Black hole (Simple English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Black hole" in Simple English language version.

Last modified: 07:46:19, 6 August 2026 (UTC)

Ref.Un. Ref.Website

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1010doi.org

2^nd place

99adsabs.harvard.edu

14^th place

17^th place

88semanticscholar.org

15^th place

11^th place

77web.archive.org

1^st place

44arxiv.org

49^th place

69^th place

33worldcat.org

4^th place

6^th place

33books.google.com

3^rd place

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22jstor.org

23^rd place

32^nd place

22nih.gov

5^th place

11nytimes.com

7^th place

8^th place

11asu.edu

2,418^th place

1,253^rd place

11space.com

862^nd place

400^th place

11metro.co.uk

534^th place

357^th place

11nasa.gov

12^th place

39^th place

11zenodo.org

737^th place

632^nd place

11pbs.org

260^th place

93^rd place

11nobelprize.org

265^th place

66^th place

11imamu.edu.sa

low place

11pitt.edu

1,616^th place

905^th place

11charlierose.com

low place

8,910^th place

11archive.org

6^th place

3^rd place

11preposterousuniverse.com

low place

11nature.com

207^th place

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adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14^th place; Simple English: 17^th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration (2019). "First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. I. The Shadow of the Supermassive Black Hole". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 87 (1): L1. arXiv:1906.11238. Bibcode:2019ApJ...875L...1E. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab0ec7. ISSN 2041-8205. S2CID 145906806.
Davies, P. C. W. (1978). "Thermodynamics of Black Holes" (PDF). Reports on Progress in Physics. 41 (8): 1313–1355. Bibcode:1978RPPh...41.1313D. doi:10.1088/0034-4885/41/8/004. S2CID 250916407. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 May 2013.
Webster, B. Louise; Murdin, Paul (1972), "Cygnus X-1—a Spectroscopic Binary with a Heavy Companion?", Nature, 235 (5332): 37–38, Bibcode:1972Natur.235...37W, doi:10.1038/235037a0, S2CID 4195462
Bolton, C. T. (1972), "Identification of Cygnus X-1 with HDE 226868", Nature, 235 (5336): 271–273, Bibcode:1972Natur.235..271B, doi:10.1038/235271b0, S2CID 4222070
Michell J. 1784 (January 1784). "On the means of discovering the distance, magnitude, &c. of the fixed stars, in consequence of the diminution of the velocity of their light, in case such a diminution should be found to take place in any of them, and such other data should be procured from observations, as would be farther necessary for that purpose". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 74: 35–57. Bibcode:1784RSPT...74...35M. doi:10.1098/rstl.1784.0008. JSTOR 106576.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
Hawking S.W. & Penrose R (1970). "The singularities of gravitational collapse and cosmology". Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 314 (1519): 529–548. Bibcode:1970RSPSA.314..529H. doi:10.1098/rspa.1970.0021. JSTOR 2416467. S2CID 120208756.
Penrose, Roger 2002 (2002). "Gravitational collapse:the role of general relativity" (PDF). General Relativity and Gravitation. 34 (7): 1141. Bibcode:2002GReGr..34.1141P. doi:10.1023/A:1016578408204. S2CID 117459073. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-26. Retrieved 2013-01-05.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
Chruściel, Piotr T.; Costa, João Lopes; Heusler, Markus (2012). "Stationary Black Holes: Uniqueness and Beyond". Living Reviews in Relativity. 15 (1): 7. arXiv:1205.6112. Bibcode:2012LRR....15....7C. doi:10.12942/lrr-2012-7. ISSN 1433-8351. PMC 5255892. PMID 28179837.
Reynolds, Christopher S. (January 2019). "Observing black holes spin". Nature Astronomy. 3 (1): 41–47. arXiv:1903.11704. Bibcode:2019NatAs...3...41R. doi:10.1038/s41550-018-0665-z. ISSN 2397-3366. S2CID 85543351.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; Simple English: 3^rd place)

Carroll, Sean M. (2004). Spacetime and Geometry. Addison Wesley. p. 253. ISBN 978-0-8053-8732-2.. The lecture notes on which the book was based are available for free from Sean Carroll's website.

arxiv.org (Global: 49^th place; Simple English: 69^th place)

