Оксидационо стање (Serbian Wikipedia)

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Nd(IV) has been observed in unstable solid state compounds; see Holleman A. F.; Wiberg E. (2001). Inorganic Chemistry (1st изд.). San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-352651-5.
All the lanthanides (La–Lu) in the +2 oxidation state have been observed (except La, Gd, Lu) in dilute, solid solutions of dihalides of these elements in alkaline earth dihalides (see Holleman A. F.; Wiberg E. (2001). Inorganic Chemistry (1st изд.). San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-352651-5. ) and (except Pm) in organometallic molecular complexes, see Lanthanides Topple Assumptions and Meyer, G. (2014). „All the Lanthanides Do It and Even Uranium Does Oxidation State +2”. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 53 (14): 3550—51. PMID 24616202. doi:10.1002/anie.201311325. . Additionally, all the lanthanides (La–Lu) form dihydrides (LnH₂), dicarbides (LnC₂), monosulfides (LnS), monoselenides (LnSe), and monotellurides (LnTe), but for most elements these compounds have Ln³⁺ ions with electrons delocalized into conduction bands, e. g. Ln³⁺(H⁻)₂(e⁻).
Dy(IV) has been observed in unstable solid state compounds; see Holleman A. F.; Wiberg E. (2001). Inorganic Chemistry (1st изд.). San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-352651-5.

cen.acs.org

All the lanthanides (La–Lu) in the +2 oxidation state have been observed (except La, Gd, Lu) in dilute, solid solutions of dihalides of these elements in alkaline earth dihalides (see Holleman A. F.; Wiberg E. (2001). Inorganic Chemistry (1st изд.). San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-352651-5. ) and (except Pm) in organometallic molecular complexes, see Lanthanides Topple Assumptions and Meyer, G. (2014). „All the Lanthanides Do It and Even Uranium Does Oxidation State +2”. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 53 (14): 3550—51. PMID 24616202. doi:10.1002/anie.201311325. . Additionally, all the lanthanides (La–Lu) form dihydrides (LnH₂), dicarbides (LnC₂), monosulfides (LnS), monoselenides (LnSe), and monotellurides (LnTe), but for most elements these compounds have Ln³⁺ ions with electrons delocalized into conduction bands, e. g. Ln³⁺(H⁻)₂(e⁻).

archive.org

Sc(0) has been observed; see F. Geoffrey N. Cloke; Karl Khan; Robin N. Perutz (1991). „η-Arene complexes of scandium(0) and scandium(II)”. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (19): 1372—1373. doi:10.1039/C39910001372. Непознати параметар |name-list-style= игнорисан (помоћ)
Ge(−1), Ge(−2), and Ge(−3) have been observed in germanides; see Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (1995). „Germanium”. Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (на језику: German) (101 изд.). Walter de Gruyter. стр. 953–959. ISBN 978-3-11-012641-9.
Yttrium and all lanthanides except Ce, Pm, Eu, Tm, Yb have been observed in the oxidation state 0 in bis(1,3,5-tri-t-butylbenzene) complexes, see Cloke, F. Geoffrey N. (1993). „Zero Oxidation State Compounds of Scandium, Yttrium, and the Lanthanides”. Chem. Soc. Rev. 22: 17—24. doi:10.1039/CS9932200017.
Zr(−1) has been reported in [Zr(bipy)₃]⁻ (see Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (II изд.). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. стр. 960. ISBN 0080379419. and Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (1995). „Zirconium”. Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (на језику: German) (101 изд.). Walter de Gruyter. стр. 1413. ISBN 978-3-11-012641-9. ), but was later shown to be Zr(+4); see Bowman, A. C.; England, J.; Sprouls, S.; Weihemüller, T.; Wieghardt, K. (2013). „Electronic structures of homoleptic [tris(2,2'-bipyridine)M]n complexes of the early transition metals (M = Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta; n = 1+, 0, 1-, 2-, 3-): an experimental and density functional theoretical study”. Inorganic Chemistry. 52 (4): 2242—56. PMID 23387926. doi:10.1021/ic302799s.
Nb(I) and Ta(I) occur in CpNb(CO)₄ and CpTa(CO)₄, see Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (1995). „Tantal”. Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (на језику: German) (101 изд.). Walter de Gruyter. стр. 1430. ISBN 978-3-11-012641-9. and King, R. Bruce (1969). Transition-Metal Organometallic Chemistry: An Introduction. Academic Press. стр. 11. ISBN 978-0-32-315996-8.
I(IV) has been observed in iodine dioxide (IO₂); see Pauling, Linus (1988). „Oxygen Compounds of Nonmetallic Elements”. General Chemistry (3rd изд.). Dover Publications, Inc. стр. 259. ISBN 978-0-486-65622-9.
Xe(I) has been reported in xenon hexafluoroplatinate and xenon hexafluororhodate (see Pauling, Linus (1988). General Chemistry (3rd изд.). Dover Publications, Inc. стр. 250. ISBN 978-0-486-65622-9. ), however these compounds were later found to contain Xe(II).
Os(−1) has been observed in Na[Os(CO)
13]; see Krause, J.; Siriwardane, Upali; Salupo, Terese A.; Wermer, Joseph R.; Knoeppel, David W.; Shore, Sheldon G. (1993). „Preparation of [Os₃(CO)₁₁]²⁻ and its reactions with Os₃(CO)₁₂; structures of [Et₄N] [HOs₃(CO)₁₁] and H₂OsS₄(CO)”. Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 454: 263—271. doi:10.1016/0022-328X(93)83250-Y. and Carter, Willie J.; Kelland, John W.; Okrasinski, Stanley J.; Warner, Keith E.; Norton, Jack R. (1982). „Mononuclear hydrido alkyl carbonyl complexes of osmium and their polynuclear derivatives”. Inorganic Chemistry. 21 (11): 3955—3960. doi:10.1021/ic00141a019.
Tl(−1) has been observed in caesium thallide (CsTl); see King, R. B.; Schleyer, R. (2004). „Theory and concepts in main-group cluster chemistry”. Ур.: Driess, M.; Nöth, H. Molecular clusters of the main group elements. Wiley-VCH, Chichester. стр. 19. ISBN 978-3-527-61437-0.
Pb(−2) has been observed in BaPb, see Ferro, Riccardo (2008). Nicholas C. Norman, ур. Intermetallic Chemistry. Elsevier. стр. 505. ISBN 978-0-08-044099-6. and Todorov, Iliya; Sevov, Slavi C. (2004). „Heavy-Metal Aromatic Rings: Cyclopentadienyl Anion Analogues Sn₅⁶⁻ and Pb₅⁶⁻ in the Zintl Phases Na₈BaPb₆, Na₈BaSn₆, and Na₈EuSn₆”. Inorganic Chemistry. 43 (20): 6490—94. PMID 15446901. doi:10.1021/ic000333x.
Sg(0) has been observed in seaborgium hexacarbonyl (Sg(CO)₆); see Even, J.; Yakushev, A.; Dullmann, C. E.; Haba, H.; Asai, M.; Sato, T. K.; Brand, H.; Di Nitto, A.; Eichler, R.; Fan, F. L.; Hartmann, W.; Huang, M.; Jager, E.; Kaji, D.; Kanaya, J.; Kaneya, Y.; Khuyagbaatar, J.; Kindler, B.; Kratz, J. V.; Krier, J.; Kudou, Y.; Kurz, N.; Lommel, B.; Miyashita, S.; Morimoto, K.; Morita, K.; Murakami, M.; Nagame, Y.; Nitsche, H.; et al. (2014). „Synthesis and detection of a seaborgium carbonyl complex”. Science. 345 (6203): 1491—3. Bibcode:2014Sci...345.1491E. PMID 25237098. doi:10.1126/science.1255720. (потребна претплата)

books.google.com

B(−1) has been observed in magnesium diboride (MgB₂), see Keeler, James; Wothers, Peter (2014). Chemical Structure and Reactivity: An Integrated Approach. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199604135.
Ti(−2), V(−3), Cr(−4), Co(−3), Zr(−2), Nb(−3), Mo(−4), Ru(−2), Rh(−3), Hf(−2), Ta(−3), and W(−4) occur in anionic binary metal carbonyls; see [1], p. 4 (in German); [2], pp. 97–100; [3], p. 239
In(−2) has been observed in Na₂In, see [4], p. 69.
Rn(IV) is reported by Greenwood and Earnshaw, but is not known to exist; see Sykes, A. G. (1998). „Recent Advances in Noble-Gas Chemistry”. Advances in Inorganic Chemistry. 46. Academic Press. стр. 91—93. ISBN 978-0-12-023646-6. Приступљено 22. 11. 2012.
Rn(VI) is known in radon trioxide (RnO₃); see Sykes, A. G. (1998). „Recent Advances in Noble-Gas Chemistry”. Advances in Inorganic Chemistry. 46. Academic Press. стр. 91—93. ISBN 978-0-12-023646-6. Приступљено 22. 11. 2012.
U(I) has been observed in uranium monofluoride (UF) and uranium monochloride (UCl), see Sykes, A. G. (1990). „Compounds of Thorium and Uranium”. Advances in Inorganic Chemistry. 34. Academic Press. стр. 87—88. ISBN 978-0-12-023634-3. Приступљено 22. 3. 2015.

caltech.edu

resolver.caltech.edu

Cu(0) has been observed in Cu(tris[2-(diisopropylphosphino)- phenyl]borane), see Moret, Marc-Etienne; Zhang, Limei; Peters, Jonas C. (2013). „A Polar Copper–Boron One-Electron σ-Bond”. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135 (10): 3792—3795. Bibcode:2013JAChS.135.3792M. PMID 23418750. doi:10.1021/ja4006578.

cenmag.org

2014.cenmag.org

Ir(VII) has been observed in [(η²-O₂)IrO₂]⁺; see C&EN: Iridium dressed to the nines.

chemie-master.de

Am(VII) has been observed in AmO5-; see Americium, Das Periodensystem der Elemente für den Schulgebrauch (The periodic table of elements for schools) chemie-master.de (in German), Retrieved 28 November 2010 and Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (II изд.). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. стр. 1265. ISBN 0080379419.

chemistryviews.org

Be(0) has been observed; see „Beryllium(0) Complex Found”. ChemistryViews. 13. 6. 2016.
„New Type of Zero-Valent Tin Compound”. ChemistryViews. 27. 8. 2016.

d-nb.info

Ti(−2), V(−3), Cr(−4), Co(−3), Zr(−2), Nb(−3), Mo(−4), Ru(−2), Rh(−3), Hf(−2), Ta(−3), and W(−4) occur in anionic binary metal carbonyls; see [1], p. 4 (in German); [2], pp. 97–100; [3], p. 239
Bi(−2) and Bi(−1) occur in Zintl phases, e.g. (Ca²⁺)₂₂[Bi₄]⁴⁻([Bi₂]⁴⁻)₄[Bi³⁻]₈; see Ponou, Siméon (2006). „Germanides, Germanide-Tungstate Double Salts and Substitution Effects in Zintl Phases”. Technische Universität München. Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie mit Schwerpunkt Neue Materialien. стр. 68.

deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de

B(−5) has been observed in Al₃BC, see Schroeder, Melanie. „Eigenschaften von borreichen Boriden und Scandium-Aluminium-Oxid-Carbiden” (PDF) (на језику: немачки). стр. 139. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 02. 04. 2015. г. Приступљено 14. 10. 2019.

