References analysis of the Wikipedia article "Варлик вергиси" in the Serbian version

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Nowill, Sidney E. P. (децембар 2011). Constantinople and Istanbul: 72 Years of Life in Turkey. Matador. стр. 77. ISBN 978-1848767911."In reality, the idea was to reduce the influence of the minority non-Turkish citizens to the country's affairs."

Ince, Basak (април 2012). Citizenship and Identity in Turkey: From Atatürk's Republic to the Present Day. I. B. Tauris. стр. 75. ISBN 978-1780760261."These quotations reveal that the real reason for the Wealth Tax was the elimination of non-Muslims from the economy."

Ince, Basak (април 2012). Citizenship and Identity in Turkey: From Atatürk's Republic to the Present Day. I. B. Tauris. стр. 75. ISBN 978-1780760261."However, the underlying reason was the elimination of minorities from the economy, and the replacement of the non-Muslim bourgeoisie by its Turkish counterpart."

Akıncılar, Nihan; Rogers, Amanda E.; Dogan, Evinc; Brindisi, Jennifer; Alexieva, Anna; Schimmang, Beatrice (децембар 2011). Young Minds Rethinking the Mediterranean. Istanbul Kultur University. стр. 23. ISBN 978-0415690560."The first visible attempt in order to remove minorities from economic life was the implementation of 'Wealth Tax' in 1942 which was accepted in the National Assembly with the claim of balancing and distributing properties of minorities. The actual aim behind the scenes was to impoverish the non-Muslim minorities and eliminate them from the competition in the national economy. Instead, the RPP government tried to create a new wealthy Turkish Muslim bourgeoisie."

Turam, Berna (јануар 2012). Secular State and Religious Society: Two Forces in Play in Turkey. Palgrave Macmillan. стр. 43. ISBN 978-0230338616."With the introduction of the Varlik Vergisi (capital tax) in 1942, which aimed to confiscate the property and assets of non-Muslims, an attempt was made to bring the national economy also under the control of Muslim citizens."

Egorova, Yulia (јул 2013). Jews, Muslims and Mass Media: Mediating the 'Other. Routledge. стр. 43. ISBN 978-0253005267."That tax was instrumental in transferring the control of the market from the non-Muslim groups to the Muslims."

Brink-Danan, Marcy (децембар 2011). Jewish Life in Twenty-First-Century Turkey: The Other Side of Tolerance (New Anthropologies of Europe). Indiana University Press. стр. 11. ISBN 978-0253223500."Varlik Vergisi is commonly translated as "Capital Tax" or "Wealth Tax" we might, however, consider an alternate translation of varlik as "presence" which focuses attention on the devaluation- both financial and political of minority presence during this time"

Guttstadt, Corry (мај 2013). Turkey, the Jews, and the Holocaust. Cambridge University Press. стр. 76. ISBN 978-0521769914."… We will use it to eliminate the foreigners who control the market and hand the Turkish market over the Turks." "The foreigners to be eliminated" referred primarily to the non-Muslims citizens of Turkey."

Kuru, Ahmet T.; Stepan, Alfred (21. 2. 2012). Democracy, Islam, and Secularism in Turkey (на језику: енглески). Columbia University Press. стр. 67. ISBN 978-0-231-53025-5.

Nowill, Sidney E. P. (децембар 2011). Constantinople and Istanbul: 72 Years of Life in Turkey. Matador. стр. 77. ISBN 978-1848767911."Those mmainly afflicted were the Greeks, Jews, Armenians, and, to some extent, foreign-passport Levantine families."

Kasaba, Reşat (јун 2008). The Cambridge History of Turkey (Volume 4). Cambridge University Press. стр. 182. ISBN 978-0521620963."But in its application it differentiated between Muslim and non-Muslim taxpayers, and levied far heavier taxes on non-Muslims, leading to the destruction of the remaining non-Muslim merchant class in Turkey."

Guttstadt, Corry (мај 2013). Turkey, the Jews, and the Holocaust. Cambridge University Press. стр. 75. ISBN 978-0521769914."They were almost exclusively non-Muslims. The law was thus perceived by the public as a "punitive measure" against non-Muslims."."