The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration (2019). "First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. I. The Shadow of the Supermassive Black Hole". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 87 (1): L1. arXiv:1906.11238. Bibcode:2019ApJ...875L...1E. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab0ec7. ISSN 2041-8205. S2CID 145906806.
Rees M.J. & Volonteri M 2007 (2006). Karas, V; Matt, G (eds.). Massive black holes: Formation and evolution. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. pp. 51–58. arXiv:astro-ph/0701512. doi:10.1017/S1743921307004681. ISBN 978-0-521-86347-6. S2CID 14844338. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
Chruściel, Piotr T.; Costa, João Lopes; Heusler, Markus (2012). "Stationary Black Holes: Uniqueness and Beyond". Living Reviews in Relativity. 15 (1): 7. arXiv:1205.6112. Bibcode:2012LRR....15....7C. doi:10.12942/lrr-2012-7. ISSN 1433-8351. PMC 5255892. PMID 28179837.
Reynolds, Christopher S. (January 2019). "Observing black holes spin". Nature Astronomy. 3 (1): 41–47. arXiv:1903.11704. Bibcode:2019NatAs...3...41R. doi:10.1038/s41550-018-0665-z. ISSN 2397-3366. S2CID 85543351.

asu.edu (Global: 2,418^th place; Simple English: 1,253^rd place)

cosmos.asu.edu

Davies, P. C. W. (1978). "Thermodynamics of Black Holes" (PDF). Reports on Progress in Physics. 41 (8): 1313–1355. Bibcode:1978RPPh...41.1313D. doi:10.1088/0034-4885/41/8/004. S2CID 250916407. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 May 2013.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; Simple English: 4^th place)

Schutz, Bernard F. (2003). Gravity from the ground up. Cambridge University Press. p. 110. ISBN 978-0-521-45506-0. Archived from the original on 2 December 2016.
Gillispie C.C. 2000 (27 February 2000). Pierre-Simon Laplace, 1749–1827: a life in exact science. Princeton paperbacks. Princeton University Press. p. 175. ISBN 0-691-05027-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
Israel W. 1989 (30 March 1989). "Dark stars: the evolution of an idea". In Hawking, S. W.; Israel, W. (eds.). 300 years of gravitation. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-37976-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

charlierose.com (Global: low place; Simple English: 8,910^th place)

"Charlie Rose: A conversation with Dr. Stephen Hawking & Lucy Hawking". Archived from the original on 2013-03-29. Retrieved 2012-11-29.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; Simple English: 2^nd place)

The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration (2019). "First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. I. The Shadow of the Supermassive Black Hole". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 87 (1): L1. arXiv:1906.11238. Bibcode:2019ApJ...875L...1E. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab0ec7. ISSN 2041-8205. S2CID 145906806.
Davies, P. C. W. (1978). "Thermodynamics of Black Holes" (PDF). Reports on Progress in Physics. 41 (8): 1313–1355. Bibcode:1978RPPh...41.1313D. doi:10.1088/0034-4885/41/8/004. S2CID 250916407. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 May 2013.
Webster, B. Louise; Murdin, Paul (1972), "Cygnus X-1—a Spectroscopic Binary with a Heavy Companion?", Nature, 235 (5332): 37–38, Bibcode:1972Natur.235...37W, doi:10.1038/235037a0, S2CID 4195462
Bolton, C. T. (1972), "Identification of Cygnus X-1 with HDE 226868", Nature, 235 (5336): 271–273, Bibcode:1972Natur.235..271B, doi:10.1038/235271b0, S2CID 4222070
Michell J. 1784 (January 1784). "On the means of discovering the distance, magnitude, &c. of the fixed stars, in consequence of the diminution of the velocity of their light, in case such a diminution should be found to take place in any of them, and such other data should be procured from observations, as would be farther necessary for that purpose". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 74: 35–57. Bibcode:1784RSPT...74...35M. doi:10.1098/rstl.1784.0008. JSTOR 106576.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
Hawking S.W. & Penrose R (1970). "The singularities of gravitational collapse and cosmology". Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 314 (1519): 529–548. Bibcode:1970RSPSA.314..529H. doi:10.1098/rspa.1970.0021. JSTOR 2416467. S2CID 120208756.
Rees M.J. & Volonteri M 2007 (2006). Karas, V; Matt, G (eds.). Massive black holes: Formation and evolution. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. pp. 51–58. arXiv:astro-ph/0701512. doi:10.1017/S1743921307004681. ISBN 978-0-521-86347-6. S2CID 14844338. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
Penrose, Roger 2002 (2002). "Gravitational collapse:the role of general relativity" (PDF). General Relativity and Gravitation. 34 (7): 1141. Bibcode:2002GReGr..34.1141P. doi:10.1023/A:1016578408204. S2CID 117459073. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-26. Retrieved 2013-01-05.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
Chruściel, Piotr T.; Costa, João Lopes; Heusler, Markus (2012). "Stationary Black Holes: Uniqueness and Beyond". Living Reviews in Relativity. 15 (1): 7. arXiv:1205.6112. Bibcode:2012LRR....15....7C. doi:10.12942/lrr-2012-7. ISSN 1433-8351. PMC 5255892. PMID 28179837.
Reynolds, Christopher S. (January 2019). "Observing black holes spin". Nature Astronomy. 3 (1): 41–47. arXiv:1903.11704. Bibcode:2019NatAs...3...41R. doi:10.1038/s41550-018-0665-z. ISSN 2397-3366. S2CID 85543351.

