Grundämnenas oxidationstillstånd (Swedish Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Grundämnenas oxidationstillstånd" in Swedish language version.

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All the lanthanides (La–Lu) in the +2 oxidation state have been observed (except La, Gd, Lu) in dilute, solid solutions of dihalides of these elements in alkaline earth dihalides (see Mall:Holleman&Wiberg) and (except Pm) in organometallic molecular complexes, see Lanthanides Topple Assumptions and Meyer, G. (2014). ”All the Lanthanides Do It and Even Uranium Does Oxidation State +2.”. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 53 (14): sid. 3550–51. doi:10.1002/anie.201311325. . Additionally, all the lanthanides (La–Lu) form dihydrides (LnH₂), dicarbides (LnC₂), monosulfides (LnS), monoselenides (LnSe), and monotellurides (LnTe), but for most elements these compounds have Ln³⁺ ions with electrons delocalized into conduction bands, e. g. Ln³⁺(H⁻)₂(e⁻).

books.google.com

Rn(IV) is reported by Greenwood and Earnshaw, but is not known to exist; see Sykes, A. G. (1998). ”Recent Advances in Noble-Gas Chemistry”. Advances in Inorganic Chemistry. "46". Academic Press. Sid. 91–93. ISBN 978-0-12-023646-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=6iqXRtz6p3QC. Läst 22 november 2012.
Rn(VI) is known in radon trioxide (RnO₃); see Sykes, A. G. (1998). ”Recent Advances in Noble-Gas Chemistry”. Advances in Inorganic Chemistry. "46". Academic Press. Sid. 91–93. ISBN 978-0-12-023646-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=6iqXRtz6p3QC. Läst 22 november 2012.
U(I) has been observed in uranium monofluoride (UF) and uranium monochloride (UCl), see Sykes, A. G. (1990). ”Compounds of Thorium and Uranium”. Advances in Inorganic Chemistry. "34". Academic Press. Sid. 87–88. ISBN 0-12-023634-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=MZRm6E9LmgMC. Läst 22 mars 2015.
Bk(II) has been observed in berkelium(II) oxide (BkO); see Peterson J. R. and Hobart D. E. "The Chemistry of Berkelium" in Harry Julius Emeléus (Ed.) Advances in inorganic chemistry and radiochemistry, Volume 28, Academic Press, 1984 ISBN 0-12-023628-1, p. 51, doi:10.1016/S0898-8838(08)60204-4

cenmag.org

2014.cenmag.org

Ir(VII) has been observed in [(η²-O₂)IrO₂]⁺; see C&EN: Iridium dressed to the nines Arkiverad 9 mars 2015 hämtat från the Wayback Machine..

chemie-master.de

Am(VII) has been observed in Mall:Chem; see Americium Arkiverad 9 juni 2019 hämtat från the Wayback Machine., Das Periodensystem der Elemente für den Schulgebrauch (The periodic table of elements for schools) chemie-master.de (in German), Retrieved 28 November 2010 and Mall:Greenwood&Earnshaw

d-nb.info

Ti(−2), V(−3), Cr(−4), Co(−3), Zr(−2), Nb(−3), Mo(−4), Ru(−2), Rh(−3), Hf(−2), Ta(−3), and W(−4) occur in anionic binary metal carbonyls; see [3], p. 4 (in German); [4], pp. 97–100; [5], p. 239
Bi(−2) and Bi(−1) occur in Zintl phases, e.g. (Ca²⁺)₂₂[Bi₄]⁴⁻([Bi₂]⁴⁻)₄[Bi³⁻]₈; see Ponou, Siméon (2006). ”Germanides, Germanide-Tungstate Double Salts and Substitution Effects in Zintl Phases”. Technische Universität München. Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie mit Schwerpunkt Neue Materialien. s. 68. http://d-nb.info/985527676/34?origin=publication_detailSim.