doi.org

Be(I) has been observed in beryllium monohydride (BeH); see Shayesteh, A.; Tereszchuk, K.; Bernath, P. F.; Colin, R. (2003). „Infrared Emission Spectra of BeH and BeD” (PDF). J. Chem. Phys. 118 (3): 1158. Bibcode:2003JChPh.118.1158S. doi:10.1063/1.1528606. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 2. 12. 2007. г. Приступљено 10. 12. 2007.
B(0) has been observed in diborynes, see Braunschweig, H.; Dewhurst, R. D.; Hammond, K.; Mies, J.; Radacki, K.; Vargas, A. (2012). „Ambient-Temperature Isolation of a Compound with a Boron-Boron Triple Bond”. Science. 336 (6087): 1420—2. Bibcode:2012Sci...336.1420B. PMID 22700924. doi:10.1126/science.1221138.
Low valent magnesium compounds with Mg(I) have been obtained using bulky ligands; see Green, S. P.; Jones C.; Stasch A. (децембар 2007). „Stable Magnesium(I) Compounds with Mg-Mg Bonds”. Science. 318 (5857): 1754—1757. Bibcode:2007Sci...318.1754G. PMID 17991827. doi:10.1126/science.1150856.
Al(II) has been observed in aluminium(II) oxide (AlO); see Tyte, D.C. (1964). „Red (B2Π–A2σ) Band System of Aluminium Monoxide”. Nature. 202 (4930): 383—384. Bibcode:1964Natur.202..383T. doi:10.1038/202383a0 , and in dialanes (R₂Al—AlR₂); see Uhl, Werner (2004). „Organoelement Compounds Possessing Al—Al, Ga—Ga, In—In, and Tl—Tl Single Bonds”. Advances in Organometallic Chemistry. 51: 53—108. doi:10.1016/S0065-3055(03)51002-4.
Al(−2) has been observed in Sr₁₄[Al₄]₂[Ge]₃, see Wemdorff, Marco; Röhr, Caroline (2007). „Sr₁₄[Al₄]₂[Ge]₃: Eine Zintl-Phase mit isolierten [Ge]^4–- und [Al₄]^8–-Anionen / Sr₁₄[Al₄]₂[Ge]₃: A Zintl Phase with Isolated [Ge]^4–- and [Al₄]^8– Anions”. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B (на језику: немачки). 62 (10): 1227. doi:10.1515/znb-2007-1001.
P(0) has been observed, see Wang, Yuzhong; Xie, Yaoming; Wei, Pingrong; King, R. Bruce; Schaefer, Iii; Schleyer, Paul v. R.; Robinson, Gregory H. (2008). „Carbene-Stabilized Diphosphorus”. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 130 (45): 14970—1. Bibcode:2008JAChS.13014970W. PMID 18937460. doi:10.1021/ja807828t.
The equilibrium Cl₂O₆⇌2ClO₃ is mentioned by Greenwood and Earnshaw, but it has been refuted, see Lopez, Maria; Juan E. Sicre (1990). „Physicochemical properties of chlorine oxides. 1. Composition, ultraviolet spectrum, and kinetics of the thermolysis of gaseous dichlorine hexoxide”. J. Phys. Chem. 94 (9): 3860—3863. doi:10.1021/j100372a094. , and Cl₂O₆ is actually chlorine(V,VII) oxide. However, ClO₃ has been observed, see Grothe, Hinrich; Willner, Helge (1994). „Chlorine Trioxide: Spectroscopic Properties, Molecular Structure, and Photochemical Behavior”. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 33 (14): 1482—1484. doi:10.1002/anie.199414821.
Ar(0) has been observed in argon fluorohydride (HArF) and ArCF₂²⁺, see Lockyear, J.F.; Douglas, K.; Price, S.D.; Karwowska, M.; et al. (2010). „Generation of the ArCF₂²⁺ Dication”. Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters. 1: 358. doi:10.1021/jz900274p. Непознати параметар |name-list-style= игнорисан (помоћ)
Ca(I) has been observed; see Krieck, Sven; Görls, Helmar; Westerhausen, Matthias (2010). „Mechanistic Elucidation of the Formation of the Inverse Ca(I) Sandwich Complex [(thf)₃Ca(μ-C₆H₃-1,3,5-Ph₃)Ca(thf)₃] and Stability of Aryl-Substituted Phenylcalcium Complexes”. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 132 (35): 12492—501. Bibcode:2010JAChS.13212492K. PMID 20718434. doi:10.1021/ja105534w.
Sc(0) has been observed; see F. Geoffrey N. Cloke; Karl Khan; Robin N. Perutz (1991). „η-Arene complexes of scandium(0) and scandium(II)”. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (19): 1372—1373. doi:10.1039/C39910001372. Непознати параметар |name-list-style= игнорисан (помоћ)
Sc(I) has been observed; see Polly L. Arnold; F. Geoffrey; N. Cloke; Peter B. Hitchcock; John F. Nixon (1996). „The First Example of a Formal Scandium(I) Complex: Synthesis and Molecular Structure of a 22-Electron Scandium Triple Decker Incorporating the Novel 1,3,5-Triphosphabenzene Ring”. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 118 (32): 7630—7631. Bibcode:1996JAChS.118.7630A. doi:10.1021/ja961253o. Непознати параметар |name-list-style= игнорисан (помоћ)
Sc(II) has been observed; see Woen, David H.; Chen, Guo P.; Ziller, Joseph W.; Boyle, Timothy J.; Furche, Filipp; Evans, William J. (јануар 2017). „Solution Synthesis, Structure, and CO Reduction Reactivity of a Scandium(II) Complex”. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 56 (8): 2050—2053. PMID 28097771. doi:10.1002/anie.201611758.
Ti(I) has been observed in [Ti(η⁶-1,3,5-C₆H₃ⁱPr₃)2][BAr₄] (Ar = C₆H₅, p-C₆H₄F, 3,5-C₆H₃(CF₃)₂); see Calderazzo, Fausto; Ferri, Isabella; Pampaloni, Guido; Englert, Ulli; Green, Malcolm L. H. (1997). „Synthesis of [Ti(η⁶-1,3,5-C₆H₃iPr₃)₂][BAr₄] (Ar = C₆H₅, p-C₆H₄F, 3,5-C₆H₃(CF₃)₂), the First Titanium(I) Derivatives”. Organometallics. 16 (14): 3100—3101. doi:10.1021/om970155o.
Ti(−1) has been reported in [Ti(bipy)₃]⁻, but was later shown to be Ti(+3); see Bowman, A. C.; England, J.; Sprouls, S.; Weihemüller, T.; Wieghardt, K. (2013). „Electronic structures of homoleptic [tris(2,2'-bipyridine)M]n complexes of the early transition metals (M = Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta; n = 1+, 0, 1-, 2-, 3-): an experimental and density functional theoretical study”. Inorganic Chemistry. 52 (4): 2242—56. PMID 23387926. doi:10.1021/ic302799s. However, Ti(−1) occurs in [Ti(η-C₆H₆]⁻ and [Ti(η-C₆H₅CH₃)]⁻, see Bandy, J. A.; Berry, A.; Green, M. L. H.; Perutz, R. N.; Prout, K.; Verpeautz, J.-N. (1984). „Synthesis of anionic sandwich compounds: [Ti(η-C₆H₅R)₂]^– and the crystal structure of [K(18-crown-6)(µ-H)Mo(η-C₅H₅)₂]”. Inorganic Chemistry. 52 (4): 729—731. doi:10.1039/C39840000729.
Jilek, Robert E.; Tripepi, Giovanna; Urnezius, Eugenijus; Brennessel, William W.; Young, Victor G., Jr.; Ellis, John E. (2007). „Zerovalent titanium–sulfur complexes. Novel dithiocarbamato derivatives of Ti(CO)₆: [Ti(CO)₄(S₂CNR₂)]⁻”. Chem. Commun. (25): 2639—2641. PMID 17579764. doi:10.1039/B700808B.
Fe(VII) has been observed in [FeO₄]⁻; see Lu, Jun-Bo; Jian, Jiwen; Huang, Wei; Lin, Hailu; Zhou, Mingfei (2016). „Experimental and theoretical identification of the Fe(VII) oxidation state in FeO₄⁻”. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 18 (45): 31125—31131. Bibcode:2016PCCP...1831125L. PMID 27812577. doi:10.1039/C6CP06753K.
Fe(VIII) has been reported; see Yurii D. Perfiliev; Virender K. Sharma (2008). „Higher Oxidation States of Iron in Solid State: Synthesis and Their Mössbauer Characterization – Ferrates – ACS Symposium Series (ACS Publications)”. Platinum Metals Review. 48 (4): 157—158. doi:10.1595/147106704X10801. However, its existence has been disputed.
Fe(−4), Ru(−4), and Os(−4) have been observed in metal-rich compounds containing octahedral complexes [MIn_6−xSn_x]; Pt(−3) (as a dimeric anion [Pt–Pt]⁶⁻), Cu(−2), Zn(−2), Ag(−2), Cd(−2), Au(−2), and Hg(−2) have been observed (as dimeric and monomeric anions; dimeric ions were initially reported to be [T–T]²⁻ for Zn, Cd, Hg, but later shown to be [T–T]⁴⁻ for all these elements) in La₂Pt₂In, La₂Cu₂In, Ca₅Au₃, Ca₅Ag₃, Ca₅Hg₃, Sr₅Cd₃, Ca₅Zn₃(structure (AE²⁺)₅(T–T)⁴⁻T²⁻⋅4e⁻), Yb₃Ag₂, Ca₅Au₄, and Ca₃Hg₂; Au(–3) has been observed in ScAuSn and in other 18-electron half-Heusler compounds. See Changhoon Lee; Myung-Hwan Whangbo (2008). „Late transition metal anions acting as p-metal elements”. Solid State Sciences. 10 (4): 444—449. Bibcode:2008SSSci..10..444K. doi:10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2007.12.001. and Changhoon Lee; Myung-Hwan Whangbo; Jürgen Köhler (2010). „Analysis of Electronic Structures and Chemical Bonding of Metal-rich Compounds. 2. Presence of Dimer (T–T)^4– and Isolated T^2– Anions in the Polar Intermetallic Cr₅B₃-Type Compounds AE₅T₃ (AE = Ca, Sr; T = Au, Ag, Hg, Cd, Zn)”. Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie. 636 (1): 36—40. doi:10.1002/zaac.200900421.
Ni(−2) has been observed in Li₂[Ni(1,5-COD)₂], see Jonas, Klaus (1975). „Dilithium-Nickel-Olefin Complexes. Novel Bimetal Complexes Containing a Transition Metal and a Main Group Metal”. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 14 (11): 752—753. doi:10.1002/anie.197507521. and Ellis, John E. (2006). „Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States”. Inorganic Chemistry. 45 (8): 3167—86. PMID 16602773. doi:10.1021/ic052110i.
Cu(0) has been observed in Cu(tris[2-(diisopropylphosphino)- phenyl]borane), see Moret, Marc-Etienne; Zhang, Limei; Peters, Jonas C. (2013). „A Polar Copper–Boron One-Electron σ-Bond”. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135 (10): 3792—3795. Bibcode:2013JAChS.135.3792M. PMID 23418750. doi:10.1021/ja4006578.
Zn(I) has been observed in decamethyldizincocene (Zn₂(η⁵–C₅Me₅)₂); see Resa, I.; Carmona, E.; Gutierrez-Puebla, E.; Monge, A. (2004). „Decamethyldizincocene, a Stable Compound of Zn(I) with a Zn-Zn Bond”. Science. 305 (5687): 1136—8. Bibcode:2004Sci...305.1136R. PMID 15326350. doi:10.1126/science.1101356.
As(I) has been observed in arsenic(I) iodide (AsI); see Ellis, Bobby D.; MacDonald, Charles L. B. (2004). „Stabilized Arsenic(I) Iodide: A Ready Source of Arsenic Iodide Fragments and a Useful Reagent for the Generation of Clusters”. Inorganic Chemistry. 43 (19): 5981—6. PMID 15360247. doi:10.1021/ic049281s.
As(IV) has been observed in arsenic(IV) hydroxide (As(OH)₄) and HAsO-; see Kläning, Ulrik K.; Bielski, Benon H. J.; Sehested, K. (1989). „Arsenic(IV). A pulse-radiolysis study”. Inorganic Chemistry. 28 (14): 2717—24. doi:10.1021/ic00313a007.
Se(III) has been observed in Se₂NBr₃; see Lau, Carsten; Neumüller, Bernhard; Vyboishchikov, Sergei F.; Frenking, Gernot; Dehnicke, Kurt; Hiller, Wolfgang; Herker, Martin (1996). „Se₂NBr₃, Se₂NCl₅, Se₂NCl⁻₆: New Nitride Halides of Selenium(III) and Selenium(IV)”. Chemistry: A European Journal. 2 (11): 1393—1396. doi:10.1002/chem.19960021108.