imamu.edu.sa (Global: low place; Simple English: low place)

Penrose, Roger 2002 (2002). "Gravitational collapse:the role of general relativity" (PDF). General Relativity and Gravitation. 34 (7): 1141. Bibcode:2002GReGr..34.1141P. doi:10.1023/A:1016578408204. S2CID 117459073. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-26. Retrieved 2013-01-05.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; Simple English: 32^nd place)

Michell J. 1784 (January 1784). "On the means of discovering the distance, magnitude, &c. of the fixed stars, in consequence of the diminution of the velocity of their light, in case such a diminution should be found to take place in any of them, and such other data should be procured from observations, as would be farther necessary for that purpose". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 74: 35–57. Bibcode:1784RSPT...74...35M. doi:10.1098/rstl.1784.0008. JSTOR 106576.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
Hawking S.W. & Penrose R (1970). "The singularities of gravitational collapse and cosmology". Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 314 (1519): 529–548. Bibcode:1970RSPSA.314..529H. doi:10.1098/rspa.1970.0021. JSTOR 2416467. S2CID 120208756.

metro.co.uk (Global: 534^th place; Simple English: 357^th place)

"Scientists find proof a black hole is lurking at the centre of our galaxy". Metro. 2018-10-31. Retrieved 2018-10-31.

nasa.gov (Global: 12^th place; Simple English: 39^th place)

science.nasa.gov

https://science.nasa.gov/universe/black-holes/#:~:text=Essential%20Black%20Hole%20Facts&text=The%20nearest%20known%20black%20hole,about%201%2C500%20light%2Dyears%20away. Retrieved 2025-05-13

nature.com (Global: 207^th place; Simple English: 117^th place)

Reynolds, Christopher S. (January 2019). "Observing black holes spin". Nature Astronomy. 3 (1): 41–47. arXiv:1903.11704. Bibcode:2019NatAs...3...41R. doi:10.1038/s41550-018-0665-z. ISSN 2397-3366. S2CID 85543351.

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; Simple English: 5^th place)

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Chruściel, Piotr T.; Costa, João Lopes; Heusler, Markus (2012). "Stationary Black Holes: Uniqueness and Beyond". Living Reviews in Relativity. 15 (1): 7. arXiv:1205.6112. Bibcode:2012LRR....15....7C. doi:10.12942/lrr-2012-7. ISSN 1433-8351. PMC 5255892. PMID 28179837.

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Chruściel, Piotr T.; Costa, João Lopes; Heusler, Markus (2012). "Stationary Black Holes: Uniqueness and Beyond". Living Reviews in Relativity. 15 (1): 7. arXiv:1205.6112. Bibcode:2012LRR....15....7C. doi:10.12942/lrr-2012-7. ISSN 1433-8351. PMC 5255892. PMID 28179837.

nobelprize.org (Global: 265^th place; Simple English: 66^th place)

"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2020". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2020-12-08.

