Georg N. Strauß (2010-01-09). „The OSI Model, Part 10. The Application Layer”. Ika-Reutte. Архивирано из оригинала 2012-03-20. г. Приступљено 2010-02-21. „The Application layer is the topmost layer of the OSI model, and it provides services that directly support user applications, such as database access, e-mail, and file transfers.”
Georg N. Strauß (2010-01-09). „The OSI Model, Part 10. The Application Layer”. Ika-Reutte. Архивирано из оригинала 2012-03-20. г. Приступљено 2010-02-21. „The Application layer is the topmost layer of the OSI model, and it provides services that directly support user applications, such as database access, e-mail, and file transfers.”
„What is a protocol stack?”. WEBOPEDIA. 24. 9. 1997. Приступљено 2010-02-21. „A [protocol stack is a] set of network protocol layers that work together. The OSI Reference Model that defines seven protocol layers is often called a stack, as is the set of TCP/IP protocols that define communication over the Internet.”CS1 одржавање: Формат датума (веза)