degruyter.com

Al(−2) has been observed in Sr₁₄[Al₄]₂[Ge]₃, see Wemdorff, Marco; Röhr, Caroline (2007). ”Sr₁₄[Al₄₂[Ge]₃: Eine Zintl-Phase mit isolierten [Ge]^4–- und [Al₄]^8–-Anionen / Sr₁₄[Al₄]₂[Ge]₃: A Zintl Phase with Isolated [Ge]^4–- and [Al₄]^8– Anions”] (på tyska). Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 62 (10): sid. 1227. doi:10.1515/znb-2007-1001. http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/znb.2007.62.issue-10/znb-2007-1001/znb-2007-1001.xml.

deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de

B(−5) has been observed in Al₃BC, see Melanie Schroeder. ”Eigenschaften von borreichen Boriden und Scandium-Aluminium-Oxid-Carbiden” (på tyska). sid. 139. Arkiverad från originalet den 2 april 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150402094025/https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/binary/KKUKEQ5AXZBNJVU7NJCHZB4UXT2HAGJE/full/1.pdf. Läst 22 februari 2016.

doi.org

dx.doi.org

Be(I) has been observed in beryllium monohydride (BeH); see Shayesteh, A.; Tereszchuk, K.; Bernath, P. F.; Colin, R. (2003). ”Infrared Emission Spectra of BeH and BeD”. J. Chem. Phys. (bernath.uwaterloo.ca) 118 (3): sid. 1158. doi:10.1063/1.1528606. Arkiverad från originalet den 2 december 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071202130342/http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/252.pdf. Läst 10 december 2007.
Low valent magnesium compounds with Mg(I) have been obtained using bulky ligands; see Green, S. P.; Jones C.; Stasch A. (December 2007). ”Stable Magnesium(I) Compounds with Mg-Mg Bonds”. Science 318 (5857): sid. 1754–1757. doi:10.1126/science.1150856. PMID 17991827. Bibcode: 2007Sci...318.1754G.
Al(II) has been observed in aluminium(II) oxide (AlO); see D. C. Tyte (1964). ”Red (B2Π–A2σ) Band System of Aluminium Monoxide”. Nature 202 (4930): sid. 383–384. doi:10.1038/202383a0. Bibcode: 1964Natur.202..383T. , and in dialanes (R₂Al—AlR₂); see Uhl, Werner "Organoelement Compounds Possessing Al—Al, Ga—Ga, In—In, and Tl—Tl Single Bonds" Advances in Organometallic Chemistry Volume 51, 2004, Pages 53–108. doi:10.1016/S0065-3055(03)51002-4
Al(−2) has been observed in Sr₁₄[Al₄]₂[Ge]₃, see Wemdorff, Marco; Röhr, Caroline (2007). ”Sr₁₄[Al₄₂[Ge]₃: Eine Zintl-Phase mit isolierten [Ge]^4–- und [Al₄]^8–-Anionen / Sr₁₄[Al₄]₂[Ge]₃: A Zintl Phase with Isolated [Ge]^4–- and [Al₄]^8– Anions”] (på tyska). Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 62 (10): sid. 1227. doi:10.1515/znb-2007-1001. http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/znb.2007.62.issue-10/znb-2007-1001/znb-2007-1001.xml.
The equilibrium Cl₂O₆⇌2ClO₃ is mentioned by Greenwood and Earnshaw, but it has been refuted, see Lopez, Maria; Juan E. Sicre (1990). ”Physicochemical properties of chlorine oxides. 1. Composition, ultraviolet spectrum, and kinetics of the thermolysis of gaseous dichlorine hexoxide”. J. Phys. Chem. 94 (9): sid. 3860–3863. doi:10.1021/j100372a094. , and Cl₂O₆ is actually chlorine(V,VII) oxide. However, ClO₃ has been observed, see Grothe, Hinrich; Willner, Helge (1994). ”Chlorine Trioxide: Spectroscopic Properties, Molecular Structure, and Photochemical Behavior”. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 33 (14): sid. 1482–1484. doi:10.1002/anie.199414821.
