Ajala, Adekunle (1983). „The Nature of African Boundaries”. Africa Spectrum. Institute of African Affairs at GIGA, Hamburg. 18 (2): 177—189. JSTOR40174114. „Kwame Nkrumah once made the point that the Berlin Conference of 1884–85 was responsible for "the old carve-up of Africa". Other writers have also laid the blame for "the partition of Africa" on the doors of the Berlin Conference. But Wm. Roger Louis holds a contrary view, although he conceded that "the Berlin Act did have a relevance to the course of the partition" of Africa.”