Gökalp, Ziya; Devereaux, Robert (1968). The Principles of Turkism. E. J. Brill. стр. 125. „'Turkism is not a political party but a scientific, philosophic and aesthetic school of thought.'”
„Pan-Turkism”. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Приступљено 19. 7. 2009. „Political movement of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, which had as its goal the political union of all Turkish-speaking peoples in the Ottoman Empire, Russia, China, Iran, and Afghanistan.”