): 1053–1060. Bibcode 2010Natur.468.1053R. DOI:10.1038/nature09710. PMID 21179161.
Laurent Abi-Rached, et. al. (2011-08-25). „The Shaping of Modern Human Immune Systems by Multiregional Admixture with Archaic Humans”. Science 334 (6052): 89–94. Bibcode 2011Sci...334...89A. DOI:10.1126/science.1209202. PMC 3677943. PMID 21868630. Arhivirano iz originala na datum Aug 2011.
Fagundes, N. J.; Ray N.; Beaumont M.; Neuenschwander S.; Salzano F. M.; Bonatto S. L.; Excoffier L. (2007). „Statistical evaluation of alternative models of human evolution”. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104 (45): 17614–9. Bibcode 2007PNAS..10417614F. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0708280104. PMC 2077041. PMID 17978179.

genetics.med.harvard.edu

Reich et. al. (2011). „Denisova Admixture and the First Modern Human Dispersals into Southeast Asia and Oceania”. The American Journal of Human Genetics 89 (4). DOI:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.09.005. PMC 3188841. PMID 21944045.

ipb.pt

esa.ipb.pt

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johnhawks.net

„Selection, nuclear genetic variation, and mtDNA”. john hawks weblog. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2014-11-10. Pristupljeno 2011-01-05.
„Variation in NAT1 and NAT2”. john hawks weblog. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2016-03-04. Pristupljeno 2011-01-04.
„Introgression and microcephalin FAQ”. john hawks weblog. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2015-02-02. Pristupljeno 2011-01-05.
„NEANDERTALS LIVE!”. john hawks weblog. Pristupljeno 2010-12-31.
„The Denisova genome FAQ”. john hawks weblog. Pristupljeno 2010-12-31.

nature.com

Reich, David, et al. (2010-12-23). „Genetic history of an archaic hominin group from Denisova Cave in Siberia”. Nature 468 (7327): 1053–1060. Bibcode 2010Natur.468.1053R. DOI:10.1038/nature09710. PMID 21179161.