Ca(I) has been observed; see Krieck, Sven; Görls, Helmar; Westerhausen, Matthias (2010). ”Mechanistic Elucidation of the Formation of the Inverse Ca(I) Sandwich Complex [(thf)₃Ca(μ-C₆H₃-1,3,5-Ph₃)Ca(thf)₃] and Stability of Aryl-Substituted Phenylcalcium Complexes”. Journal of the American Chemical Society 132 (35): sid. 12492–501. doi:10.1021/ja105534w. PMID 20718434.
The Ca⁻ ion is known: see ”Evidence for a stable negative ion of calcium”. Phys. Rev. Lett. 59: sid. 2267–2270. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.59.2267. Bibcode: 1987PhRvL..59.2267P.
Ti(I) has been observed in titanium monohydride (TiH); see Andersson, N.; Balfour, Walter J.; Bernath, Peter F.; Lindgren, Bo; Ram, Ram S. (2003). ”Emission spectra of TiH and TiD near 938 nm”. J. Chem. Phys. 118 (8): sid. 10543. doi:10.1063/1.1539848. Arkiverad från originalet den 9 februari 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120209151538/http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/257.pdf. Läst 22 februari 2016.
Ti(−1) has been reported in [Ti(bipy)₃]⁻, but was later shown to be Ti(+3); see Bowman, A. C.; England, J.; Sprouls, S.; Weihemüller, T.; Wieghardt, K. (2013). ”Electronic structures of homoleptic [tris(2,2'-bipyridine)M]n complexes of the early transition metals (M = Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta; n = 1+, 0, 1-, 2-, 3-): an experimental and density functional theoretical study.”. Inorganic Chemistry 52 (4): sid. 2242–56. doi:10.1021/ic302799s. PMID 23387926. However, Ti(−1) occurs in [Ti(η-C₆H₆]⁻ and [Ti(η-C₆H₅CH₃)]⁻, see Bandy, J. A.; Berry, A.; Green, M. L. H.; Perutz, R. N.; Prout, K.; Verpeautz, J.-N. (1984). ”Synthesis of anionic sandwich compounds: [Ti(η-C₆H₅R)₂]^– and the crystal structure of [K(18-crown-6)(µ-H)Mo(η-C₅H₅)₂]”. Inorganic Chemistry 52 (4): sid. 729–731. doi:10.1039/C39840000729.
Fe(VII) and Fe(VIII) have been reported; see Yurii D. Perfiliev; Virender K. Sharma (2008). ”Higher Oxidation States of Iron in Solid State: Synthesis and Their Mössbauer Characterization – Ferrates – ACS Symposium Series (ACS Publications)”. Platinum Metals Review 48 (4): sid. 157–158. doi:10.1595/147106704X10801. However, their existence has been disputed.
Fe(−4), Ru(−4), and Os(−4) have been observed in metal-rich compounds containing octahedral complexes [MIn_6−xSn_x]; Pt(−3) (as a dimeric anion [Pt–Pt]⁶⁻), Cu(−2), Zn(−2), Ag(−2), Cd(−2), Au(−2), and Hg(−2) have been observed (as dimeric and monomeric anions; dimeric ions were initially reported to be [T–T]²⁻ for Zn, Cd, Hg, but later shown to be [T–T]⁴⁻ for all these elements) in La₂Pt₂In, La₂Cu₂In, Ca₅Au₃, Ca₅Ag₃, Ca₅Hg₃, Sr₅Cd₃, Ca₅Zn₃(structure (AE²⁺)₅(T–T)⁴⁻T²⁻⋅4e⁻), Yb₃Ag₂, Ca₅Au₄, and Ca₃Hg₂; Au(–3) has been observed in ScAuSn and in other 18-electron half-Heusler compounds. See Changhoon Lee; Myung-Hwan Whangbo (2008). ”Late transition metal anions acting as p-metal elements”. Frontiers in Solid State Chemistry 10 (4): sid. 444–449. doi:10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2007.12.001. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1293255807003883. and Changhoon Lee; Myung-Hwan Whangbo; Jürgen Köhler (2010). ”Analysis of Electronic Structures and Chemical Bonding of Metal-rich Compounds. 2. Presence of Dimer (T–T)^4– and Isolated T^2– Anions in the Polar Intermetallic Cr₅B₃-Type Compounds AE₅T₃ (AE = Ca, Sr; T = Au, Ag, Hg, Cd, Zn)”. ZAAC 636 (1): sid. 36–40. doi:10.1002/zaac.200900421.