Brink-Danan, Marcy (децембар 2011). Jewish Life in Twenty-First-Century Turkey: The Other Side of Tolerance (New Anthropologies of Europe). Indiana University Press. стр. 11. ISBN 978-0253223500."Further, the Varlik Vergisi, an excessive tax instituted during World War II, pilfered small Jewish (and other minority) businesses to the point of bankruptcy"

Ince, Basak (април 2012). Citizenship and Identity in Turkey: From Atatürk's Republic to the Present Day. I. B. Tauris. стр. 76. ISBN 978-1780760261."Due to the law, most non-Muslim merchants sold their properties and vanished from the markets."

Kasaba, Reşat (јун 2008). The Cambridge History of Turkey (Volume 4). Cambridge University Press. стр. 182. ISBN 978-0521620963."As a consequence of Varlık Vergisi and the labour camps, the lives and finances of many non-Muslim families were ruined."

Egorova, Yulia (јул 2013). Jews, Muslims and Mass Media: Mediating the 'Other. Routledge. стр. 43. ISBN 978-0253005267."…, by the time that tax was abolished the major Greek, Armenian and Jewish merchant figures were shaken and dislocated."

Bayir, Derya (јануар 2013). Minorities and Nationalism in Turkish Law. Routledge. ISBN 978-1409420071.

Ince, Basak (април 2012). Citizenship and Identity in Turkey: From Atatürk's Republic to the Present Day. I. B. Tauris. стр. 74. ISBN 978-1780760261."The law was also applied to the many poor non-Muslims (numbering 26,000) such as drivers, workers and even beggars, whereas their Muslim counterparts were not obliged to pay any tax."

Nowill, Sidney E. P. (децембар 2011). Constantinople and Istanbul: 72 Years of Life in Turkey. Matador. стр. 78. ISBN 978-1848767911."The Varlık resulted in a number of suicides of ethnic minority citizens in Istanbul, indeed, I saw one myself. One evening while on a ferryboat I saw a man jump off the stern into the Bosphorus current."

Guttstadt, Corry (мај 2013). Turkey, the Jews, and the Holocaust. Cambridge University Press. стр. 76. ISBN 978-0521769914."Some people committed suicide in despair."

Peretz, Don (јануар 1994). The Middle East Today. Greenwood Publishing Group. стр. 179. ISBN 9780275945756."In addition, the non-Muslims were required to pay their taxes in cash within 15 days."

Peretz, Don (јануар 1994). The Middle East Today. Greenwood Publishing Group. стр. 179. ISBN 9780275945756."The property of individuals who could not raise their assessments was sold at public auctions,…"

Ince, Basak (април 2012). Citizenship and Identity in Turkey: From Atatürk's Republic to the Present Day. I. B. Tauris. стр. 74—75. ISBN 978-1780760261."..as a result they had to sell their businesses or property to Muslim businessmen at low prices to cover the bill."

Nowill, Sidney E. P. (децембар 2011). Constantinople and Istanbul: 72 Years of Life in Turkey. Matador. стр. 77. ISBN 978-1848767911."…, and those unable to pay were packed off to a camp at Askale, near Erzerum - an area cooler than Moscow in the winter - where they were put to work breaking stones."

Nowill, Sidney E. P. (децембар 2011). Constantinople and Istanbul: 72 Years of Life in Turkey. Matador. стр. 77. ISBN 978-1848767911."The Askale victims were later sent south to a camp in the Tigris Valley."

Peretz, Don (јануар 1994). The Middle East Today. Greenwood Publishing Group. стр. 179. ISBN 9780275945756."…, and if the sale failed to produce the required amount, the owners were sent to forced labor camps run by the Ministry of Public Works."

Ince, Basak (април 2012). Citizenship and Identity in Turkey: From Atatürk's Republic to the Present Day. I. B. Tauris. стр. 74—75. ISBN 978-1780760261."Those unable to pay had to work off their debt in labour camps in Askale, in eastern Turkey."

Ince, Basak (април 2012). Citizenship and Identity in Turkey: From Atatürk's Republic to the Present Day. I. B. Tauris. стр. 75. ISBN 978-1780760261."Out of 40,000 tax debtors, about 5,000 were sent to these camps, and all of these were members of non-Muslim communities."