nih.gov

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Wolpoff, MH; Hawks, J; Caspari, R (2000). „Multiregional, not multiple origins” (pdf). American Journal of Physical Anthropology 112 (1): 129–36. DOI:10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(200005)112:1<129::AID-AJPA11>3.0.CO;2-K. PMID 10766948.
Wolpoff, Milford H.; John Hawks; David W. Frayer; Keith Hunley (2001). „Modern Human Ancestry at the Peripheries: A Test of the Replacement Theory”. Science (AAAS) 291 (5502): 293–297. Bibcode 2001Sci...291..293W. DOI:10.1126/science.291.5502.293. PMID 11209077.
Harvati, Katerina; Stephen R. Frost and Kieran P McNulty (2004). „Neanderthal taxonomy reconsidered: Implications of 3D primate models of intra- and interspecific differences”. PNAS 101 (5): 1147–1152. Bibcode 2004PNAS..101.1147H. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0308085100. PMC 337021. PMID 14745010.
Trinkaus, E. (May 2007). „European early modern humans and the fate of the Neandertals” (Free full text). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104 (18): 7367–72. Bibcode 2007PNAS..104.7367T. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0702214104. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 1863481. PMID 17452632.
Duarte C., 2. Maurício J., Pettitt P., Souto P., Trinkaus E., van der Plicht H., Zilhão J. (1999). „The early Upper Paleolithic human skeleton from the Abrigo do Lagar Velho (Portugal) and modern human emergence in Iberia”. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96 (13): 7604–7609. Bibcode 1999PNAS...96.7604D. DOI:10.1073/pnas.96.13.7604. PMC 22133. PMID 10377462.
Trinkaus, E.; Moldovan, O.; Milota, S.; Bîlgăr, A.; Sarcina, L.; Athreya, S.; Bailey, S. E.; Rodrigo, R.; Mircea, G.; Higham, T.; Ramsey, C. B.; van der Plicht, J. (September 2003). „An early modern human from the Peştera cu Oase, Romania” (free full text). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100 (20): 11231–11236. Bibcode 2003PNAS..10011231T. DOI:10.1073/pnas.2035108100. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 208740. PMID 14504393. »When multiple measurements are undertaken, the mean result can be determined through averaging the activity ratios. For Oase 1, this provides a weighted average activity ratio of 〈14a〉 = 1.29 ± 0.15%, resulting in a combined OxA-GrA 14C age of 34,950, +990, and −890 B.P.«
Tattersall, Ian, and Schwartz, Jeffrey H. (1999). „Hominids and hybrids: The place of Neanderthals in human evolution”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 96 (13): 7117–7119. Bibcode 1999PNAS...96.7117T. DOI:10.1073/pnas.96.13.7117. PMC 33580. PMID 10377375.
Cann, Rebecca L., Stoneking, Mark, and Wilson, Allan C. (1987-01-01). „Mitochondrial DNA and human evolution”. Nature 325 (6099): 31–36. Bibcode 1987Natur.325...31C. DOI:10.1038/325031a0. PMID 3025745. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2010-08-13. Pristupljeno 2014-11-28.
Relethford, J. H. (2008-03-05). „Genetic evidence and the modern human origins debate”. Heredity (Macmillan) 100 (6): 555–63. DOI:10.1038/hdy.2008.14. PMID 18322457.
Krings M, Stone A, Schmitz RW, Krainitzki H, Stoneking M, Pääbo S (July 1997). „Neandertal DNA sequences and the origin of modern humans”. Cell 90 (1): 19–30. DOI:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80310-4. PMID 9230299.
