"The historian ... requires a very broad definition of "science" — one that ... mawill help us to understand the modern scientific enterprise. We need to be broad and inclusive, rather than narrow and exclusive ... and we should expect that the farther back we go [in time] the broader we will need to be." — David Pingree , „Hellenophilia versus the History of Science”. Isis. 83: 554—63.., as cited on The beginnings of Western science: the European Scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context (2nd изд.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1992. стр. 3. ISBN978-0-226-48205-7. . David C. Lindberg (2007),
Smith, A. Mark (2004), „What is the History of Medieval Optics Really About?”, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 148 (2): 180—194, JSTOR1558283, PMID15338543:p.189
„science”. Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Merriam-Webster, Inc. Приступљено 16. 10. 2011. „3 а:Наука је знање или систем знања који покрива опште истине или опште законитости које је могуће тестирати применом научног метода * Б, као знање или такав систем знања која се баве физичком светом и његовим појавама'”
nih.gov
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Smith, A. Mark (2004), „What is the History of Medieval Optics Really About?”, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 148 (2): 180—194, JSTOR1558283, PMID15338543:p.189
"... [A] man knows a thing scientifically when he possesses a conviction arrived at in a certain way, and when the first principles on which that conviction rests are known to him with certainty—for unless he is more certain of his first principles than of the conclusion drawn from them he will only possess the knowledge in question accidentally." — Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics. 6.Недостаје или је празан параметар |title= (помоћ) (H. Rackham, ed.) Aristot. Nic. Eth. 1139b
worldcat.org
Alhacen had access to the optics books of Euclid and Ptolemy, as is shown by the title of his lost work A Book in which I have Summarized the Science of Optics from the Two Books of Euclid and Ptolemy, to which I have added the Notions of the First Discourse which is Missing from Ptolemy's Book From Ibn Abi Usaibia's catalog, as cited in Smith 2001 harvnb грешка: више циљева (3×): CITEREFSmith2001 (help):91(vol.1), p.xv Smith, A. Mark, ed. and trans. (2001), „Alhacen's Theory of Visual Perception: A Critical Edition, with English Translation and Commentary, of the First Three Books of Alhacen's De Aspectibus, the Medieval Latin Version of Ibn al-Haytham's Kitāb al-Manāẓir, 2 vols.”, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 91 (4–5), ISBN978-0-87169-914-5, OCLC47168716