Se(V) has been observed in SeO2- and HSeO2-; see Kläning, Ulrik K.; Sehested, K. (1986). „Selenium(V). A pulse radiolysis study”. Inorganic Chemistry. 90 (21): 5460—4. doi:10.1021/j100412a112.
Sr(I) has been observed in strontium monofluoride (SrF); see P. Colarusso; Guo, B.; Zhang, K.-Q.; Bernath, P.F.; et al. (1996). „High-Resolution Infrared Emission Spectrum of Strontium Monofluoride” (PDF). Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy. 175 (1): 158—171. Bibcode:1996JMoSp.175..158C. doi:10.1006/jmsp.1996.0019. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 8. 3. 2012. г.
Yttrium and all lanthanides except Ce, Pm, Eu, Tm, Yb have been observed in the oxidation state 0 in bis(1,3,5-tri-t-butylbenzene) complexes, see Cloke, F. Geoffrey N. (1993). „Zero Oxidation State Compounds of Scandium, Yttrium, and the Lanthanides”. Chem. Soc. Rev. 22: 17—24. doi:10.1039/CS9932200017.
Y(II) has been observed in [(18-crown-6)K][(C₅H₄SiMe₃)₃Y]; see MacDonald, M. R.; Ziller, J. W.; Evans, W. J. (2011). „Synthesis of a Crystalline Molecular Complex of Y²⁺, [(18-crown-6)K][(C₅H₄SiMe₃)₃Y]”. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133 (40): 15914—17. Bibcode:2011JAChS.13315914M. PMID 21919538. doi:10.1021/ja207151y.
Zr(−1) has been reported in [Zr(bipy)₃]⁻ (see Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (II изд.). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. стр. 960. ISBN 0080379419. and Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (1995). „Zirconium”. Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (на језику: German) (101 изд.). Walter de Gruyter. стр. 1413. ISBN 978-3-11-012641-9. ), but was later shown to be Zr(+4); see Bowman, A. C.; England, J.; Sprouls, S.; Weihemüller, T.; Wieghardt, K. (2013). „Electronic structures of homoleptic [tris(2,2'-bipyridine)M]n complexes of the early transition metals (M = Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta; n = 1+, 0, 1-, 2-, 3-): an experimental and density functional theoretical study”. Inorganic Chemistry. 52 (4): 2242—56. PMID 23387926. doi:10.1021/ic302799s.
George, G.N.; Klein, S.I.; Nixon, J.F. (1984). „Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopic studies on the zero-valent rhodium complex [Rh(P(OPrⁱ)₃)₄] at X-and Q-band frequencies”. Chemical Physics Letters. 108 (6): 627—630. Bibcode:1984CPL...108..627G. doi:10.1016/0009-2614(84)85069-1.
Pd(I) has been observed; see Crabtree, R. H. (2002). „CHEMISTRY: A New Oxidation State for Pd?”. Science. 295 (5553): 288—289. PMID 11786632. doi:10.1126/science.1067921.
Pd(III) has been observed; see Powers, D. C.; Ritter, T. (2011). Palladium(III) in Synthesis and Catalysis (PDF). Top. Organomet. Chem. Topics in Organometallic Chemistry. 35. стр. 129—156. Bibcode:2011hoso.book..129P. ISBN 978-3-642-17428-5. PMC 3066514 . PMID 21461129. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-17429-2_6. Архивирано из оригинала 12. 6. 2013. г.
The Ag⁻ ion has been observed in metal ammonia solutions: see Tran, N. E.; Lagowski, J. J. (2001). „Metal Ammonia Solutions: Solutions Containing Argentide Ions”. Inorganic Chemistry. 40 (5): 1067—68. doi:10.1021/ic000333x.
In(–5) has been observed in La₃InGe, see Guloy, A. M.; Corbett, J. D. (1996). „Synthesis, Structure, and Bonding of Two Lanthanum Indium Germanides with Novel Structures and Properties”. Inorganic Chemistry. 35 (9): 2616—22. PMID 11666477. doi:10.1021/ic951378e.
Sn(−3) has been observed in [Sn₂]⁶⁻, e.g. in (Ba₂)⁴⁺(Mg₄)⁸⁺Sn⁴⁻(Sn₂)⁶⁻Sn²⁻ (with square (Sn²⁻)_n sheets), see Papoian, Garegin A.; Hoffmann, Roald (2000). „Hypervalent Bonding in One, Two, and Three Dimensions: Extending the Zintl–Klemm Concept to Nonclassical Electron-Rich Networks”. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2000 (39): 2408—2448. PMID 10941096. doi:10.1002/1521-3773(20000717)39:14<2408::aid-anie2408>3.0.co;2-u. Приступљено 23. 2. 2015.
Sb(−2) has been observed in [Sb₂]⁴⁻, e.g. in RbBa₄[Sb₂][Sb][O], see Boss, Michael; Petri, Denis; Pickhard, Frank; Zönnchen, Peter; Röhr, Caroline (2005). „Neue Barium-Antimonid-Oxide mit den Zintl-Ionen [Sb]³⁻, [Sb₂]⁴⁻ und ¹_∞[Sb_n]ⁿ⁻ / New Barium Antimonide Oxides containing Zintl Ions [Sb]³⁻, [Sb₂]⁴⁻ and ¹_∞[Sb_n]ⁿ⁻”. Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie (на језику: немачки). 631 (6–7): 1181—1190. doi:10.1002/zaac.200400546.
Sb(I) and Sb(II) have been observed in organoantimony compounds; for Sb(I), see Šimon, Petr; de Proft, Frank; Jambor, Roman; Růžička, Aleš; Dostál, Libor (2010). „Monomeric Organoantimony(I) and Organobismuth(I) Compounds Stabilized by an NCN Chelating Ligand: Syntheses and Structures”. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 49 (32): 5468—5471. PMID 20602393. doi:10.1002/anie.201002209.
Sb(IV) has been observed in [SbCl]2−
, see Nobuyoshi Shinohara; Masaaki Ohsima (2000). „Production of Sb(IV) Chloro Complex by Flash Photolysis of the Corresponding Sb(III) and Sb(V) Complexes in CH3CN and CHCl3”. Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan. 73 (7): 1599—1604. doi:10.1246/bcsj.73.1599.
Te(III) has been observed in [Te(N(SiMe₃)₂)₂]⁺, see Heinze, Thorsten; Roesky, Herbert W.; Pauer, Frank; Stalke, Dietmar; Sheldrick, George M. (1991). „Synthesis and Structure of the First Tellurium(III) Radical Cation”. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 30 (12): 1678. doi:10.1002/anie.199116771. Приступљено 23. 2. 2015.
Te(V) is mentioned by Greenwood and Earnshaw, but they do not give any example of a Te(V) compound. What was long thought to be ditellurium decafluoride (Te₂F₁₀) is actually bis(pentafluorotelluryl) oxide, F₅TeOTeF₅: see Watkins, P. M. (1974). „Ditellurium decafluoride - A Continuing Myth”. Journal of Chemical Education. 51 (9): 520—521. Bibcode:1974JChEd..51..520W. doi:10.1021/ed051p520. However, Te(V) has been observed in HTeO-, TeO-, HTeO2-, and TeO3-; see Kläning, Ulrik K.; Sehested, K. (2001). „Tellurium(V). A Pulse Radiolysis Study”. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 105 (27): 6637—45. Bibcode:2001JPCA..105.6637K. doi:10.1021/jp010577i.
I(VI) has been observed in IO₃, IO₄²⁻, H₅IO₆⁻, H₂IO₅²⁻, H₄IO₆²⁻, and HIO₅³⁻; see Kläning, Ulrik K.; Sehested, Knud; Wolff, Thomas (1981). „Laser flash photolysis and pulse radiolysis of iodate and periodate in aqueous solution. Properties of iodine(VI)”. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1. 77 (7): 1707—18. doi:10.1039/F19817701707.
Ba(I) has been observed in barium monofluoride (BaF); see P. Colarusso; Guo, B.; Zhang, K.-Q.; Bernath, P.F.; et al. (1995). „High-Resolution Fourier Transform Infrared Emission Spectrum of Barium Monofluoride” (PDF). Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy. 170 (1): 59. Bibcode:1996JMoSp.175..158C. doi:10.1006/jmsp.1996.0019. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 10. 3. 2005. г.
La(I) has been observed in lanthanum monohydride (LaH); see Ram, R. S.; Bernath, P. F. (1996). „Fourier Transform Emission Spectroscopy of New Infrared Systems of LaH and LaD” (PDF). Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy. 104 (17): 6444. Bibcode:1996JChPh.104.6444R. doi:10.1063/1.471365. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 10. 3. 2005. г.
Pr(I) has been observed in [PrB₄]⁻; see Chen, Xin; Chen, Teng-Teng; Li, Wang-Lu; Lu, Jun-Bo; Zhao, Li-Juan; Jian, Tian; Hu, Han-Shi; Wang, Lai-Sheng; Li, Jun (13. 12. 2018). „Lanthanides with Unusually Low Oxidation States in the PrB₃^– and PrB₄^– Boride Clusters”. Inorganic Chemistry. 58 (1): 411—418. PMID 30543295. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b02572.
Pr(V) has been observed in [PrO₂]⁺; see Zhang, Qingnan; Hu, Shu-Xian; Qu, Hui; Su, Jing; Wang, Guanjun; Lu, Jun-Bo; Chen, Mohua; Zhou, Mingfei; Li, Jun (6. 6. 2016). „Pentavalent Lanthanide Compounds: Formation and Characterization of Praseodymium(V) Oxides”. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 55 (24): 6896—6900. ISSN 1521-3773. PMID 27100273. doi:10.1002/anie.201602196.
Hu, Shu-Xian; Jian, Jiwen; Su, Jing; Wu, Xuan; Li, Jun; Zhou, Mingfei (2017). „Pentavalent lanthanide nitride-oxides: NPrO and NPrO− complexes with N≡Pr triple bonds”. Chemical Science (на језику: енглески). 8 (5): 4035—4043. ISSN 2041-6520. PMC 5434915 . PMID 28580119. doi:10.1039/C7SC00710H.
All the lanthanides (La–Lu) in the +2 oxidation state have been observed (except La, Gd, Lu) in dilute, solid solutions of dihalides of these elements in alkaline earth dihalides (see Holleman A. F.; Wiberg E. (2001). Inorganic Chemistry (1st изд.). San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-352651-5. ) and (except Pm) in organometallic molecular complexes, see Lanthanides Topple Assumptions and Meyer, G. (2014). „All the Lanthanides Do It and Even Uranium Does Oxidation State +2”. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 53 (14): 3550—51. PMID 24616202. doi:10.1002/anie.201311325. . Additionally, all the lanthanides (La–Lu) form dihydrides (LnH₂), dicarbides (LnC₂), monosulfides (LnS), monoselenides (LnSe), and monotellurides (LnTe), but for most elements these compounds have Ln³⁺ ions with electrons delocalized into conduction bands, e. g. Ln³⁺(H⁻)₂(e⁻).
Os(−1) has been observed in Na[Os(CO)
13]; see Krause, J.; Siriwardane, Upali; Salupo, Terese A.; Wermer, Joseph R.; Knoeppel, David W.; Shore, Sheldon G. (1993). „Preparation of [Os₃(CO)₁₁]²⁻ and its reactions with Os₃(CO)₁₂; structures of [Et₄N] [HOs₃(CO)₁₁] and H₂OsS₄(CO)”. Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 454: 263—271. doi:10.1016/0022-328X(93)83250-Y. and Carter, Willie J.; Kelland, John W.; Okrasinski, Stanley J.; Warner, Keith E.; Norton, Jack R. (1982). „Mononuclear hydrido alkyl carbonyl complexes of osmium and their polynuclear derivatives”. Inorganic Chemistry. 21 (11): 3955—3960. doi:10.1021/ic00141a019.
Ir(VIII) has been observed in iridium tetroxide (IrO₄); see Gong, Yu; Zhou, Mingfei; Kaupp, Martin; Riedel, Sebastian (2009). „Formation and Characterization of the Iridium Tetroxide Molecule with Iridium in the Oxidation State +VIII”. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 48 (42): 7879—7883. PMID 19593837. doi:10.1002/anie.200902733.