Hammer, M. F., et. al." (1998). „Out of Africa and Back Again: Nested Cladistic Analysis of Human Y Chromosome Variation”. Molecular Biology and Evolution 15 (4): 427–441. DOI:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025939. PMID 9549093.
Hammer, M. F.; Garrigan, D.; Wood, E.; Wilder, J. A.; Mobasher, Z.; Bigham, A.; Krenz, J. G.; Nachman, M. W. (August 2004). „Heterogeneous patterns of variation among multiple human x-linked Loci: the possible role of diversity-reducing selection in non-africans” (Free full text). Genetics 167 (4): 1841–53. DOI:10.1534/genetics.103.025361. ISSN 0016-6731. PMC 1470985. PMID 15342522. Additional discussion of these results is available in a video of a presentation given by Hammer at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ff0jwWaPlnU (video) from about 40 to 50 minutes into the video.
The CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase CMAH pseudogene shows 2.9 Mya coalescence time. Hayakawa, T; Aki, I; Varki, A; Satta, Y; Takahata, N (February 2006). „Fixation of the Human-Specific CMP-N-Acetylneuraminic Acid Hydroxylase Pseudogene and Implications of Haplotype Diversity for Human Evolution”. Genetics 172 (2): 1139–46. DOI:10.1534/genetics.105.046995. ISSN 0016-6731. PMC 1456212. PMID 16272417.
A second group finds the same ancient origin for PDHA1, but finds no evidence of a recent expansion, consistent with other autosomal and X chromosome sites and contrary to mitochondrial data. Harris, E. E.; Jody Hey (1999). „X chromosome evidence for ancient human histories”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 96 (6): 3320–4. Bibcode 1999PNAS...96.3320H. DOI:10.1073/pnas.96.6.3320. PMC 15940. PMID 10077682.
The ASAH1 gene has two recently differentiated lineages with a coalescence time 2.4±.4 Mya not explainable by balancing selection. The V lineage shows evidence of recent positive selection. The lineage pattern may be the result of hybridization during a recent range expansion from Africa with the V lineage tracing to archaic humans from outside Africa, though it is also consistent with a mixture of two long isolated groups within Africa; it is not consistent with a recent origination of a modern human species that replaced archaic forms without interbreeding. Kim, Hl; Satta, Y (March 2008). „Population Genetic Analysis of the N-Acylsphingosine Amidohydrolase Gene Associated With Mental Activity in Humans” (Free full text). Genetics 178 (3): 1505–15. DOI:10.1534/genetics.107.083691. ISSN 0016-6731. PMC 2278054. PMID 18245333. »"It is speculated that, when modern humans dispersed from Africa, admixture of the distinct V and M lineages occurred and the V lineage has since spread in the entire population by possible positive selection."«
Daniel Garrigan, Zahra Mobasher, Sarah B. Kingan, Jason A. Wilder and Michael F. Hammer (August 2005). „Deep Haplotype Divergence and Long-Range Linkage Disequilibrium at Xp21.1 Provide Evidence That Humans Descend From a Structured Ancestral Population”. Genetics 170 (4): 1849–1856. DOI:10.1534/genetics.105.041095. PMC 1449746. PMID 15937130.