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; Simple English: 8^th place)

Overbye, Dennis (2019). "Black hole picture revealed for the first time - Astronomers at last have captured an image of the darkest entities in the cosmos - Comments". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 April 2019.

pbs.org (Global: 260^th place; Simple English: 93^rd place)

"Katie Bouman 'hardly knew what a black hole was'. Her algorithm helped us see one". PBS NewsHour. 2019-04-11. Retrieved 2020-06-10.

pitt.edu (Global: 1,616^th place; Simple English: 905^th place)

phyast.pitt.edu

"Unit 12". www.phyast.pitt.edu. Retrieved 2026-03-21.

preposterousuniverse.com (Global: low place; Simple English: low place)

Carroll, Sean M. (2004). Spacetime and Geometry. Addison Wesley. p. 253. ISBN 978-0-8053-8732-2.. The lecture notes on which the book was based are available for free from Sean Carroll's website.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; Simple English: 11^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration (2019). "First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. I. The Shadow of the Supermassive Black Hole". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 87 (1): L1. arXiv:1906.11238. Bibcode:2019ApJ...875L...1E. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab0ec7. ISSN 2041-8205. S2CID 145906806.
Davies, P. C. W. (1978). "Thermodynamics of Black Holes" (PDF). Reports on Progress in Physics. 41 (8): 1313–1355. Bibcode:1978RPPh...41.1313D. doi:10.1088/0034-4885/41/8/004. S2CID 250916407. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 May 2013.
Webster, B. Louise; Murdin, Paul (1972), "Cygnus X-1—a Spectroscopic Binary with a Heavy Companion?", Nature, 235 (5332): 37–38, Bibcode:1972Natur.235...37W, doi:10.1038/235037a0, S2CID 4195462
Bolton, C. T. (1972), "Identification of Cygnus X-1 with HDE 226868", Nature, 235 (5336): 271–273, Bibcode:1972Natur.235..271B, doi:10.1038/235271b0, S2CID 4222070
Hawking S.W. & Penrose R (1970). "The singularities of gravitational collapse and cosmology". Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 314 (1519): 529–548. Bibcode:1970RSPSA.314..529H. doi:10.1098/rspa.1970.0021. JSTOR 2416467. S2CID 120208756.
Rees M.J. & Volonteri M 2007 (2006). Karas, V; Matt, G (eds.). Massive black holes: Formation and evolution. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. pp. 51–58. arXiv:astro-ph/0701512. doi:10.1017/S1743921307004681. ISBN 978-0-521-86347-6. S2CID 14844338. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
Penrose, Roger 2002 (2002). "Gravitational collapse:the role of general relativity" (PDF). General Relativity and Gravitation. 34 (7): 1141. Bibcode:2002GReGr..34.1141P. doi:10.1023/A:1016578408204. S2CID 117459073. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-26. Retrieved 2013-01-05.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
Reynolds, Christopher S. (January 2019). "Observing black holes spin". Nature Astronomy. 3 (1): 41–47. arXiv:1903.11704. Bibcode:2019NatAs...3...41R. doi:10.1038/s41550-018-0665-z. ISSN 2397-3366. S2CID 85543351.

space.com (Global: 862^nd place; Simple English: 400^th place)

https://www.space.com/15421-black-holes-facts-formation-discovery-sdcmp.html. Retrieved 2025-05-13

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; Simple English: 1^st place)

Schutz, Bernard F. (2003). Gravity from the ground up. Cambridge University Press. p. 110. ISBN 978-0-521-45506-0. Archived from the original on 2 December 2016.
Davies, P. C. W. (1978). "Thermodynamics of Black Holes" (PDF). Reports on Progress in Physics. 41 (8): 1313–1355. Bibcode:1978RPPh...41.1313D. doi:10.1088/0034-4885/41/8/004. S2CID 250916407. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 May 2013.
Penrose, Roger 2002 (2002). "Gravitational collapse:the role of general relativity" (PDF). General Relativity and Gravitation. 34 (7): 1141. Bibcode:2002GReGr..34.1141P. doi:10.1023/A:1016578408204. S2CID 117459073. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-26. Retrieved 2013-01-05.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
A brief history of gravitational lensing — Einstein Online. .
"Charlie Rose: A conversation with Dr. Stephen Hawking & Lucy Hawking". Archived from the original on 2013-03-29. Retrieved 2012-11-29.
Anderson, Warren G (1996). "Black Hole Information Loss Problem". Archived from the original on 2009-01-22. Retrieved 2023-09-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
Preskill, J. (1994). "Black holes and information: A crisis in quantum physics" (PDF). Archived from the original on 2008-05-18. Retrieved 2023-09-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; Simple English: 6^th place)