Ir(IX) has been observed in IrO+; see Wang, Guanjun; Zhou, Mingfei; Goettel, James T.; Schrobilgen, Gary G.; Su, Jing; Li, Jun; Schlöder, Tobias; Riedel, Sebastian (21. 8. 2014). „Identification of an iridium-containing compound with a formal oxidation state of IX”. Nature. 514 (7523): 475—477. Bibcode:2014Natur.514..475W. PMID 25341786. doi:10.1038/nature13795.
Pt(−1) and Pt(−2) have been observed in the barium platinides Ba₂Pt and BaPt, respectively: see Karpov, Andrey; Konuma, Mitsuharu; Jansen, Martin (2006). „An experimental proof for negative oxidation states of platinum: ESCA-measurements on barium platinides”. Chemical Communications (8): 838—840. PMID 16479284. doi:10.1039/b514631c.
Pt(I) and Pt(III) have been observed in bimetallic and polymetallic species; see Kauffman, George B.; Thurner, Joseph J.; Zatko, David A. (1967). „Ammonium Hexachloroplatinate(IV)”. Inorganic Syntheses. 9. стр. 182—185. ISBN 978-0-470-13240-1. doi:10.1002/9780470132401.ch51.
Au(0) has been observed, see Mézaille, Nicolas; Avarvari, Narcis; Maigrot, Nicole; Ricard, Louis; Mathey, François; Le Floch, Pascal; Cataldo, Laurent; Berclaz, Théo; Geoffroy, Michel (1999). „Gold(I) and Gold(0) Complexes of Phosphinine-Based Macrocycles”. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 38 (21): 3194—3197. PMID 10556900. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19991102)38:21<3194::AID-ANIE3194>3.0.CO;2-O.
Hg(IV) has been reported in mercury(IV) fluoride (HgF₄); see Xuefang Wang; Lester Andrews; Sebastian Riedel; Martin Kaupp (2007). „Mercury Is a Transition Metal: The First Experimental Evidence for HgF₄”. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 46 (44): 8371—8375. PMID 17899620. doi:10.1002/anie.200703710. However, it could not be confirmed by later experiments; see „Is mercury a transition metal?”. 12. 10. 2016. Архивирано из оригинала 12. 10. 2016. г. Приступљено 14. 10. 2019.
Tl(−5) has been observed in Na₂₃K₉Tl_15.3, see Dong, Z.-C.; Corbett, J. D. (1996). „Na₂₃K₉Tl_15.3: An Unusual Zintl Compound Containing Apparent Tl₅⁷⁻, Tl₄⁸⁻, Tl₃⁷⁻, and Tl⁵⁻ Anions”. Inorganic Chemistry. 35 (11): 3107—12. PMID 11666505. doi:10.1021/ic960014z.
Tl(+2) has been observed in tetrakis(hypersilyl)dithallium ([(Me₃Si)Si]₂Tl—Tl[Si(SiMe₃)]₂), see Sonja Henkel; Dr. Karl Wilhelm Klinkhammer; Dr. Wolfgang Schwarz (1994). „Tetrakis(hypersilyl)dithallium(Tl—Tl): A Divalent Thallium Compound”. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 33 (6): 681—683. doi:10.1002/anie.199406811.
Pb(−2) has been observed in BaPb, see Ferro, Riccardo (2008). Nicholas C. Norman, ур. Intermetallic Chemistry. Elsevier. стр. 505. ISBN 978-0-08-044099-6. and Todorov, Iliya; Sevov, Slavi C. (2004). „Heavy-Metal Aromatic Rings: Cyclopentadienyl Anion Analogues Sn₅⁶⁻ and Pb₅⁶⁻ in the Zintl Phases Na₈BaPb₆, Na₈BaSn₆, and Na₈EuSn₆”. Inorganic Chemistry. 43 (20): 6490—94. PMID 15446901. doi:10.1021/ic000333x.
Pb(+1) and Pb(+3) have been observed in organolead compounds, e.g. hexamethyldiplumbane Pb₂(CH₃)₆; for Pb(I), see Siew-Peng Chia; Hong-Wei Xi; Yongxin Li; Kok Hwa Lim; Cheuk-Wai So (2013). „A Base-Stabilized Lead(I) Dimer and an Aromatic Plumbylidenide Anion”. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 52 (24): 6298—6301. PMID 23629949. doi:10.1002/anie.201301954.
Bi(+2) has been observed in dibismuthines (R₂Bi—BiR₂), see Arthur J. Ashe III (1990). Thermochromic Distibines and Dibismuthines. Advances in Organometallic Chemistry. 30. стр. 77—97. ISBN 9780120311309. doi:10.1016/S0065-3055(08)60499-2.
Bi(IV) has been observed; see A. I. Aleksandrov, I. E. Makarov (1987). „Formation of Bi(II) and Bi(IV) in aqueous hydrochloric solutions of Bi(III)”. Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Division of Chemical Science. 36 (2): 217—220. doi:10.1007/BF00959349.
Po(V) has been observed in dioxidopolonium(1+) (PoO+); see Thayer, John S. (2010). „Relativistic Effects and the Chemistry of the Heavier Main Group Elements”. Relativistic Methods for Chemists. Challenges and Advances in Computational Chemistry and Physics. 10. стр. 78. ISBN 978-1-4020-9974-8. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9975-5_2.
Rn(II) has been observed in radon difluoride (RnF₂); see Stein, L. (1970). „Ionic Radon Solution”. Science. 168 (3929): 362—4. Bibcode:1970Sci...168..362S. PMID 17809133. doi:10.1126/science.168.3929.362. and Kenneth S. Pitzer (1975). „Fluorides of radon and element 118”. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (18): 760b — 761. doi:10.1039/C3975000760b.
Th(I) is known in thorium(I) bromide (ThBr); see Wickleder, Mathias S.; Fourest, Blandine; Dorhout, Peter K. (2006). „Thorium”. Ур.: Morss, Lester R.; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean. The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (PDF). 3 (3rd изд.). Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer. стр. 52—160. ISBN 978-1-4020-3555-5. doi:10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_3. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 7. 3. 2016. г.
Th(II) and Th(III) are observed in [Th^II{η⁵-C₅H₃(SiMe₃)₂}₃]⁻ and [Th^III{η⁵-C₅H₃(SiMe₃)₂}₃], see Langeslay, Ryan R.; Fieser, Megan E.; Ziller, Joseph W.; Furche, Philip; Evans, William J. (2015). „Synthesis, structure, and reactivity of crystalline molecular complexes of the {[C₅H₃(SiMe₃)₂]₃Th}¹⁻ anion containing thorium in the formal +2 oxidation state”. Chem. Sci. 6 (1): 517—521. PMC 5811171 . PMID 29560172. doi:10.1039/C4SC03033H.
U(II) has been observed in [K(2.2.2-Cryptand)][(C₅H₄SiMe₃)₃U], see MacDonald, Matthew R.; Fieser, Megan E.; Bates, Jefferson E.; Ziller, Joseph W.; Furche, Filipp; Evans, William J. (2013). „Identification of the +2 Oxidation State for Uranium in a Crystalline Molecular Complex, [K(2.2.2-Cryptand)][(C₅H₄SiMe₃)₃U]”. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135 (36): 13310—13313. Bibcode:2013JAChS.13513310M. PMID 23984753. doi:10.1021/ja406791t.
Np(II), (III) and (IV) have been observed, see Dutkiewicz, Michał S.; Apostolidis, Christos; Walter, Olaf; Arnold, Polly L (2017). „Reduction chemistry of neptunium cyclopentadienide complexes: from structure to understanding”. Chem. Sci. 8 (4): 2553—2561. PMC 5431675 . PMID 28553487. doi:10.1039/C7SC00034K.
Pu(II) has been observed in {Pu[C₅H₃(SiMe₃)₂]₃}−; see Windorff, Cory J.; Chen, Guo P; Cross, Justin N; Evans, William J.; Furche, Filipp; Gaunt, Andrew J.; Janicke, Michael T.; Kozimor, Stosh A.; Scott, Brian L. (2017). „Identification of the Formal +2 Oxidation State of Plutonium: Synthesis and Characterization ofref name="curium5" {Pu^II[C₅H₃(SiMe₃)₂]₃}−”. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 139 (11): 3970—3973. PMID 28235179. doi:10.1021/jacs.7b00706.
Cm(V), Bk(V), and Cf(V) have been observed in BkO₂⁺, CfO₂⁺, CmO₂(NO₃)₂⁻, BkO₂(NO₃)₂⁻, and CfO₂(NO₃)₂⁻; see Dau, Phuong Diem; Vasiliu, Monica; Peterson, Kirk A; Dixon, David A; Gibsoon, John K (октобар 2017). „Remarkably High Stability of Late Actinide Dioxide Cations: Extending Chemistry to Pentavalent Berkelium and Californium”. Chemistry - A European Journal. 23 (68): 17369—17378. PMID 29024093. doi:10.1002/chem.201704193.
Kovács, Attila; Dau, Phuong D.; Marçalo, Joaquim; Gibson, John K. (2018). „Pentavalent Curium, Berkelium, and Californium in Nitrate Complexes: Extending Actinide Chemistry and Oxidation States”. Inorg. Chem. American Chemical Society. 57 (15): 9453—9467. PMID 30040397. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01450.
Cm(VI) has been observed in curium trioxide (CmO₃) and dioxidocurium(2+) (CmO2+); see Domanov, V. P.; Lobanov, Yu. V. (октобар 2011). „Formation of volatile curium(VI) trioxide CmO₃”. Radiochemistry. 53 (5): 453—6. Bibcode:2011Radch..53..453D. doi:10.1134/S1066362211050018.
Cm(VIII) has been reported to possibly occur in curium tetroxide (CmO₄); see Domanov, V. P. (јануар 2013). „Possibility of generation of octavalent curium in the gas phase in the form of volatile tetraoxide CmO₄”. Radiochemistry. 55 (1): 46—51. Bibcode:2013Radch..55...46D. doi:10.1134/S1066362213010098. However, new experiments seem to indicate its nonexistence: Zaitsevskii, Andréi; Schwarz, W H Eugen (април 2014). „Structures and stability of AnO4 isomers, An = Pu, Am, and Cm: a relativistic density functional study”. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 2014 (16): 8997—9001. Bibcode:2014PCCP...16.8997Z. PMID 24695756. doi:10.1039/c4cp00235k.
Es(IV) is known in einsteinium(IV) fluoride (EsF₄); see Kleinschmidt, P (1994). „Thermochemistry of the actinides”. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 213–214: 169—172. doi:10.1016/0925-8388(94)90898-2.
Sg(VI) has been observed in seaborgium oxide hydroxide (SgO₂(OH)₂); see Huebener, S.; Taut, S.; Vahle, A.; Dressler, R.; Eichler, B.; Gäggeler, H. W.; Jost, D.T.; Piguet, D.; et al. (2001). „Physico-chemical characterization of seaborgium as oxide hydroxide” (PDF). Radiochim. Acta. 89 (11–12_2001): 737—741. doi:10.1524/ract.2001.89.11-12.737. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 25. 10. 2014. г.
Sg(0) has been observed in seaborgium hexacarbonyl (Sg(CO)₆); see Even, J.; Yakushev, A.; Dullmann, C. E.; Haba, H.; Asai, M.; Sato, T. K.; Brand, H.; Di Nitto, A.; Eichler, R.; Fan, F. L.; Hartmann, W.; Huang, M.; Jager, E.; Kaji, D.; Kanaya, J.; Kaneya, Y.; Khuyagbaatar, J.; Kindler, B.; Kratz, J. V.; Krier, J.; Kudou, Y.; Kurz, N.; Lommel, B.; Miyashita, S.; Morimoto, K.; Morita, K.; Murakami, M.; Nagame, Y.; Nitsche, H.; et al. (2014). „Synthesis and detection of a seaborgium carbonyl complex”. Science. 345 (6203): 1491—3. Bibcode:2014Sci...345.1491E. PMID 25237098. doi:10.1126/science.1255720. (потребна претплата)
Langmuir, Irving (1919). „The arrangement of electrons in atoms and molecules”. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 41 (6): 868—934. Bibcode:1919JAChS..41..868L. doi:10.1021/ja02227a002.