NAT2 SNPs lineages cluster in sub-Saharan Africa, Europe, and East Asia, with genetic distances scaling with geographic distances. Sabbagh, A.; Langaney, A.; Darlu, P.; Gérard, N.; Krishnamoorthy, R.; Poloni, E. S. (February 2008). „Worldwide distribution of NAT2 diversity: Implications for NAT2 evolutionary history” (Free full text). BMC genetics 9: 21. DOI:10.1186/1471-2156-9-21. PMC 2292740. PMID 18304320. Also see map; may resize browser window.
The NAT1 lineage tree is rooted in Eurasia with a coalescence time of 2.0 Mya that cannot be explained by balancing selection and with the NAT1*11A haplotype absent from subsaharan Africa. Patin, E.; Barreiro, L. B.; Sabeti, P. C.; Austerlitz, F.; Luca, F.; Sajantila, A.; Behar, D. M. Semino, O.; Sakuntabhai, A.; Guiso, N.; Gicquel, B.; Mcelreavey, K.; Harding, R. M.; Heyer, E.; Quintana-Murci, L. (March 2006). „Deciphering the Ancient and Complex Evolutionary History of Human Arylamine N-Acetyltransferase Genes”. American Journal of Human Genetics 78 (3): 423–36. DOI:10.1086/500614. ISSN 0002-9297. PMC 1380286. PMID 16416399.
Garrigan, D.; Mobasher, Z.; Severson, T.; Wilder, J. A.; Hammer, M. F. (February 2005). „Evidence for archaic Asian ancestry on the human X chromosome” (Free full text). Molecular Biology and Evolution 22 (2): 189–92. DOI:10.1093/molbev/msi013. ISSN 0737-4038. PMID 15483323.
Cox, M. P.; Mendez, F. L.; Karafet, T. M.; Pilkington, M. M.; Kingan, S. B.; Destro-Bisol, G.; Strassmann, B. I.; Hammer, M. F. (January 2008). „Testing for Archaic Hominin Admixture on the X Chromosome: Model Likelihoods for the Modern Human RRM2P4 Region From Summaries of Genealogical Topology Under the Structured Coalescent” (Free full text). Genetics 178 (1): 427–37. DOI:10.1534/genetics.107.080432. ISSN 0016-6731. PMC 2206091. PMID 18202385.
Zody, M. C.; Jiang, Z.; Fung, H. C.; Antonacci, F. Hillier, L. W.; Cardone, M. F.; Graves, T. A.; Kidd, J. M.; Cheng, Z.; Abouelleil, A.; Chen, L.; Wallis, J.; Glasscock, J.; Wilson, R. K.; Reily, A. D.; Duckworth, J.; Ventura, M.; Hardy, J.; Warren, W. C.; Eichler, E. E. (August 2008). „Evolutionary Toggling of the MAPT 17q21.31 Inversion Region”. Nature Genetics 40 (9): 1076–83. DOI:10.1038/ng.193. ISSN 1061-4036. PMC 2684794. PMID 19165922.
Almos, P. Z.; Horváth, S.; Czibula, A.; Raskó, I.; Sipos, B.; Bihari, P.; Béres, J.; Juhász, A.; Janka, Z.; Kálmán, J. (November 2008). „H1 tau haplotype-related genomic variation at 17q21.3 as an Asian heritage of the European Gypsy population”. Heredity 101 (5): 416–9. DOI:10.1038/hdy.2008.70. ISSN 0018-067X. PMID 18648385.
Stefansson H., Helgason A., Thorleifsson G., Steinthorsdottir V., Masson G., Barnard J., Baker A., Jonasdottir A., Ingason A., Gudnadottir V. G., et. al. (2005-01-16). „A common inversion under selection in Europeans”. Nature Genetics 37 (2): 129–137. DOI:10.1038/ng1508. PMID 15654335.
Evans, P. D.; Mekel-Bobrov, N.; Vallender, E. J.; Hudson, R. R.; Lahn, B. T. (November 2006). „Evidence that the adaptive allele of the brain size gene microcephalin introgressed into Homo sapiens from an archaic Homo lineage” (Free full text). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103 (48): 18178–83. Bibcode 2006PNAS..10318178E. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0606966103. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 1635020. PMID 17090677.