search.worldcat.org

The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration (2019). "First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. I. The Shadow of the Supermassive Black Hole". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 87 (1): L1. arXiv:1906.11238. Bibcode:2019ApJ...875L...1E. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab0ec7. ISSN 2041-8205. S2CID 145906806.
Chruściel, Piotr T.; Costa, João Lopes; Heusler, Markus (2012). "Stationary Black Holes: Uniqueness and Beyond". Living Reviews in Relativity. 15 (1): 7. arXiv:1205.6112. Bibcode:2012LRR....15....7C. doi:10.12942/lrr-2012-7. ISSN 1433-8351. PMC 5255892. PMID 28179837.
Reynolds, Christopher S. (January 2019). "Observing black holes spin". Nature Astronomy. 3 (1): 41–47. arXiv:1903.11704. Bibcode:2019NatAs...3...41R. doi:10.1038/s41550-018-0665-z. ISSN 2397-3366. S2CID 85543351.

zenodo.org (Global: 737^th place; Simple English: 632^nd place)

Michell J. 1784 (January 1784). "On the means of discovering the distance, magnitude, &c. of the fixed stars, in consequence of the diminution of the velocity of their light, in case such a diminution should be found to take place in any of them, and such other data should be procured from observations, as would be farther necessary for that purpose". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 74: 35–57. Bibcode:1784RSPT...74...35M. doi:10.1098/rstl.1784.0008. JSTOR 106576.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

Black hole (Simple English Wikipedia)

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14th place; Simple English: 17th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

archive.org (Global: 6th place; Simple English: 3rd place)

arxiv.org (Global: 49th place; Simple English: 69th place)

asu.edu (Global: 2,418th place; Simple English: 1,253rd place)

cosmos.asu.edu

books.google.com (Global: 3rd place; Simple English: 4th place)

charlierose.com (Global: low place; Simple English: 8,910th place)

doi.org (Global: 2nd place; Simple English: 2nd place)

imamu.edu.sa (Global: low place; Simple English: low place)

jstor.org (Global: 23rd place; Simple English: 32nd place)

metro.co.uk (Global: 534th place; Simple English: 357th place)

nasa.gov (Global: 12th place; Simple English: 39th place)

science.nasa.gov

nature.com (Global: 207th place; Simple English: 117th place)

nih.gov (Global: 5th place; Simple English: 5th place)

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

nobelprize.org (Global: 265th place; Simple English: 66th place)

nytimes.com (Global: 7th place; Simple English: 8th place)

pbs.org (Global: 260th place; Simple English: 93rd place)

pitt.edu (Global: 1,616th place; Simple English: 905th place)

phyast.pitt.edu

preposterousuniverse.com (Global: low place; Simple English: low place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15th place; Simple English: 11th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

space.com (Global: 862nd place; Simple English: 400th place)

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worldcat.org (Global: 4th place; Simple English: 6th place)

search.worldcat.org

zenodo.org (Global: 737th place; Simple English: 632nd place)

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14^th place; Simple English: 17^th place)

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; Simple English: 3^rd place)

arxiv.org (Global: 49^th place; Simple English: 69^th place)

asu.edu (Global: 2,418^th place; Simple English: 1,253^rd place)

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; Simple English: 4^th place)

charlierose.com (Global: low place; Simple English: 8,910^th place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; Simple English: 2^nd place)

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; Simple English: 32^nd place)

metro.co.uk (Global: 534^th place; Simple English: 357^th place)

nasa.gov (Global: 12^th place; Simple English: 39^th place)

nature.com (Global: 207^th place; Simple English: 117^th place)

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; Simple English: 5^th place)

nobelprize.org (Global: 265^th place; Simple English: 66^th place)

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; Simple English: 8^th place)

pbs.org (Global: 260^th place; Simple English: 93^rd place)

pitt.edu (Global: 1,616^th place; Simple English: 905^th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; Simple English: 11^th place)

space.com (Global: 862^nd place; Simple English: 400^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; Simple English: 1^st place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; Simple English: 6^th place)

zenodo.org (Global: 737^th place; Simple English: 632^nd place)