Kasaba, Reşat (јун 2008). The Cambridge History of Turkey (Volume 4). Cambridge University Press. стр. 182. ISBN 978-0521620963."Muslims taxpayers who failed to pay in full received lighter sentences."

Guttstadt, Corry (мај 2013). Turkey, the Jews, and the Holocaust. Cambridge University Press. стр. 77. ISBN 978-0521769914."Although the law stipulated that people over fifty-five years old were exempt from labor service, seventy-five and eighty year old men and even sick people were dragged to the train station and deported."

Guttstadt, Corry (мај 2013). Turkey, the Jews, and the Holocaust. Cambridge University Press. стр. 77. ISBN 978-0521769914."Twenty-one people died in these camps."

Ince, Basak (април 2012). Citizenship and Identity in Turkey: From Atatürk's Republic to the Present Day. I. B. Tauris. стр. 75. ISBN 978-1780760261."Unfortunately, 21 people died in these camps and the government usurped their wealth and sold it to Turkish Muslims at low prices."

Guttstadt, Corry (мај 2013). Turkey, the Jews, and the Holocaust. Cambridge University Press. стр. 79. ISBN 978-0521769914."The law empowered the state to confiscate the property of the taxed person's closed relatives (including parents, parents-in-law, children, and siblings) and to sell it to settle the tax amount, even if the person had been forced into labor service."

Nowill, Sidney E. P. (децембар 2011). Constantinople and Istanbul: 72 Years of Life in Turkey. Matador. стр. 77. ISBN 978-1848767911."No foreign-passport residents in Turkey were ruined or committed suicide. However, every foreigner who gave in a tax-return, or owned a business, was forced to pay a huge capital levy on supposed wealth. The tax was not based on any reality, but just on a whim of the Authorities."

Ince, Basak (април 2012). Citizenship and Identity in Turkey: From Atatürk's Republic to the Present Day. I. B. Tauris. стр. 75. ISBN 978-1780760261."This provoked the intervention of foreign embassies and consulates on behalf of their nationals."

Ince, Basak (април 2012). Citizenship and Identity in Turkey: From Atatürk's Republic to the Present Day. I. B. Tauris. стр. 75. ISBN 978-1780760261."Taxpayers were classified into two separate lists, the M list, for Muslims, the G, for non-Muslims (Gayrimuslim). Later, two other categories were added, E, for Foreigners (Ecnebi) and the D for converts (Dönme), i.e, members of the Sabetaist sect of Jewish converts to Islam."

Valansi, Karel (фебруар 2018). The Crescent Moon and the Magen David: Turkish-Israeli Relations Through the Lens of the Turkish Public. Hamilton Books. стр. 129. ISBN 978-0761870081.

C. Fortna, Benjamin; Katsikas, Stefanos; Kamouzis, Dimitris; Konortas, Paraskevas (децембар 2012). State-Nationalisms in the Ottoman Empire, Greece and Turkey: Orthodox and Muslims, 1830-1945 (SOAS/Routledge Studies on the Middle East). Routledge. стр. 205. ISBN 978-0415690560."One or two weeks after the Wealth Tax lists were displayed, the attitude of the press began to harden further. The "anti-minority" attitude of the news reporting and leading articles that appeared to the press became more pronounced. In particular, during the process of levying distress and sending taxpayers to Askale, anti-minority sentiment reached its zenith."

Guttstadt, Corry (мај 2013). Turkey, the Jews, and the Holocaust. Cambridge University Press. стр. 72. ISBN 978-0521769914."The newspapers depicted individual black marketers or suspected "usurers" as "parasites of the Turkish people"; those explicitly named were always non-Muslims."

Guttstadt, Corry (мај 2013). Turkey, the Jews, and the Holocaust. Cambridge University Press. стр. 72. ISBN 978-0521769914."Although the smear campaign was directed against non-Muslim minorities in general, it was mostly Jews who were specifically targeted by articles and caricatures, which employed stereotypical anti-Semitic tropes.