Trinkaus, E. (May 2007). „European early modern humans and the fate of the Neandertals” (Free full text). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104 (18): 7367–72. Bibcode 2007PNAS..104.7367T. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0702214104. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 1863481. PMID 17452632.
Evans, P. D.; Gilbert, S. L.; Mekel-Bobrov, N.; Vallender, E. J.; Anderson, J. R.; Vaez-Azizi, L. M.; Tishkoff, S. A.; Hudson, R. R.; Lahn, B. T. (September 2005). „Microcephalin, a gene regulating brain size, continues to evolve adaptively in humans”. Science 309 (5741): 1717–20. Bibcode 2005Sci...309.1717E. DOI:10.1126/science.1113722. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 16151009.
Yotova, Vania; Lefebvre, Jean-Francois i dr.. „An X-Linked Haplotype of Neandertal Origin Is Present Among All Non-African Populations”. Molecular Biology and Evolution (Oxford University Press) 28 (7): 1957–1962. DOI:10.1093/molbev/msr024. PMID 21266489.
Reich et. al. (2011). „Denisova Admixture and the First Modern Human Dispersals into Southeast Asia and Oceania”. The American Journal of Human Genetics 89 (4). DOI:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.09.005. PMC 3188841. PMID 21944045.
Noonan, James P., et. al. (2006-11-17). „Sequencing and Analysis of Neanderthal Genomic DNA”. Science 314 (5802): 1113–1118. Bibcode 2006Sci...314.1113N. DOI:10.1126/science.1131412. PMC 2583069. PMID 17110569.
Green, Richard E., et. al. (2010-05-07). „A Draft Sequence of the Neandertal Genome”. Science 328 (5979): 710–722. Bibcode 2010Sci...328..710G. DOI:10.1126/science.1188021. PMID 20448178.
Reich, David, et al. (2010-12-23). „Genetic history of an archaic hominin group from Denisova Cave in Siberia”. Nature 468 (7327): 1053–1060. Bibcode 2010Natur.468.1053R. DOI:10.1038/nature09710. PMID 21179161.
Laurent Abi-Rached, et. al. (2011-08-25). „The Shaping of Modern Human Immune Systems by Multiregional Admixture with Archaic Humans”. Science 334 (6052): 89–94. Bibcode 2011Sci...334...89A. DOI:10.1126/science.1209202. PMC 3677943. PMID 21868630. Arhivirano iz originala na datum Aug 2011.
* Witherspoon, D. J.; Wooding, S.; Rogers, A. R.; Marchani, E. E.; Watkins, W. S.; Batzer, M. A.; Jorde, L. B. (2007). „Genetic Similarities Within and Between Human Populations”. Genetics 176 (1): 351–9. DOI:10.1534/genetics.106.067355. PMC 1893020. PMID 17339205.
Witherspoon DJ, Wooding S, Rogers AR, et al. (May 2007). „Genetic Similarities Within and Between Human Populations”. Genetics 176 (1): 351–9. DOI:10.1534/genetics.106.067355. PMC 1893020. PMID 17339205.
Hua Liu, et al. (2006). „A Geographically Explicit Genetic Model of Worldwide Human-Settlement History”. American Journal of Human Genetics 79 (2): 230–237. DOI:10.1086/505436. PMC 1559480. PMID 16826514.
Fagundes, N. J.; Ray N.; Beaumont M.; Neuenschwander S.; Salzano F. M.; Bonatto S. L.; Excoffier L. (2007). „Statistical evaluation of alternative models of human evolution”. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104 (45): 17614–9. Bibcode 2007PNAS..10417614F. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0708280104. PMC 2077041. PMID 17978179.