Ni(−2) has been observed in Li₂[Ni(1,5-COD)₂], see Jonas, Klaus (1975). ”Dilithium-Nickel-Olefin Complexes. Novel Bimetal Complexes Containing a Transition Metal and a Main Group Metal”. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 14 (11): sid. 752–753. doi:10.1002/anie.197507521. and Ellis, John E. (2006). ”Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States”. Inorganic Chemistry 45 (8): sid. 3167–86. doi:10.1021/ic052110i.
As(I) has been observed in arsenic(I) iodide (AsI); see Ellis, Bobby D.; MacDonald, Charles L. B. (2004). ”Stabilized Arsenic(I) Iodide: A Ready Source of Arsenic Iodide Fragments and a Useful Reagent for the Generation of Clusters”. Inorganic Chemistry 43 (19): sid. 5981–6. doi:10.1021/ic049281s. PMID 15360247.
As(IV) has been observed in arsenic(IV) hydroxide (As(OH)₄) and Mall:Chem; see Kläning, Ulrik K.; Bielski, Benon H. J.; Sehested, K. (1989). ”Arsenic(IV). A pulse-radiolysis study”. Inorganic Chemistry 28 (14): sid. 2717–24. doi:10.1021/ic00313a007.
Se(III) has been observed in Se₂NBr₃; see Lau, Carsten; Neumüller, Bernhard; Vyboishchikov, Sergei F.; Frenking, Gernot; Dehnicke, Kurt; Hiller, Wolfgang; Herker, Martin (1996). ”Se₂NBr₃, Se₂NCl₅, Se₂NCl⁻₆: New Nitride Halides of Selenium(III) and Selenium(IV)”. Chemistry - A European Journal 2: sid. 1393–1396. doi:10.1002/chem.19960021108. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/chem.19960021108/abstract.
Se(V) has been observed in SeO $_{3}^{2-}$ and HSeO $_{4}^{2-}$ ; see Kläning, Ulrik K.; Sehested, K. (1986). ”Selenium(V). A pulse radiolysis study”. Inorganic Chemistry 90 (21): sid. 5460–4. doi:10.1021/j100412a112.
Sr(I) has been observed in strontium monofluoride (SrF); see P. Colarusso; Guo, B.; Zhang, K.-Q.; Bernath, P.F. (1996). ”High-Resolution Infrared Emission Spectrum of Strontium Monofluoride”. J. Molecular Spectroscopy 175: sid. 158–171. doi:10.1006/jmsp.1996.0019. Arkiverad från originalet den 8 mars 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120308063843/http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/149.pdf. Läst 22 februari 2016.
Y(II) has been observed in [(18-crown-6)K][(C₅H₄SiMe₃)₃Y]; see MacDonald, M. R.; Ziller, J. W.; Evans, W. J. (2011). ”Synthesis of a Crystalline Molecular Complex of Y²⁺, [(18-crown-6)K][(C₅H₄SiMe₃)₃Y].”. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133 (40): sid. 15914–17. doi:10.1021/ja207151y.
Zr(−1) has been reported in [Zr(bipy)₃]⁻ (see Mall:Greenwood&Earnshaw and Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (1995). ”Zirconium” (på german). Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (101). Walter de Gruyter. Sid. 1413. ISBN 3-11-012641-9. ), but was later shown to be Zr(+4); see Bowman, A. C.; England, J.; Sprouls, S.; Weihemüller, T.; Wieghardt, K. (2013). ”Electronic structures of homoleptic [tris(2,2'-bipyridine)M]n complexes of the early transition metals (M = Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta; n = 1+, 0, 1-, 2-, 3-): an experimental and density functional theoretical study.”. Inorganic Chemistry 52 (4): sid. 2242–56. doi:10.1021/ic302799s. PMID 23387926.