dtu.dk

orbit.dtu.dk

Se(V) has been observed in SeO2- and HSeO2-; see Kläning, Ulrik K.; Sehested, K. (1986). „Selenium(V). A pulse radiolysis study”. Inorganic Chemistry. 90 (21): 5460—4. doi:10.1021/j100412a112.
Te(V) is mentioned by Greenwood and Earnshaw, but they do not give any example of a Te(V) compound. What was long thought to be ditellurium decafluoride (Te₂F₁₀) is actually bis(pentafluorotelluryl) oxide, F₅TeOTeF₅: see Watkins, P. M. (1974). „Ditellurium decafluoride - A Continuing Myth”. Journal of Chemical Education. 51 (9): 520—521. Bibcode:1974JChEd..51..520W. doi:10.1021/ed051p520. However, Te(V) has been observed in HTeO-, TeO-, HTeO2-, and TeO3-; see Kläning, Ulrik K.; Sehested, K. (2001). „Tellurium(V). A Pulse Radiolysis Study”. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 105 (27): 6637—45. Bibcode:2001JPCA..105.6637K. doi:10.1021/jp010577i.

escholarship.org

Rn(II) has been observed in radon difluoride (RnF₂); see Stein, L. (1970). „Ionic Radon Solution”. Science. 168 (3929): 362—4. Bibcode:1970Sci...168..362S. PMID 17809133. doi:10.1126/science.168.3929.362. and Kenneth S. Pitzer (1975). „Fluorides of radon and element 118”. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (18): 760b — 761. doi:10.1039/C3975000760b.
Cm(V), Bk(V), and Cf(V) have been observed in BkO₂⁺, CfO₂⁺, CmO₂(NO₃)₂⁻, BkO₂(NO₃)₂⁻, and CfO₂(NO₃)₂⁻; see Dau, Phuong Diem; Vasiliu, Monica; Peterson, Kirk A; Dixon, David A; Gibsoon, John K (октобар 2017). „Remarkably High Stability of Late Actinide Dioxide Cations: Extending Chemistry to Pentavalent Berkelium and Californium”. Chemistry - A European Journal. 23 (68): 17369—17378. PMID 29024093. doi:10.1002/chem.201704193.
Kovács, Attila; Dau, Phuong D.; Marçalo, Joaquim; Gibson, John K. (2018). „Pentavalent Curium, Berkelium, and Californium in Nitrate Complexes: Extending Actinide Chemistry and Oxidation States”. Inorg. Chem. American Chemical Society. 57 (15): 9453—9467. PMID 30040397. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01450.

gsi.de

Bh(VII) has been observed in bohrium oxychloride (BhO₃Cl); see „"Gas chemical investigation of bohrium (Bh, element 107)"” (PDF). 28. 2. 2008. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 28. 2. 2008. г. , Eichler et al., GSI Annual Report 2000. Retrieved on 2008-02-29
Hs(VIII) has been observed in hassium tetroxide (HsO₄); see „Chemistry of Hassium” (PDF). Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung mbH. 2002. Приступљено 31. 1. 2007.

www-w2k.gsi.de

Sg(VI) has been observed in seaborgium oxide hydroxide (SgO₂(OH)₂); see Huebener, S.; Taut, S.; Vahle, A.; Dressler, R.; Eichler, B.; Gäggeler, H. W.; Jost, D.T.; Piguet, D.; et al. (2001). „Physico-chemical characterization of seaborgium as oxide hydroxide” (PDF). Radiochim. Acta. 89 (11–12_2001): 737—741. doi:10.1524/ract.2001.89.11-12.737. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 25. 10. 2014. г.

harvard.edu

adsabs.harvard.edu

Be(I) has been observed in beryllium monohydride (BeH); see Shayesteh, A.; Tereszchuk, K.; Bernath, P. F.; Colin, R. (2003). „Infrared Emission Spectra of BeH and BeD” (PDF). J. Chem. Phys. 118 (3): 1158. Bibcode:2003JChPh.118.1158S. doi:10.1063/1.1528606. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 2. 12. 2007. г. Приступљено 10. 12. 2007.
B(0) has been observed in diborynes, see Braunschweig, H.; Dewhurst, R. D.; Hammond, K.; Mies, J.; Radacki, K.; Vargas, A. (2012). „Ambient-Temperature Isolation of a Compound with a Boron-Boron Triple Bond”. Science. 336 (6087): 1420—2. Bibcode:2012Sci...336.1420B. PMID 22700924. doi:10.1126/science.1221138.
Low valent magnesium compounds with Mg(I) have been obtained using bulky ligands; see Green, S. P.; Jones C.; Stasch A. (децембар 2007). „Stable Magnesium(I) Compounds with Mg-Mg Bonds”. Science. 318 (5857): 1754—1757. Bibcode:2007Sci...318.1754G. PMID 17991827. doi:10.1126/science.1150856.
Al(II) has been observed in aluminium(II) oxide (AlO); see Tyte, D.C. (1964). „Red (B2Π–A2σ) Band System of Aluminium Monoxide”. Nature. 202 (4930): 383—384. Bibcode:1964Natur.202..383T. doi:10.1038/202383a0 , and in dialanes (R₂Al—AlR₂); see Uhl, Werner (2004). „Organoelement Compounds Possessing Al—Al, Ga—Ga, In—In, and Tl—Tl Single Bonds”. Advances in Organometallic Chemistry. 51: 53—108. doi:10.1016/S0065-3055(03)51002-4.
P(0) has been observed, see Wang, Yuzhong; Xie, Yaoming; Wei, Pingrong; King, R. Bruce; Schaefer, Iii; Schleyer, Paul v. R.; Robinson, Gregory H. (2008). „Carbene-Stabilized Diphosphorus”. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 130 (45): 14970—1. Bibcode:2008JAChS.13014970W. PMID 18937460. doi:10.1021/ja807828t.
Ca(I) has been observed; see Krieck, Sven; Görls, Helmar; Westerhausen, Matthias (2010). „Mechanistic Elucidation of the Formation of the Inverse Ca(I) Sandwich Complex [(thf)₃Ca(μ-C₆H₃-1,3,5-Ph₃)Ca(thf)₃] and Stability of Aryl-Substituted Phenylcalcium Complexes”. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 132 (35): 12492—501. Bibcode:2010JAChS.13212492K. PMID 20718434. doi:10.1021/ja105534w.
Sc(I) has been observed; see Polly L. Arnold; F. Geoffrey; N. Cloke; Peter B. Hitchcock; John F. Nixon (1996). „The First Example of a Formal Scandium(I) Complex: Synthesis and Molecular Structure of a 22-Electron Scandium Triple Decker Incorporating the Novel 1,3,5-Triphosphabenzene Ring”. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 118 (32): 7630—7631. Bibcode:1996JAChS.118.7630A. doi:10.1021/ja961253o. Непознати параметар |name-list-style= игнорисан (помоћ)
Fe(VII) has been observed in [FeO₄]⁻; see Lu, Jun-Bo; Jian, Jiwen; Huang, Wei; Lin, Hailu; Zhou, Mingfei (2016). „Experimental and theoretical identification of the Fe(VII) oxidation state in FeO₄⁻”. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 18 (45): 31125—31131. Bibcode:2016PCCP...1831125L. PMID 27812577. doi:10.1039/C6CP06753K.
Fe(−4), Ru(−4), and Os(−4) have been observed in metal-rich compounds containing octahedral complexes [MIn_6−xSn_x]; Pt(−3) (as a dimeric anion [Pt–Pt]⁶⁻), Cu(−2), Zn(−2), Ag(−2), Cd(−2), Au(−2), and Hg(−2) have been observed (as dimeric and monomeric anions; dimeric ions were initially reported to be [T–T]²⁻ for Zn, Cd, Hg, but later shown to be [T–T]⁴⁻ for all these elements) in La₂Pt₂In, La₂Cu₂In, Ca₅Au₃, Ca₅Ag₃, Ca₅Hg₃, Sr₅Cd₃, Ca₅Zn₃(structure (AE²⁺)₅(T–T)⁴⁻T²⁻⋅4e⁻), Yb₃Ag₂, Ca₅Au₄, and Ca₃Hg₂; Au(–3) has been observed in ScAuSn and in other 18-electron half-Heusler compounds. See Changhoon Lee; Myung-Hwan Whangbo (2008). „Late transition metal anions acting as p-metal elements”. Solid State Sciences. 10 (4): 444—449. Bibcode:2008SSSci..10..444K. doi:10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2007.12.001. and Changhoon Lee; Myung-Hwan Whangbo; Jürgen Köhler (2010). „Analysis of Electronic Structures and Chemical Bonding of Metal-rich Compounds. 2. Presence of Dimer (T–T)^4– and Isolated T^2– Anions in the Polar Intermetallic Cr₅B₃-Type Compounds AE₅T₃ (AE = Ca, Sr; T = Au, Ag, Hg, Cd, Zn)”. Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie. 636 (1): 36—40. doi:10.1002/zaac.200900421.
Cu(0) has been observed in Cu(tris[2-(diisopropylphosphino)- phenyl]borane), see Moret, Marc-Etienne; Zhang, Limei; Peters, Jonas C. (2013). „A Polar Copper–Boron One-Electron σ-Bond”. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135 (10): 3792—3795. Bibcode:2013JAChS.135.3792M. PMID 23418750. doi:10.1021/ja4006578.
Zn(I) has been observed in decamethyldizincocene (Zn₂(η⁵–C₅Me₅)₂); see Resa, I.; Carmona, E.; Gutierrez-Puebla, E.; Monge, A. (2004). „Decamethyldizincocene, a Stable Compound of Zn(I) with a Zn-Zn Bond”. Science. 305 (5687): 1136—8. Bibcode:2004Sci...305.1136R. PMID 15326350. doi:10.1126/science.1101356.
Sr(I) has been observed in strontium monofluoride (SrF); see P. Colarusso; Guo, B.; Zhang, K.-Q.; Bernath, P.F.; et al. (1996). „High-Resolution Infrared Emission Spectrum of Strontium Monofluoride” (PDF). Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy. 175 (1): 158—171. Bibcode:1996JMoSp.175..158C. doi:10.1006/jmsp.1996.0019. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 8. 3. 2012. г.
Y(II) has been observed in [(18-crown-6)K][(C₅H₄SiMe₃)₃Y]; see MacDonald, M. R.; Ziller, J. W.; Evans, W. J. (2011). „Synthesis of a Crystalline Molecular Complex of Y²⁺, [(18-crown-6)K][(C₅H₄SiMe₃)₃Y]”. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133 (40): 15914—17. Bibcode:2011JAChS.13315914M. PMID 21919538. doi:10.1021/ja207151y.
George, G.N.; Klein, S.I.; Nixon, J.F. (1984). „Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopic studies on the zero-valent rhodium complex [Rh(P(OPrⁱ)₃)₄] at X-and Q-band frequencies”. Chemical Physics Letters. 108 (6): 627—630. Bibcode:1984CPL...108..627G. doi:10.1016/0009-2614(84)85069-1.
Pd(III) has been observed; see Powers, D. C.; Ritter, T. (2011). Palladium(III) in Synthesis and Catalysis (PDF). Top. Organomet. Chem. Topics in Organometallic Chemistry. 35. стр. 129—156. Bibcode:2011hoso.book..129P. ISBN 978-3-642-17428-5. PMC 3066514 . PMID 21461129. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-17429-2_6. Архивирано из оригинала 12. 6. 2013. г.
Te(V) is mentioned by Greenwood and Earnshaw, but they do not give any example of a Te(V) compound. What was long thought to be ditellurium decafluoride (Te₂F₁₀) is actually bis(pentafluorotelluryl) oxide, F₅TeOTeF₅: see Watkins, P. M. (1974). „Ditellurium decafluoride - A Continuing Myth”. Journal of Chemical Education. 51 (9): 520—521. Bibcode:1974JChEd..51..520W. doi:10.1021/ed051p520. However, Te(V) has been observed in HTeO-, TeO-, HTeO2-, and TeO3-; see Kläning, Ulrik K.; Sehested, K. (2001). „Tellurium(V). A Pulse Radiolysis Study”. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 105 (27): 6637—45. Bibcode:2001JPCA..105.6637K. doi:10.1021/jp010577i.
Ba(I) has been observed in barium monofluoride (BaF); see P. Colarusso; Guo, B.; Zhang, K.-Q.; Bernath, P.F.; et al. (1995). „High-Resolution Fourier Transform Infrared Emission Spectrum of Barium Monofluoride” (PDF). Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy. 170 (1): 59. Bibcode:1996JMoSp.175..158C. doi:10.1006/jmsp.1996.0019. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 10. 3. 2005. г.
La(I) has been observed in lanthanum monohydride (LaH); see Ram, R. S.; Bernath, P. F. (1996). „Fourier Transform Emission Spectroscopy of New Infrared Systems of LaH and LaD” (PDF). Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy. 104 (17): 6444. Bibcode:1996JChPh.104.6444R. doi:10.1063/1.471365. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 10. 3. 2005. г.
Ir(IX) has been observed in IrO+; see Wang, Guanjun; Zhou, Mingfei; Goettel, James T.; Schrobilgen, Gary G.; Su, Jing; Li, Jun; Schlöder, Tobias; Riedel, Sebastian (21. 8. 2014). „Identification of an iridium-containing compound with a formal oxidation state of IX”. Nature. 514 (7523): 475—477. Bibcode:2014Natur.514..475W. PMID 25341786. doi:10.1038/nature13795.
Rn(II) has been observed in radon difluoride (RnF₂); see Stein, L. (1970). „Ionic Radon Solution”. Science. 168 (3929): 362—4. Bibcode:1970Sci...168..362S. PMID 17809133. doi:10.1126/science.168.3929.362. and Kenneth S. Pitzer (1975). „Fluorides of radon and element 118”. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (18): 760b — 761. doi:10.1039/C3975000760b.
U(II) has been observed in [K(2.2.2-Cryptand)][(C₅H₄SiMe₃)₃U], see MacDonald, Matthew R.; Fieser, Megan E.; Bates, Jefferson E.; Ziller, Joseph W.; Furche, Filipp; Evans, William J. (2013). „Identification of the +2 Oxidation State for Uranium in a Crystalline Molecular Complex, [K(2.2.2-Cryptand)][(C₅H₄SiMe₃)₃U]”. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135 (36): 13310—13313. Bibcode:2013JAChS.13513310M. PMID 23984753. doi:10.1021/ja406791t.
Cm(VI) has been observed in curium trioxide (CmO₃) and dioxidocurium(2+) (CmO2+); see Domanov, V. P.; Lobanov, Yu. V. (октобар 2011). „Formation of volatile curium(VI) trioxide CmO₃”. Radiochemistry. 53 (5): 453—6. Bibcode:2011Radch..53..453D. doi:10.1134/S1066362211050018.
Cm(VIII) has been reported to possibly occur in curium tetroxide (CmO₄); see Domanov, V. P. (јануар 2013). „Possibility of generation of octavalent curium in the gas phase in the form of volatile tetraoxide CmO₄”. Radiochemistry. 55 (1): 46—51. Bibcode:2013Radch..55...46D. doi:10.1134/S1066362213010098. However, new experiments seem to indicate its nonexistence: Zaitsevskii, Andréi; Schwarz, W H Eugen (април 2014). „Structures and stability of AnO4 isomers, An = Pu, Am, and Cm: a relativistic density functional study”. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 2014 (16): 8997—9001. Bibcode:2014PCCP...16.8997Z. PMID 24695756. doi:10.1039/c4cp00235k.
Sg(0) has been observed in seaborgium hexacarbonyl (Sg(CO)₆); see Even, J.; Yakushev, A.; Dullmann, C. E.; Haba, H.; Asai, M.; Sato, T. K.; Brand, H.; Di Nitto, A.; Eichler, R.; Fan, F. L.; Hartmann, W.; Huang, M.; Jager, E.; Kaji, D.; Kanaya, J.; Kaneya, Y.; Khuyagbaatar, J.; Kindler, B.; Kratz, J. V.; Krier, J.; Kudou, Y.; Kurz, N.; Lommel, B.; Miyashita, S.; Morimoto, K.; Morita, K.; Murakami, M.; Nagame, Y.; Nitsche, H.; et al. (2014). „Synthesis and detection of a seaborgium carbonyl complex”. Science. 345 (6203): 1491—3. Bibcode:2014Sci...345.1491E. PMID 25237098. doi:10.1126/science.1255720. (потребна претплата)
Langmuir, Irving (1919). „The arrangement of electrons in atoms and molecules”. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 41 (6): 868—934. Bibcode:1919JAChS..41..868L. doi:10.1021/ja02227a002.