Ince, Basak (април 2012). Citizenship and Identity in Turkey: From Atatürk's Republic to the Present Day. I. B. Tauris. стр. 76. ISBN 978-1780760261."The Wealth Tax was withdrawn in March 1944, under the pressure of criticism from Britain and the United States"

Ince, Basak (април 2012). Citizenship and Identity in Turkey: From Atatürk's Republic to the Present Day. I. B. Tauris. стр. 76. ISBN 978-1780760261."Minority citizens still in the camps were sent back to their homes."

Akıncılar, Nihan; Rogers, Amanda E.; Dogan, Evinc; Brindisi, Jennifer; Alexieva, Anna; Schimmang, Beatrice (децембар 2011). Young Minds Rethinking the Mediterranean. Istanbul Kultur University. стр. 23. ISBN 978-0415690560."Although the RPP government promised to give back the paid taxes to non-Muslims, it did not happen."

Nowill, Sidney E. P. (децембар 2011). Constantinople and Istanbul: 72 Years of Life in Turkey. Matador. стр. 77. ISBN 978-1848767911."The Varlık Vergisi brought about a permanent demographic change within the minority population. Many (especially the Greek minority) felt that there was no future for them in Turkey, and they left their ancestral homes and became refugees in Greece. On the other hand, some, especially within the Jewish community had managed to secrete assets abroad and they were able to re-start a reduced and hesitant life in Turkey, being careful to abstain from displaying any sign of affluence."

Mills, Amy (јун 2010). Streets of Memory: Landscape, Tolerance, and National Identity in Istanbul. University of Georgia Press. стр. 54. ISBN 978-0820335742."The tax resulted in state confiscation of much minority property in Istanbul, Turkifying not only the city's economy but also its landscape".

Ince, Basak (април 2012). Citizenship and Identity in Turkey: From Atatürk's Republic to the Present Day. I. B. Tauris. стр. 76. ISBN 978-1780760261."The Wealth Tax once more demonstrated that being Muslim constituted a significant part of the definition of citizenship in Turkey."

Vanderlippe, John M. (јун 2006). The Politics of Turkish Democracy: Ismet Inonu And the Formation of the Multi-Party System, 1938-1950. State University of New York Press. стр. 85—86. ISBN 978-0791464366.

Bali, Rifat (април 2012). Model Citizens of the State: The Jews of Turkey during the Multi-Party Period. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. стр. 30. ISBN 978-1611475364.

doi.org

Çetinoğlu, Sait (2012). „The Mechanisms for Terrorizing Minorities: The Capital Tax and Work Battalions in Turkey during the Second World War”. Mediterranean Quarterly. 23. DUKE University Press. стр. 14. S2CID 154339814. doi:10.1215/10474552-1587838."The aim was to destroy the economic and cultural base of these minorities, loot their properties and means of livelihood, and, at the same time "turkify" the economy of Turkey."

ekt.gr

ejournals.epublishing.ekt.gr

ANGELETOPOULOS, GEORGE. THE TURKISH CAPITAL TAX (VARLIK VERGISI): AN EVALUATION (PDF). стр. 365."The Capital Tax in the way it was dealt with by the Turkish Press exemplifies exactly the close relations between these two Powers, the Executive and the Press, in World War II Turkey."

harvard.edu

pro.harvard.edu

Smith, Thomas W. (29. 8. — 2. 9. 2001). Constructing A Human Rights Regime in Turkey: Dilemmas of Civic Nationalism and Civil Society (PDF). American Political Science Association Annual Conference San Francisco. стр. 4. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 18. 3. 2003. г. „One of the darkest events in Turkish history was the Wealth Tax, levied discriminatory against non-Muslims in 1942, hobbling Armenians with the most punitive rates.”

radikal.com.tr

Güven, Dilek (6. 9. 2005). „6-7 Eylül Olayları (1)”. Türkiye. Radikal (на језику: турски). Приступљено 25. 10. 2008. „Nitekim 1942 yılında yürürlüğe giren Varlık Vergisi, Ermenilerin, Rumların ve Yahudilerin ekonomideki liderliğine son vermeyi hedeflemiştir…Seçim dönemleri CHP ve DP'nin Varlık Vergisi'nin geri ödeneceği yönündeki vaatleri ise seçim propagandasından ibarettir.”

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

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Варлик вергиси (Serbian Wikipedia)

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