Хемијске једначине (Serbian Wikipedia)

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The notation $\rightleftarrows$ was proposed in 1884 by the Dutch chemist Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff. See: van 't Hoff, J.H. (1884). Études de Dynamique Chemique [Studies of chemical dynamics] (на језику: француски). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Frederik Muller & Co. стр. 4—5. Van 't Hoff called reactions that didn't proceed to completion "limited reactions". From pp. 4–5: "Or M. Pfaundler a relié ces deux phénomênes … s'accomplit en même temps dans deux sens opposés." (Now Mr. Pfaundler has joined these two phenomena in a single concept by considering the observed limit as the result of two opposing reactions, driving the one in the example cited to the formation of sea salt [i.e., NaCl] and nitric acid, [and] the other to hydrochloric acid and sodium nitrate. This consideration, which experiment validates, justifies the expression "chemical equilibrium", which is used to characterize the final state of limited reactions. I would propose to translate this expression by the following symbol:
HCl + NO₃ Na $\rightleftarrows$ NO₃ H + Cl Na.
I thus replace, in this case, the = sign in the chemical equation by the sign $\rightleftarrows$ , which in reality doesn't express just equality but shows also the direction of the reaction. This clearly expresses that a chemical action occurs simultaneously in two opposing directions.)

Thorne, Lawrence R. (2010). „An Innovative Approach to Balancing Chemical-Reaction Equations: A Simplified Matrix-Inversion Technique for Determining the Matrix Null Space”. Chem. Educator. 15: 304—308. arXiv:1110.4321 .

James E. Brady; Frederick Senese; Neil D. Jespersen (14. 12. 2007). Chemistry: matter and its changes. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9780470120941. LCCN 2007033355.

The notation ${\ce {<=>}}$ was suggested by Hugh Marshall in 1902. See: Marshall, Hugh (1902). „Suggested Modifications of the Sign of Equality for Use in Chemical Notation”. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 24: 85—87. doi:10.1017/S0370164600007720.

James E. Brady; Frederick Senese; Neil D. Jespersen (14. 12. 2007). Chemistry: matter and its changes. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9780470120941. LCCN 2007033355.

Holmes, Dylan (2015). „The null space's insight into chemical balance”. Dylan Holmes. Приступљено 10. 10. 2017.