Nb(I) has been observed in niobium monochloride (NbCl); see Ram, R.S. (2004). ”Fourier transform emission spectroscopy and ab initio calculations on NbCl”. Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy 228 (2): sid. 544–553. doi:10.1016/j.jms.2004.02.001. Arkiverad från originalet den 28 februari 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140228220758/http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/270.pdf. Läst 22 februari 2016.
Pd(I) has been observed; see Crabtree, R. H. (2002). ”CHEMISTRY: A New Oxidation State for Pd?”. Science 295 (5553): sid. 288–289. doi:10.1126/science.1067921.
Pd(III) has been observed; see Powers, D. C.; Ritter, T. (2011). ”Palladium(III) in Synthesis and Catalysis”. Top. Organomet. Chem. 35: sid. 129–156. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-17429-2_6. Arkiverad från originalet den 12 juni 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130612065217/http://www.chem.harvard.edu/groups/ritter/pdf/2011-129t.pdf. Läst 22 februari 2016.
Pd(V) has been observed in dioxygenyl hexafluoropalladate; see Falconer, W. E.; Disalvo, F. J.; Edwards, A. J.; Griffiths, J. E.; Sunder, W. E.; Vasile, M. J. (1976). ”Dioxygenyl hexafluoropalladate(V) O₂⁺PdF₆⁻: A quinquevalent compound of palladium”. Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry 28, Supplement 1: sid. 59–60. doi:10.1016/0022-1902(76)80595-7.
Pd(VI) complexes have been observed; see Chen, W.; Shimada, Shigeru; Tanaka, Masato (2002). ”Synthesis and Structure of Formally Hexavalent Palladium Complexes”. Science 295 (5553): sid. 308–310. doi:10.1126/science.1067027. Bibcode: 2002Sci...295..308C.
The Ag⁻ ion has been observed in metal ammonia solutions: see Tran, N. E.; Lagowski, J. J. (2001). ”Metal Ammonia Solutions: Solutions Containing Argentide Ions.”. Inorganic Chemistry 40 (5): sid. 1067–68. doi:10.1021/ic000333x.
Ag(IV) has been observed in potassium hexafluoroargentate (K₂AgF₆) and caesium hexafluoroargentate (Cs₂AgF₆); see Riedel, Sebastian; Kaupp, Martin (2009). ”The highest oxidation states of the transition metal elements”. Coordination Chemistry Reviews (Elsevier) 253 (5–6): sid. 606–624. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2008.07.014. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0010854508001355?via%3Dihub.
In(–5) has been observed in La₃InGe, see Guloy, A. M.; Corbett, J. D. (1996). ”Synthesis, Structure, and Bonding of Two Lanthanum Indium Germanides with Novel Structures and Properties”. Inorganic Chemistry 35 (9): sid. 2616–22. doi:10.1021/ic951378e.
Sn(−3) has been observed in [Sn₂]⁶⁻, e.g. in (Ba₂)⁴⁺(Mg₄)⁸⁺Sn⁴⁻(Sn₂)⁶⁻Sn²⁻ (with square (Sn²⁻)_n sheets), see Papoian, Garegin A.; Hoffmann, Roald (2000). ”Hypervalent Bonding in One, Two, and Three Dimensions: Extending the Zintl–Klemm Concept to Nonclassical Electron-Rich Networks”. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2000 (39): sid. 2408–2448. doi:10.1002/1521-3773(20000717)39:14<2408::aid-anie2408>3.0.co;2-u. http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Garegin_Papoian/publication/12379848_Hypervalent_Bonding_in_One_Two_and_Three_Dimensions_Extending_the_Zintl-Klemm_Concept_to_Nonclassical_Electron-Rich_Networks/links/09e4150a69ac2aa4c5000000.pdf. Läst 1 februari 2015.