oxfordjournals.org

mbe.oxfordjournals.org

Hammer, M. F., et. al." (1998). „Out of Africa and Back Again: Nested Cladistic Analysis of Human Y Chromosome Variation”. Molecular Biology and Evolution 15 (4): 427–441. DOI:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025939. PMID 9549093.
Garrigan, D.; Mobasher, Z.; Severson, T.; Wilder, J. A.; Hammer, M. F. (February 2005). „Evidence for archaic Asian ancestry on the human X chromosome” (Free full text). Molecular Biology and Evolution 22 (2): 189–92. DOI:10.1093/molbev/msi013. ISSN 0737-4038. PMID 15483323.
Yotova, Vania; Lefebvre, Jean-Francois i dr.. „An X-Linked Haplotype of Neandertal Origin Is Present Among All Non-African Populations”. Molecular Biology and Evolution (Oxford University Press) 28 (7): 1957–1962. DOI:10.1093/molbev/msr024. PMID 21266489.

pnas.org

Harvati, Katerina; Stephen R. Frost and Kieran P McNulty (2004). „Neanderthal taxonomy reconsidered: Implications of 3D primate models of intra- and interspecific differences”. PNAS 101 (5): 1147–1152. Bibcode 2004PNAS..101.1147H. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0308085100. PMC 337021. PMID 14745010.
Trinkaus, E. (May 2007). „European early modern humans and the fate of the Neandertals” (Free full text). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104 (18): 7367–72. Bibcode 2007PNAS..104.7367T. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0702214104. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 1863481. PMID 17452632.
Duarte C., 2. Maurício J., Pettitt P., Souto P., Trinkaus E., van der Plicht H., Zilhão J. (1999). „The early Upper Paleolithic human skeleton from the Abrigo do Lagar Velho (Portugal) and modern human emergence in Iberia”. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96 (13): 7604–7609. Bibcode 1999PNAS...96.7604D. DOI:10.1073/pnas.96.13.7604. PMC 22133. PMID 10377462.
Trinkaus, E.; Moldovan, O.; Milota, S.; Bîlgăr, A.; Sarcina, L.; Athreya, S.; Bailey, S. E.; Rodrigo, R.; Mircea, G.; Higham, T.; Ramsey, C. B.; van der Plicht, J. (September 2003). „An early modern human from the Peştera cu Oase, Romania” (free full text). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100 (20): 11231–11236. Bibcode 2003PNAS..10011231T. DOI:10.1073/pnas.2035108100. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 208740. PMID 14504393. »When multiple measurements are undertaken, the mean result can be determined through averaging the activity ratios. For Oase 1, this provides a weighted average activity ratio of 〈14a〉 = 1.29 ± 0.15%, resulting in a combined OxA-GrA 14C age of 34,950, +990, and −890 B.P.«
Tattersall, Ian, and Schwartz, Jeffrey H. (1999). „Hominids and hybrids: The place of Neanderthals in human evolution”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 96 (13): 7117–7119. Bibcode 1999PNAS...96.7117T. DOI:10.1073/pnas.96.13.7117. PMC 33580. PMID 10377375.
The PDHA1 (pyruvate dehydrogenase) locus on the X chromosome has an estimated coalescence time of 1.86 Mya, inconsistent with a recent species origin, although the worldwide lineage pattern is unlike other autosomal sites and may be consistent with recent dispersal from Africa. Rosalind M. Harding (March 16, 1999). „More on the X files”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 96 (6): 2582–2584. Bibcode 1999PNAS...96.2582H. DOI:10.1073/pnas.96.6.2582.
A second group finds the same ancient origin for PDHA1, but finds no evidence of a recent expansion, consistent with other autosomal and X chromosome sites and contrary to mitochondrial data. Harris, E. E.; Jody Hey (1999). „X chromosome evidence for ancient human histories”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 96 (6): 3320–4. Bibcode 1999PNAS...96.3320H. DOI:10.1073/pnas.96.6.3320. PMC 15940. PMID 10077682.
Evans, P. D.; Mekel-Bobrov, N.; Vallender, E. J.; Hudson, R. R.; Lahn, B. T. (November 2006). „Evidence that the adaptive allele of the brain size gene microcephalin introgressed into Homo sapiens from an archaic Homo lineage” (Free full text). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103 (48): 18178–83. Bibcode 2006PNAS..10318178E. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0606966103. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 1635020. PMID 17090677.
Trinkaus, E. (May 2007). „European early modern humans and the fate of the Neandertals” (Free full text). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104 (18): 7367–72. Bibcode 2007PNAS..104.7367T. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0702214104. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 1863481. PMID 17452632.
Fagundes, N. J.; Ray N.; Beaumont M.; Neuenschwander S.; Salzano F. M.; Bonatto S. L.; Excoffier L. (2007). „Statistical evaluation of alternative models of human evolution”. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104 (45): 17614–9. Bibcode 2007PNAS..10417614F. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0708280104. PMC 2077041. PMID 17978179.