iaea.org

inis.iaea.org

Hf(I) has been observed in hafnium monobromide (HfBr), see Marek, G.S.; Troyanov, S.I.; Tsirel'nikov, V.I. (1979). „Кристаллическое строение и термодинамические характеристики монобромидов циркония и гафния / Crystal structure and thermodynamic characteristics of monobromides of zirconium and hafnium”. Журнал неорганической химии / Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry (на језику: руски). 24 (4): 890—893.

iupac.org

IUPAC Gold Book Архивирано на веб-сајту Wayback Machine (30. март 2016) (језик: енглески)

nevada.edu

radchem.nevada.edu

Th(I) is known in thorium(I) bromide (ThBr); see Wickleder, Mathias S.; Fourest, Blandine; Dorhout, Peter K. (2006). „Thorium”. Ур.: Morss, Lester R.; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean. The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (PDF). 3 (3rd изд.). Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer. стр. 52—160. ISBN 978-1-4020-3555-5. doi:10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_3. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 7. 3. 2016. г.

nih.gov

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

B(0) has been observed in diborynes, see Braunschweig, H.; Dewhurst, R. D.; Hammond, K.; Mies, J.; Radacki, K.; Vargas, A. (2012). „Ambient-Temperature Isolation of a Compound with a Boron-Boron Triple Bond”. Science. 336 (6087): 1420—2. Bibcode:2012Sci...336.1420B. PMID 22700924. doi:10.1126/science.1221138.
Low valent magnesium compounds with Mg(I) have been obtained using bulky ligands; see Green, S. P.; Jones C.; Stasch A. (децембар 2007). „Stable Magnesium(I) Compounds with Mg-Mg Bonds”. Science. 318 (5857): 1754—1757. Bibcode:2007Sci...318.1754G. PMID 17991827. doi:10.1126/science.1150856.
P(0) has been observed, see Wang, Yuzhong; Xie, Yaoming; Wei, Pingrong; King, R. Bruce; Schaefer, Iii; Schleyer, Paul v. R.; Robinson, Gregory H. (2008). „Carbene-Stabilized Diphosphorus”. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 130 (45): 14970—1. Bibcode:2008JAChS.13014970W. PMID 18937460. doi:10.1021/ja807828t.
Ca(I) has been observed; see Krieck, Sven; Görls, Helmar; Westerhausen, Matthias (2010). „Mechanistic Elucidation of the Formation of the Inverse Ca(I) Sandwich Complex [(thf)₃Ca(μ-C₆H₃-1,3,5-Ph₃)Ca(thf)₃] and Stability of Aryl-Substituted Phenylcalcium Complexes”. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 132 (35): 12492—501. Bibcode:2010JAChS.13212492K. PMID 20718434. doi:10.1021/ja105534w.
Sc(II) has been observed; see Woen, David H.; Chen, Guo P.; Ziller, Joseph W.; Boyle, Timothy J.; Furche, Filipp; Evans, William J. (јануар 2017). „Solution Synthesis, Structure, and CO Reduction Reactivity of a Scandium(II) Complex”. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 56 (8): 2050—2053. PMID 28097771. doi:10.1002/anie.201611758.
Ti(−1) has been reported in [Ti(bipy)₃]⁻, but was later shown to be Ti(+3); see Bowman, A. C.; England, J.; Sprouls, S.; Weihemüller, T.; Wieghardt, K. (2013). „Electronic structures of homoleptic [tris(2,2'-bipyridine)M]n complexes of the early transition metals (M = Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta; n = 1+, 0, 1-, 2-, 3-): an experimental and density functional theoretical study”. Inorganic Chemistry. 52 (4): 2242—56. PMID 23387926. doi:10.1021/ic302799s. However, Ti(−1) occurs in [Ti(η-C₆H₆]⁻ and [Ti(η-C₆H₅CH₃)]⁻, see Bandy, J. A.; Berry, A.; Green, M. L. H.; Perutz, R. N.; Prout, K.; Verpeautz, J.-N. (1984). „Synthesis of anionic sandwich compounds: [Ti(η-C₆H₅R)₂]^– and the crystal structure of [K(18-crown-6)(µ-H)Mo(η-C₅H₅)₂]”. Inorganic Chemistry. 52 (4): 729—731. doi:10.1039/C39840000729.
Jilek, Robert E.; Tripepi, Giovanna; Urnezius, Eugenijus; Brennessel, William W.; Young, Victor G., Jr.; Ellis, John E. (2007). „Zerovalent titanium–sulfur complexes. Novel dithiocarbamato derivatives of Ti(CO)₆: [Ti(CO)₄(S₂CNR₂)]⁻”. Chem. Commun. (25): 2639—2641. PMID 17579764. doi:10.1039/B700808B.
Fe(VII) has been observed in [FeO₄]⁻; see Lu, Jun-Bo; Jian, Jiwen; Huang, Wei; Lin, Hailu; Zhou, Mingfei (2016). „Experimental and theoretical identification of the Fe(VII) oxidation state in FeO₄⁻”. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 18 (45): 31125—31131. Bibcode:2016PCCP...1831125L. PMID 27812577. doi:10.1039/C6CP06753K.
Ni(−2) has been observed in Li₂[Ni(1,5-COD)₂], see Jonas, Klaus (1975). „Dilithium-Nickel-Olefin Complexes. Novel Bimetal Complexes Containing a Transition Metal and a Main Group Metal”. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 14 (11): 752—753. doi:10.1002/anie.197507521. and Ellis, John E. (2006). „Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States”. Inorganic Chemistry. 45 (8): 3167—86. PMID 16602773. doi:10.1021/ic052110i.
Cu(0) has been observed in Cu(tris[2-(diisopropylphosphino)- phenyl]borane), see Moret, Marc-Etienne; Zhang, Limei; Peters, Jonas C. (2013). „A Polar Copper–Boron One-Electron σ-Bond”. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135 (10): 3792—3795. Bibcode:2013JAChS.135.3792M. PMID 23418750. doi:10.1021/ja4006578.
Zn(I) has been observed in decamethyldizincocene (Zn₂(η⁵–C₅Me₅)₂); see Resa, I.; Carmona, E.; Gutierrez-Puebla, E.; Monge, A. (2004). „Decamethyldizincocene, a Stable Compound of Zn(I) with a Zn-Zn Bond”. Science. 305 (5687): 1136—8. Bibcode:2004Sci...305.1136R. PMID 15326350. doi:10.1126/science.1101356.
As(I) has been observed in arsenic(I) iodide (AsI); see Ellis, Bobby D.; MacDonald, Charles L. B. (2004). „Stabilized Arsenic(I) Iodide: A Ready Source of Arsenic Iodide Fragments and a Useful Reagent for the Generation of Clusters”. Inorganic Chemistry. 43 (19): 5981—6. PMID 15360247. doi:10.1021/ic049281s.
Y(II) has been observed in [(18-crown-6)K][(C₅H₄SiMe₃)₃Y]; see MacDonald, M. R.; Ziller, J. W.; Evans, W. J. (2011). „Synthesis of a Crystalline Molecular Complex of Y²⁺, [(18-crown-6)K][(C₅H₄SiMe₃)₃Y]”. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133 (40): 15914—17. Bibcode:2011JAChS.13315914M. PMID 21919538. doi:10.1021/ja207151y.
Zr(−1) has been reported in [Zr(bipy)₃]⁻ (see Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (II изд.). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. стр. 960. ISBN 0080379419. and Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (1995). „Zirconium”. Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (на језику: German) (101 изд.). Walter de Gruyter. стр. 1413. ISBN 978-3-11-012641-9. ), but was later shown to be Zr(+4); see Bowman, A. C.; England, J.; Sprouls, S.; Weihemüller, T.; Wieghardt, K. (2013). „Electronic structures of homoleptic [tris(2,2'-bipyridine)M]n complexes of the early transition metals (M = Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta; n = 1+, 0, 1-, 2-, 3-): an experimental and density functional theoretical study”. Inorganic Chemistry. 52 (4): 2242—56. PMID 23387926. doi:10.1021/ic302799s.
Pd(I) has been observed; see Crabtree, R. H. (2002). „CHEMISTRY: A New Oxidation State for Pd?”. Science. 295 (5553): 288—289. PMID 11786632. doi:10.1126/science.1067921.
Pd(III) has been observed; see Powers, D. C.; Ritter, T. (2011). Palladium(III) in Synthesis and Catalysis (PDF). Top. Organomet. Chem. Topics in Organometallic Chemistry. 35. стр. 129—156. Bibcode:2011hoso.book..129P. ISBN 978-3-642-17428-5. PMC 3066514 . PMID 21461129. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-17429-2_6. Архивирано из оригинала 12. 6. 2013. г.
In(–5) has been observed in La₃InGe, see Guloy, A. M.; Corbett, J. D. (1996). „Synthesis, Structure, and Bonding of Two Lanthanum Indium Germanides with Novel Structures and Properties”. Inorganic Chemistry. 35 (9): 2616—22. PMID 11666477. doi:10.1021/ic951378e.
Sn(−3) has been observed in [Sn₂]⁶⁻, e.g. in (Ba₂)⁴⁺(Mg₄)⁸⁺Sn⁴⁻(Sn₂)⁶⁻Sn²⁻ (with square (Sn²⁻)_n sheets), see Papoian, Garegin A.; Hoffmann, Roald (2000). „Hypervalent Bonding in One, Two, and Three Dimensions: Extending the Zintl–Klemm Concept to Nonclassical Electron-Rich Networks”. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2000 (39): 2408—2448. PMID 10941096. doi:10.1002/1521-3773(20000717)39:14<2408::aid-anie2408>3.0.co;2-u. Приступљено 23. 2. 2015.
Sb(I) and Sb(II) have been observed in organoantimony compounds; for Sb(I), see Šimon, Petr; de Proft, Frank; Jambor, Roman; Růžička, Aleš; Dostál, Libor (2010). „Monomeric Organoantimony(I) and Organobismuth(I) Compounds Stabilized by an NCN Chelating Ligand: Syntheses and Structures”. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 49 (32): 5468—5471. PMID 20602393. doi:10.1002/anie.201002209.
Pr(I) has been observed in [PrB₄]⁻; see Chen, Xin; Chen, Teng-Teng; Li, Wang-Lu; Lu, Jun-Bo; Zhao, Li-Juan; Jian, Tian; Hu, Han-Shi; Wang, Lai-Sheng; Li, Jun (13. 12. 2018). „Lanthanides with Unusually Low Oxidation States in the PrB₃^– and PrB₄^– Boride Clusters”. Inorganic Chemistry. 58 (1): 411—418. PMID 30543295. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b02572.