Sb(−2) has been observed in [Sb₂]⁴⁻, e.g. in RbBa₄[Sb₂][Sb][O], see Boss, Michael; Petri, Denis; Pickhard, Frank; Zönnchen, Peter; Röhr, Caroline (2005). ”Neue Barium-Antimonid-Oxide mit den Zintl-Ionen [Sb³⁻, [Sb₂]⁴⁻ und ¹_∞[Sb_n]ⁿ⁻ / New Barium Antimonide Oxides containing Zintl Ions [Sb]³⁻, [Sb₂]⁴⁻ and ¹_∞[Sb_n]ⁿ⁻”] (på tyska). Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie 631 (6–7): sid. 1181–1190. doi:10.1002/zaac.200400546. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/zaac.200400546/abstract. Läst 1 februari 2015.
Sb(I) and Sb(II) have been observed in organoantimony compounds; for Sb(I), see Šimon, Petr; de Proft, Frank; Jambor, Roman; Růžička, Aleš; Dostál, Libor (2010). ”Monomeric Organoantimony(I) and Organobismuth(I) Compounds Stabilized by an NCN Chelating Ligand: Syntheses and Structures”. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 49 (32): sid. 5468–5471. doi:10.1002/anie.201002209. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/anie.201002209/full. Läst 1 februari 2015.
Sb(IV) has been observed in Mall:Chem, see Nobuyoshi Shinohara; Masaaki Ohsima (2000). ”Production of Sb(IV) Chloro Complex by Flash Photolysis of the Corresponding Sb(III) and Sb(V) Complexes in CH3CN and CHCl3”. Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan 73 (7): sid. 1599–1604. doi:10.1246/bcsj.73.1599.
Te(III) has been observed in [Te(N(SiMe₃)₂)₂]⁺, see Heinze, Thorsten; Roesky, Herbert W.; Pauer, Frank; Stalke, Dietmar; Sheldrick, George M. (1991). ”Synthesis and Structure of the First Tellurium(III) Radical Cation”. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 30 (12): sid. 1678. doi:10.1002/anie.199116771. http://www.researchgate.net/publication/237225046_Synthesis_and_Structure_of_the_First_Tellurium%28III%29_Radical_Cation. Läst 1 februari 2015. .
Te(V) is mentioned by Greenwood and Earnshaw, but they do not give any example of a Te(V) compound. What was long thought to be ditellurium decafluoride (Te₂F₁₀) is actually bis(pentafluorotelluryl) oxide, F₅TeOTeF₅: see Watkins, P. M. (1974). ”Ditellurium decafluoride - A Continuing Myth”. Journal of Chemical Education 51 (9): sid. 520–521. doi:10.1021/ed051p520. However, Te(V) has been observed in Mall:Chem, Mall:Chem, Mall:Chem, and Mall:Chem; see Kläning, Ulrik K.; Sehested, K. (2001). ”Tellurium(V). A Pulse Radiolysis Study”. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A 105 (27): sid. 6637–45. doi:10.1021/jp010577i.
I(VI) has been observed in IO₃, IO₄²⁻, H₅IO₆⁻, H₂IO₅²⁻, H₄IO₆²⁻, and HIO₅³⁻; see Kläning, Ulrik K.; Sehested, Knud; Wolff, Thomas (1981). ”Laser flash photolysis and pulse radiolysis of iodate and periodate in aqueous solution. Properties of iodine(VI)”. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1 77: sid. 1707–18. doi:10.1039/F19817701707.
Ba(I) has been observed in barium monofluoride (BaF); see P. Colarusso; Guo, B.; Zhang, K.-Q.; Bernath, P.F. (1995). ”High-Resolution Fourier Transform Infrared Emission Spectrum of Barium Monofluoride”. J. Molecular Spectroscopy 170: sid. 59. doi:10.1006/jmsp.1996.0019. Arkiverad från originalet den 10 mars 2005. https://web.archive.org/web/20050310180822/http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/126.pdf. Läst 22 februari 2016.
