(quantum is) the minimum amount by which certain properties, such as energy or angular momentum, of a system can change. Such properties do not, therefore, vary continuously, but in integral multiples of the relevant quantum. This concept forms the basis of the quantum theory. In waves and field the quantum can be regarded as an excitation, giving a particle-like interpretation to the wave of the field. Thus, the quantum of the electromagnetic field is the photon and the graviton is the quantum of gravitational field properties; (quantum mechanic is) a system of mechanic based on quantum theory which arose out of the failure of classical mechanic to provide a consistent explanation of both electromagnetic waves and atomic structure.. Isaacs, Alan (1996). Oxford Dictionary of Physics. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-19-280103-6.
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Формално закључивање од закључка (conclusio) и правила (maior) на задани случај (minor), од посљедице на узрок. Саставни дио сваке хипотезе. „Абдукција”. Пролексис енциклопедија. 13. 2. 2013. Приступљено 30. 4. 2016.
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