Pr(V) has been observed in [PrO₂]⁺; see Zhang, Qingnan; Hu, Shu-Xian; Qu, Hui; Su, Jing; Wang, Guanjun; Lu, Jun-Bo; Chen, Mohua; Zhou, Mingfei; Li, Jun (6. 6. 2016). „Pentavalent Lanthanide Compounds: Formation and Characterization of Praseodymium(V) Oxides”. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 55 (24): 6896—6900. ISSN 1521-3773. PMID 27100273. doi:10.1002/anie.201602196.
Hu, Shu-Xian; Jian, Jiwen; Su, Jing; Wu, Xuan; Li, Jun; Zhou, Mingfei (2017). „Pentavalent lanthanide nitride-oxides: NPrO and NPrO− complexes with N≡Pr triple bonds”. Chemical Science (на језику: енглески). 8 (5): 4035—4043. ISSN 2041-6520. PMC 5434915 . PMID 28580119. doi:10.1039/C7SC00710H.
All the lanthanides (La–Lu) in the +2 oxidation state have been observed (except La, Gd, Lu) in dilute, solid solutions of dihalides of these elements in alkaline earth dihalides (see Holleman A. F.; Wiberg E. (2001). Inorganic Chemistry (1st изд.). San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-352651-5. ) and (except Pm) in organometallic molecular complexes, see Lanthanides Topple Assumptions and Meyer, G. (2014). „All the Lanthanides Do It and Even Uranium Does Oxidation State +2”. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 53 (14): 3550—51. PMID 24616202. doi:10.1002/anie.201311325. . Additionally, all the lanthanides (La–Lu) form dihydrides (LnH₂), dicarbides (LnC₂), monosulfides (LnS), monoselenides (LnSe), and monotellurides (LnTe), but for most elements these compounds have Ln³⁺ ions with electrons delocalized into conduction bands, e. g. Ln³⁺(H⁻)₂(e⁻).
Ir(VIII) has been observed in iridium tetroxide (IrO₄); see Gong, Yu; Zhou, Mingfei; Kaupp, Martin; Riedel, Sebastian (2009). „Formation and Characterization of the Iridium Tetroxide Molecule with Iridium in the Oxidation State +VIII”. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 48 (42): 7879—7883. PMID 19593837. doi:10.1002/anie.200902733.
Ir(IX) has been observed in IrO+; see Wang, Guanjun; Zhou, Mingfei; Goettel, James T.; Schrobilgen, Gary G.; Su, Jing; Li, Jun; Schlöder, Tobias; Riedel, Sebastian (21. 8. 2014). „Identification of an iridium-containing compound with a formal oxidation state of IX”. Nature. 514 (7523): 475—477. Bibcode:2014Natur.514..475W. PMID 25341786. doi:10.1038/nature13795.
Pt(−1) and Pt(−2) have been observed in the barium platinides Ba₂Pt and BaPt, respectively: see Karpov, Andrey; Konuma, Mitsuharu; Jansen, Martin (2006). „An experimental proof for negative oxidation states of platinum: ESCA-measurements on barium platinides”. Chemical Communications (8): 838—840. PMID 16479284. doi:10.1039/b514631c.
Au(0) has been observed, see Mézaille, Nicolas; Avarvari, Narcis; Maigrot, Nicole; Ricard, Louis; Mathey, François; Le Floch, Pascal; Cataldo, Laurent; Berclaz, Théo; Geoffroy, Michel (1999). „Gold(I) and Gold(0) Complexes of Phosphinine-Based Macrocycles”. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 38 (21): 3194—3197. PMID 10556900. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19991102)38:21<3194::AID-ANIE3194>3.0.CO;2-O.
Hg(IV) has been reported in mercury(IV) fluoride (HgF₄); see Xuefang Wang; Lester Andrews; Sebastian Riedel; Martin Kaupp (2007). „Mercury Is a Transition Metal: The First Experimental Evidence for HgF₄”. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 46 (44): 8371—8375. PMID 17899620. doi:10.1002/anie.200703710. However, it could not be confirmed by later experiments; see „Is mercury a transition metal?”. 12. 10. 2016. Архивирано из оригинала 12. 10. 2016. г. Приступљено 14. 10. 2019.
Tl(−5) has been observed in Na₂₃K₉Tl_15.3, see Dong, Z.-C.; Corbett, J. D. (1996). „Na₂₃K₉Tl_15.3: An Unusual Zintl Compound Containing Apparent Tl₅⁷⁻, Tl₄⁸⁻, Tl₃⁷⁻, and Tl⁵⁻ Anions”. Inorganic Chemistry. 35 (11): 3107—12. PMID 11666505. doi:10.1021/ic960014z.
Pb(−2) has been observed in BaPb, see Ferro, Riccardo (2008). Nicholas C. Norman, ур. Intermetallic Chemistry. Elsevier. стр. 505. ISBN 978-0-08-044099-6. and Todorov, Iliya; Sevov, Slavi C. (2004). „Heavy-Metal Aromatic Rings: Cyclopentadienyl Anion Analogues Sn₅⁶⁻ and Pb₅⁶⁻ in the Zintl Phases Na₈BaPb₆, Na₈BaSn₆, and Na₈EuSn₆”. Inorganic Chemistry. 43 (20): 6490—94. PMID 15446901. doi:10.1021/ic000333x.
Pb(+1) and Pb(+3) have been observed in organolead compounds, e.g. hexamethyldiplumbane Pb₂(CH₃)₆; for Pb(I), see Siew-Peng Chia; Hong-Wei Xi; Yongxin Li; Kok Hwa Lim; Cheuk-Wai So (2013). „A Base-Stabilized Lead(I) Dimer and an Aromatic Plumbylidenide Anion”. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 52 (24): 6298—6301. PMID 23629949. doi:10.1002/anie.201301954.
Rn(II) has been observed in radon difluoride (RnF₂); see Stein, L. (1970). „Ionic Radon Solution”. Science. 168 (3929): 362—4. Bibcode:1970Sci...168..362S. PMID 17809133. doi:10.1126/science.168.3929.362. and Kenneth S. Pitzer (1975). „Fluorides of radon and element 118”. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (18): 760b — 761. doi:10.1039/C3975000760b.
Th(II) and Th(III) are observed in [Th^II{η⁵-C₅H₃(SiMe₃)₂}₃]⁻ and [Th^III{η⁵-C₅H₃(SiMe₃)₂}₃], see Langeslay, Ryan R.; Fieser, Megan E.; Ziller, Joseph W.; Furche, Philip; Evans, William J. (2015). „Synthesis, structure, and reactivity of crystalline molecular complexes of the {[C₅H₃(SiMe₃)₂]₃Th}¹⁻ anion containing thorium in the formal +2 oxidation state”. Chem. Sci. 6 (1): 517—521. PMC 5811171 . PMID 29560172. doi:10.1039/C4SC03033H.
U(II) has been observed in [K(2.2.2-Cryptand)][(C₅H₄SiMe₃)₃U], see MacDonald, Matthew R.; Fieser, Megan E.; Bates, Jefferson E.; Ziller, Joseph W.; Furche, Filipp; Evans, William J. (2013). „Identification of the +2 Oxidation State for Uranium in a Crystalline Molecular Complex, [K(2.2.2-Cryptand)][(C₅H₄SiMe₃)₃U]”. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135 (36): 13310—13313. Bibcode:2013JAChS.13513310M. PMID 23984753. doi:10.1021/ja406791t.
Np(II), (III) and (IV) have been observed, see Dutkiewicz, Michał S.; Apostolidis, Christos; Walter, Olaf; Arnold, Polly L (2017). „Reduction chemistry of neptunium cyclopentadienide complexes: from structure to understanding”. Chem. Sci. 8 (4): 2553—2561. PMC 5431675 . PMID 28553487. doi:10.1039/C7SC00034K.
Pu(II) has been observed in {Pu[C₅H₃(SiMe₃)₂]₃}−; see Windorff, Cory J.; Chen, Guo P; Cross, Justin N; Evans, William J.; Furche, Filipp; Gaunt, Andrew J.; Janicke, Michael T.; Kozimor, Stosh A.; Scott, Brian L. (2017). „Identification of the Formal +2 Oxidation State of Plutonium: Synthesis and Characterization ofref name="curium5" {Pu^II[C₅H₃(SiMe₃)₂]₃}−”. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 139 (11): 3970—3973. PMID 28235179. doi:10.1021/jacs.7b00706.
Cm(V), Bk(V), and Cf(V) have been observed in BkO₂⁺, CfO₂⁺, CmO₂(NO₃)₂⁻, BkO₂(NO₃)₂⁻, and CfO₂(NO₃)₂⁻; see Dau, Phuong Diem; Vasiliu, Monica; Peterson, Kirk A; Dixon, David A; Gibsoon, John K (октобар 2017). „Remarkably High Stability of Late Actinide Dioxide Cations: Extending Chemistry to Pentavalent Berkelium and Californium”. Chemistry - A European Journal. 23 (68): 17369—17378. PMID 29024093. doi:10.1002/chem.201704193.
Kovács, Attila; Dau, Phuong D.; Marçalo, Joaquim; Gibson, John K. (2018). „Pentavalent Curium, Berkelium, and Californium in Nitrate Complexes: Extending Actinide Chemistry and Oxidation States”. Inorg. Chem. American Chemical Society. 57 (15): 9453—9467. PMID 30040397. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01450.
Cm(VIII) has been reported to possibly occur in curium tetroxide (CmO₄); see Domanov, V. P. (јануар 2013). „Possibility of generation of octavalent curium in the gas phase in the form of volatile tetraoxide CmO₄”. Radiochemistry. 55 (1): 46—51. Bibcode:2013Radch..55...46D. doi:10.1134/S1066362213010098. However, new experiments seem to indicate its nonexistence: Zaitsevskii, Andréi; Schwarz, W H Eugen (април 2014). „Structures and stability of AnO4 isomers, An = Pu, Am, and Cm: a relativistic density functional study”. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 2014 (16): 8997—9001. Bibcode:2014PCCP...16.8997Z. PMID 24695756. doi:10.1039/c4cp00235k.
Sg(0) has been observed in seaborgium hexacarbonyl (Sg(CO)₆); see Even, J.; Yakushev, A.; Dullmann, C. E.; Haba, H.; Asai, M.; Sato, T. K.; Brand, H.; Di Nitto, A.; Eichler, R.; Fan, F. L.; Hartmann, W.; Huang, M.; Jager, E.; Kaji, D.; Kanaya, J.; Kaneya, Y.; Khuyagbaatar, J.; Kindler, B.; Kratz, J. V.; Krier, J.; Kudou, Y.; Kurz, N.; Lommel, B.; Miyashita, S.; Morimoto, K.; Morita, K.; Murakami, M.; Nagame, Y.; Nitsche, H.; et al. (2014). „Synthesis and detection of a seaborgium carbonyl complex”. Science. 345 (6203): 1491—3. Bibcode:2014Sci...345.1491E. PMID 25237098. doi:10.1126/science.1255720. (потребна претплата)

openmopac.net

Y(I) has been observed in yttrium(I) bromide (YBr); see „Yttrium: yttrium(I) bromide compound data”. OpenMOPAC.net. Архивирано из оригинала 23. 7. 2011. г. Приступљено 10. 12. 2007.

