Kafadar, Cemal (1995). Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State. стр. xii. „There is still not one authentic written document known from the time of ʿOsmān, and there are not many from the fourteenth century altogether.”
Kafadar, Cemal (1995). Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State. стр. 122. „The Ottoman historical tradition maintains, with some exceptions, that the tribe that later represented the core of Osman's earliest base of power came to Asia Minor in his grandfather's generation in the wake of the Chingisid conquest in central Asia. This makes chronological and historical sense, but otherwise the details of their story, including the identity of the grandfather, are too mythological to be taken for granted.”
Kafadar, Cemal (1995). Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State. стр. 122. „That they hailed from the Kayı branch of the Oğuz confederacy seems to be a creative "rediscovery" in the genealogical concoction of the fifteenth century. It is missing not only in Ahmedi but also, and more importantly, in the Yahşi Fakih-Aşıkpaşazade narrative, which gives its own version of an elaborate genealogical family tree going back to Noah. If there was a particularly significant claim to Kayı lineage, it is hard to imagine that Yahşi Fakih would not have heard of it.”
Lindner, Rudi Paul (1983). Nomads and Ottomans in Medieval Anatolia. Indiana University Press. стр. 10. „In fact, no matter how one were to try, the sources simply do not allow the recovery of a family tree linking the antecedents of Osman to the Kayı of the Oğuz tribe.”
Ágoston, Gábor (2009). „Ghaza (gaza)”. Ур.: Ágoston, Gábor; Bruce Masters. Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. стр. 231. „In recent times, the word ghaza has been understood in the West as meaning “Holy War against the infidels” and as referring to religiously inspired military actions taken by the early Ottomans against their Christian neighbors. Despite being commonly used in this way, however, the meaning of this term has come to be widely contested by scholars. The early Ottoman military activity described as ghaza is now thought to have been a much more fluid undertaking, sometimes referring to actions that were nothing more than raids, sometimes meaning a deliberate holy war, but most often combining a mixture of these elements.”
Ágoston, Gábor (2009). „Ghaza (gaza)”. Ур.: Ágoston, Gábor; Bruce Masters. Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. стр. 231. „the closest comrades and fellow-fighters of the first two Ottoman rulers, Osman Ghazi (d. 1324) and Orhan I (r. 1324–62), included several Orthodox Christian Greeks and recent Christian converts to Islam.”
Kermeli, Eugenia (2009). „Osman I”. Ур.: Ágoston, Gábor; Bruce Masters. Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. стр. 444. „Reliable information regarding Osman is scarce. His birth date is unknown and his symbolic significance as the father of the dynasty has encouraged the development of mythic tales regarding the ruler’s life and origins, however, historians agree that before 1300, Osman was simply one among a number of Turkoman tribal leaders operating in the Sakarya region.”
Imber, Colin (2009). The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650: The Structure of Power (2 изд.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. стр. 8.
Kafadar, Cemal (1995). Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State. стр. 129. „Of [military undertakings] we know nothing with certainty until the Battle of Bapheus, Osman's triumphant confrontation with a Byzantine force in 1301 (or 1302), which is the first datable incident in his life.”
"In 1363 the Ottoman capital moved from Bursa to Edirne, although Bursa retained its spiritual and economic importance." Ottoman Capital Bursa. Official website of Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the Republic of Turkey. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