sciencedaily.com

The Emerging Fate Of The Neandertals

sciencedirect.com

Stringer, C. (2014). "Why we are not all multiregionalists now". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 29(5): 248–251.

sciencemag.org

Stringer, C. B., & Andrews, P. (1988). "Genetic and fossil evidence for the origin of modern humans". Science. 239(4845): 1263-1268.
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Green, Richard E., et. al. (2010-05-07). „A Draft Sequence of the Neandertal Genome”. Science 328 (5979): 710–722. Bibcode 2010Sci...328..710G. DOI:10.1126/science.1188021. PMID 20448178.
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Trinkaus, E. (May 2007). „European early modern humans and the fate of the Neandertals” (Free full text). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104 (18): 7367–72. Bibcode 2007PNAS..104.7367T. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0702214104. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 1863481. PMID 17452632.
Trinkaus, E.; Moldovan, O.; Milota, S.; Bîlgăr, A.; Sarcina, L.; Athreya, S.; Bailey, S. E.; Rodrigo, R.; Mircea, G.; Higham, T.; Ramsey, C. B.; van der Plicht, J. (September 2003). „An early modern human from the Peştera cu Oase, Romania” (free full text). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100 (20): 11231–11236. Bibcode 2003PNAS..10011231T. DOI:10.1073/pnas.2035108100. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 208740. PMID 14504393. »When multiple measurements are undertaken, the mean result can be determined through averaging the activity ratios. For Oase 1, this provides a weighted average activity ratio of 〈14a〉 = 1.29 ± 0.15%, resulting in a combined OxA-GrA 14C age of 34,950, +990, and −890 B.P.«
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The CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase CMAH pseudogene shows 2.9 Mya coalescence time. Hayakawa, T; Aki, I; Varki, A; Satta, Y; Takahata, N (February 2006). „Fixation of the Human-Specific CMP-N-Acetylneuraminic Acid Hydroxylase Pseudogene and Implications of Haplotype Diversity for Human Evolution”. Genetics 172 (2): 1139–46. DOI:10.1534/genetics.105.046995. ISSN 0016-6731. PMC 1456212. PMID 16272417.
The ASAH1 gene has two recently differentiated lineages with a coalescence time 2.4±.4 Mya not explainable by balancing selection. The V lineage shows evidence of recent positive selection. The lineage pattern may be the result of hybridization during a recent range expansion from Africa with the V lineage tracing to archaic humans from outside Africa, though it is also consistent with a mixture of two long isolated groups within Africa; it is not consistent with a recent origination of a modern human species that replaced archaic forms without interbreeding. Kim, Hl; Satta, Y (March 2008). „Population Genetic Analysis of the N-Acylsphingosine Amidohydrolase Gene Associated With Mental Activity in Humans” (Free full text). Genetics 178 (3): 1505–15. DOI:10.1534/genetics.107.083691. ISSN 0016-6731. PMC 2278054. PMID 18245333. »"It is speculated that, when modern humans dispersed from Africa, admixture of the distinct V and M lineages occurred and the V lineage has since spread in the entire population by possible positive selection."«
The NAT1 lineage tree is rooted in Eurasia with a coalescence time of 2.0 Mya that cannot be explained by balancing selection and with the NAT1*11A haplotype absent from subsaharan Africa. Patin, E.; Barreiro, L. B.; Sabeti, P. C.; Austerlitz, F.; Luca, F.; Sajantila, A.; Behar, D. M. Semino, O.; Sakuntabhai, A.; Guiso, N.; Gicquel, B.; Mcelreavey, K.; Harding, R. M.; Heyer, E.; Quintana-Murci, L. (March 2006). „Deciphering the Ancient and Complex Evolutionary History of Human Arylamine N-Acetyltransferase Genes”. American Journal of Human Genetics 78 (3): 423–36. DOI:10.1086/500614. ISSN 0002-9297. PMC 1380286. PMID 16416399.
Garrigan, D.; Mobasher, Z.; Severson, T.; Wilder, J. A.; Hammer, M. F. (February 2005). „Evidence for archaic Asian ancestry on the human X chromosome” (Free full text). Molecular Biology and Evolution 22 (2): 189–92. DOI:10.1093/molbev/msi013. ISSN 0737-4038. PMID 15483323.
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Trinkaus, E. (May 2007). „European early modern humans and the fate of the Neandertals” (Free full text). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104 (18): 7367–72. Bibcode 2007PNAS..104.7367T. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0702214104. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 1863481. PMID 17452632.
Evans, P. D.; Gilbert, S. L.; Mekel-Bobrov, N.; Vallender, E. J.; Anderson, J. R.; Vaez-Azizi, L. M.; Tishkoff, S. A.; Hudson, R. R.; Lahn, B. T. (September 2005). „Microcephalin, a gene regulating brain size, continues to evolve adaptively in humans”. Science 309 (5741): 1717–20. Bibcode 2005Sci...309.1717E. DOI:10.1126/science.1113722. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 16151009.

wustl.edu

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Cann, Rebecca L., Stoneking, Mark, and Wilson, Allan C. (1987-01-01). „Mitochondrial DNA and human evolution”. Nature 325 (6099): 31–36. Bibcode 1987Natur.325...31C. DOI:10.1038/325031a0. PMID 3025745. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2010-08-13. Pristupljeno 2014-11-28.

youtube.com

Hammer, M. F.; Garrigan, D.; Wood, E.; Wilder, J. A.; Mobasher, Z.; Bigham, A.; Krenz, J. G.; Nachman, M. W. (August 2004). „Heterogeneous patterns of variation among multiple human x-linked Loci: the possible role of diversity-reducing selection in non-africans” (Free full text). Genetics 167 (4): 1841–53. DOI:10.1534/genetics.103.025361. ISSN 0016-6731. PMC 1470985. PMID 15342522. Additional discussion of these results is available in a video of a presentation given by Hammer at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ff0jwWaPlnU (video) from about 40 to 50 minutes into the video.