psi.ch

lch.web.psi.ch

Db(V) has been observed in dubnium pentachloride (DbCl₅); see H. W. Gäggeler (2007). „Gas Phase Chemistry of Superheavy Elements” (PDF). Paul Scherrer Institute. стр. 26—28. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 20. 2. 2012. г.

psi.ch

Cn(II) has been observed in copernicium selenide (CnSe); see „Annual Report 2015: Laboratory of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry” (PDF). Paul Scherrer Institute. 2015. стр. 3.

researchgate.net

Sn(−3) has been observed in [Sn₂]⁶⁻, e.g. in (Ba₂)⁴⁺(Mg₄)⁸⁺Sn⁴⁻(Sn₂)⁶⁻Sn²⁻ (with square (Sn²⁻)_n sheets), see Papoian, Garegin A.; Hoffmann, Roald (2000). „Hypervalent Bonding in One, Two, and Three Dimensions: Extending the Zintl–Klemm Concept to Nonclassical Electron-Rich Networks”. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2000 (39): 2408—2448. PMID 10941096. doi:10.1002/1521-3773(20000717)39:14<2408::aid-anie2408>3.0.co;2-u. Приступљено 23. 2. 2015.
Te(III) has been observed in [Te(N(SiMe₃)₂)₂]⁺, see Heinze, Thorsten; Roesky, Herbert W.; Pauer, Frank; Stalke, Dietmar; Sheldrick, George M. (1991). „Synthesis and Structure of the First Tellurium(III) Radical Cation”. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 30 (12): 1678. doi:10.1002/anie.199116771. Приступљено 23. 2. 2015.

uni-freiburg.de

ruby.chemie.uni-freiburg.de

Negative oxidation states of p-block metals (Al, Ga, In, Sn, Tl, Pb, Bi, Po) and metalloids (Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, At) may occur in Zintl phases, see: Riedel, Erwin, ур. (2007). Moderne Anorganische Chemie (на језику: немачки). стр. 259 , and „Vorlesung Intermetallische Phasen § 6.2 Binäre Zintl-Phasen” (на језику: немачки).

uni-kassel.de

Ga(−2), Ga(−4), and Ga(−5) have been observed in the magnesium gallides MgGa, Mg₂Ga, and Mg₅Ga₂, respectively; see Patrick Hofmann. „Colture. Ein Programm zur interaktiven Visualisierung von Festkörperstrukturen sowie Synthese, Struktur und Eigenschaften von binären und ternären Alkali- und Erdalkalimetallgalliden” (PDF) (на језику: немачки). стр. 72.

unt.edu

digital.library.unt.edu

Es(IV) is known in einsteinium(IV) fluoride (EsF₄); see Kleinschmidt, P (1994). „Thermochemistry of the actinides”. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 213–214: 169—172. doi:10.1016/0925-8388(94)90898-2.

uwaterloo.ca

bernath.uwaterloo.ca

Be(I) has been observed in beryllium monohydride (BeH); see Shayesteh, A.; Tereszchuk, K.; Bernath, P. F.; Colin, R. (2003). „Infrared Emission Spectra of BeH and BeD” (PDF). J. Chem. Phys. 118 (3): 1158. Bibcode:2003JChPh.118.1158S. doi:10.1063/1.1528606. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 2. 12. 2007. г. Приступљено 10. 12. 2007.
Sr(I) has been observed in strontium monofluoride (SrF); see P. Colarusso; Guo, B.; Zhang, K.-Q.; Bernath, P.F.; et al. (1996). „High-Resolution Infrared Emission Spectrum of Strontium Monofluoride” (PDF). Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy. 175 (1): 158—171. Bibcode:1996JMoSp.175..158C. doi:10.1006/jmsp.1996.0019. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 8. 3. 2012. г.
Ba(I) has been observed in barium monofluoride (BaF); see P. Colarusso; Guo, B.; Zhang, K.-Q.; Bernath, P.F.; et al. (1995). „High-Resolution Fourier Transform Infrared Emission Spectrum of Barium Monofluoride” (PDF). Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy. 170 (1): 59. Bibcode:1996JMoSp.175..158C. doi:10.1006/jmsp.1996.0019. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 10. 3. 2005. г.
La(I) has been observed in lanthanum monohydride (LaH); see Ram, R. S.; Bernath, P. F. (1996). „Fourier Transform Emission Spectroscopy of New Infrared Systems of LaH and LaD” (PDF). Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy. 104 (17): 6444. Bibcode:1996JChPh.104.6444R. doi:10.1063/1.471365. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 10. 3. 2005. г.

web.archive.org

IUPAC Gold Book Архивирано на веб-сајту Wayback Machine (30. март 2016) (језик: енглески)
Be(I) has been observed in beryllium monohydride (BeH); see Shayesteh, A.; Tereszchuk, K.; Bernath, P. F.; Colin, R. (2003). „Infrared Emission Spectra of BeH and BeD” (PDF). J. Chem. Phys. 118 (3): 1158. Bibcode:2003JChPh.118.1158S. doi:10.1063/1.1528606. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 2. 12. 2007. г. Приступљено 10. 12. 2007.
B(−5) has been observed in Al₃BC, see Schroeder, Melanie. „Eigenschaften von borreichen Boriden und Scandium-Aluminium-Oxid-Carbiden” (PDF) (на језику: немачки). стр. 139. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 02. 04. 2015. г. Приступљено 14. 10. 2019.
Sr(I) has been observed in strontium monofluoride (SrF); see P. Colarusso; Guo, B.; Zhang, K.-Q.; Bernath, P.F.; et al. (1996). „High-Resolution Infrared Emission Spectrum of Strontium Monofluoride” (PDF). Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy. 175 (1): 158—171. Bibcode:1996JMoSp.175..158C. doi:10.1006/jmsp.1996.0019. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 8. 3. 2012. г.
Y(I) has been observed in yttrium(I) bromide (YBr); see „Yttrium: yttrium(I) bromide compound data”. OpenMOPAC.net. Архивирано из оригинала 23. 7. 2011. г. Приступљено 10. 12. 2007.
Pd(III) has been observed; see Powers, D. C.; Ritter, T. (2011). Palladium(III) in Synthesis and Catalysis (PDF). Top. Organomet. Chem. Topics in Organometallic Chemistry. 35. стр. 129—156. Bibcode:2011hoso.book..129P. ISBN 978-3-642-17428-5. PMC 3066514 . PMID 21461129. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-17429-2_6. Архивирано из оригинала 12. 6. 2013. г.
Ba(I) has been observed in barium monofluoride (BaF); see P. Colarusso; Guo, B.; Zhang, K.-Q.; Bernath, P.F.; et al. (1995). „High-Resolution Fourier Transform Infrared Emission Spectrum of Barium Monofluoride” (PDF). Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy. 170 (1): 59. Bibcode:1996JMoSp.175..158C. doi:10.1006/jmsp.1996.0019. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 10. 3. 2005. г.
La(I) has been observed in lanthanum monohydride (LaH); see Ram, R. S.; Bernath, P. F. (1996). „Fourier Transform Emission Spectroscopy of New Infrared Systems of LaH and LaD” (PDF). Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy. 104 (17): 6444. Bibcode:1996JChPh.104.6444R. doi:10.1063/1.471365. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 10. 3. 2005. г.
Hg(IV) has been reported in mercury(IV) fluoride (HgF₄); see Xuefang Wang; Lester Andrews; Sebastian Riedel; Martin Kaupp (2007). „Mercury Is a Transition Metal: The First Experimental Evidence for HgF₄”. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 46 (44): 8371—8375. PMID 17899620. doi:10.1002/anie.200703710. However, it could not be confirmed by later experiments; see „Is mercury a transition metal?”. 12. 10. 2016. Архивирано из оригинала 12. 10. 2016. г. Приступљено 14. 10. 2019.
Th(I) is known in thorium(I) bromide (ThBr); see Wickleder, Mathias S.; Fourest, Blandine; Dorhout, Peter K. (2006). „Thorium”. Ур.: Morss, Lester R.; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean. The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (PDF). 3 (3rd изд.). Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer. стр. 52—160. ISBN 978-1-4020-3555-5. doi:10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_3. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 7. 3. 2016. г.
Db(V) has been observed in dubnium pentachloride (DbCl₅); see H. W. Gäggeler (2007). „Gas Phase Chemistry of Superheavy Elements” (PDF). Paul Scherrer Institute. стр. 26—28. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 20. 2. 2012. г.
Sg(VI) has been observed in seaborgium oxide hydroxide (SgO₂(OH)₂); see Huebener, S.; Taut, S.; Vahle, A.; Dressler, R.; Eichler, B.; Gäggeler, H. W.; Jost, D.T.; Piguet, D.; et al. (2001). „Physico-chemical characterization of seaborgium as oxide hydroxide” (PDF). Radiochim. Acta. 89 (11–12_2001): 737—741. doi:10.1524/ract.2001.89.11-12.737. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 25. 10. 2014. г.
Bh(VII) has been observed in bohrium oxychloride (BhO₃Cl); see „"Gas chemical investigation of bohrium (Bh, element 107)"” (PDF). 28. 2. 2008. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 28. 2. 2008. г. , Eichler et al., GSI Annual Report 2000. Retrieved on 2008-02-29

webelements.com

Se(I) has been observed in selenium(I) chloride (Se₂Cl₂); see „Selenium: Selenium(I) chloride compound data”. WebElements.com. Приступљено 10. 12. 2007.
Te(I) has been observed in tellurium iodide (TeI), see „Tellurium: tellurium iodide”. WebElements.com. Приступљено 23. 2. 2015.

worldcat.org

Pr(V) has been observed in [PrO₂]⁺; see Zhang, Qingnan; Hu, Shu-Xian; Qu, Hui; Su, Jing; Wang, Guanjun; Lu, Jun-Bo; Chen, Mohua; Zhou, Mingfei; Li, Jun (6. 6. 2016). „Pentavalent Lanthanide Compounds: Formation and Characterization of Praseodymium(V) Oxides”. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 55 (24): 6896—6900. ISSN 1521-3773. PMID 27100273. doi:10.1002/anie.201602196.
Hu, Shu-Xian; Jian, Jiwen; Su, Jing; Wu, Xuan; Li, Jun; Zhou, Mingfei (2017). „Pentavalent lanthanide nitride-oxides: NPrO and NPrO− complexes with N≡Pr triple bonds”. Chemical Science (на језику: енглески). 8 (5): 4035—4043. ISSN 2041-6520. PMC 5434915 . PMID 28580119. doi:10.1039/C7SC00710H.

zenodo.org

Langmuir, Irving (1919). „The arrangement of electrons in atoms and molecules”. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 41 (6): 868—934. Bibcode:1919JAChS..41..868L. doi:10.1021/ja02227a002.

znaturforsch.com

Ga(−3) has been observed in LaGa, see Dürr, Ines; Bauer, Britta; Röhr, Caroline (2011). „Lanthan-Triel/Tetrel-ide La(Al,Ga)_x(Si,Ge)_1-x. Experimentelle und theoretische Studien zur Stabilität intermetallischer 1:1-Phasen” (PDF). Z. Naturforsch. (на језику: немачки). 66b: 1107—1121.