La(I) has been observed in lanthanum monohydride (LaH); see Ram, R. S.; Bernath, P. F. (1996). ”Fourier Transform Emission Spectroscopy of New Infrared Systems of LaH and LaD”. J. Molecular Spectroscopy 104: sid. 6444. doi:10.1063/1.471365. Arkiverad från originalet den 10 mars 2005. https://web.archive.org/web/20050310194449/http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/143.pdf. Läst 22 februari 2016.
All the lanthanides (La–Lu) in the +2 oxidation state have been observed (except La, Gd, Lu) in dilute, solid solutions of dihalides of these elements in alkaline earth dihalides (see Mall:Holleman&Wiberg) and (except Pm) in organometallic molecular complexes, see Lanthanides Topple Assumptions and Meyer, G. (2014). ”All the Lanthanides Do It and Even Uranium Does Oxidation State +2.”. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 53 (14): sid. 3550–51. doi:10.1002/anie.201311325. . Additionally, all the lanthanides (La–Lu) form dihydrides (LnH₂), dicarbides (LnC₂), monosulfides (LnS), monoselenides (LnSe), and monotellurides (LnTe), but for most elements these compounds have Ln³⁺ ions with electrons delocalized into conduction bands, e. g. Ln³⁺(H⁻)₂(e⁻).
Os(−1) has been observed in Na₂[Os₄(CO)₁₃] ; see Krause, J.; Siriwardane, Upali; Salupo, Terese A.; Wermer, Joseph R.; Knoeppel, David W.; Shore, Sheldon G. (1993). ”Preparation of [Os₃(CO)₁₁]²⁻ and its reactions with Os₃(CO)₁₂; structures of [Et₄N] [HOs₃(CO)₁₁] and H₂OsS₄(CO)”. Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 454: sid. 263–271. doi:10.1016/0022-328X(93)83250-Y. and Carter, Willie J.; Kelland, John W.; Okrasinski, Stanley J.; Warner, Keith E.; Norton, Jack R. (1982). ”Mononuclear hydrido alkyl carbonyl complexes of osmium and their polynuclear derivatives”. Inorganic Chemistry 21 (11): sid. 3955–3960. doi:10.1021/ic00141a019.
Ir(VIII) has been observed in iridium tetroxide (IrO₄); see Gong, Yu; Zhou, Mingfei; Kaupp, Martin; Riedel, Sebastian (2009). ”Formation and Characterization of the Iridium Tetroxide Molecule with Iridium in the Oxidation State +VIII”. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 48 (42): sid. 7879–7883. doi:10.1002/anie.200902733.
Ir(IX) has been observed in Mall:Chem; see Wang, Guanjun; Zhou, Mingfei; Goettel, James T.; Schrobilgen, Gary G.; Su, Jing; Li, Jun; Schlöder, Tobias; Riedel, Sebastian (21 August 2014). ”Identification of an iridium-containing compound with a formal oxidation state of IX”. Nature 514: sid. 475–477. doi:10.1038/nature13795.
Pt(−1) and Pt(−2) have been observed in the barium platinides Ba₂Pt and BaPt, respectively: see Karpov, Andrey; Konuma, Mitsuharu; Jansen, Martin (2006). ”An experimental proof for negative oxidation states of platinum: ESCA-measurements on barium platinides”. Chemical Communications (8): sid. 838–840. doi:10.1039/b514631c. PMID 16479284.
Pt(I) and Pt(III) have been observed in bimetallic and polymetallic species; see Kauffman, George B.; Thurner, Joseph J.; Zatko, David A. (1967). ”Ammonium Hexachloroplatinate(IV)”. Inorganic Syntheses. Inorganic Syntheses 9: sid. 182–185. doi:10.1002/9780470132401.ch51. ISBN 978-0-470-13240-1.
Hg(IV) has been observed in mercury(IV) fluoride (HgF₄); see Xuefang Wang; Lester Andrews; Sebastian Riedel; Martin Kaupp (2007). ”Mercury Is a Transition Metal: The First Experimental Evidence for HgF₄”. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 46 (44): sid. 8371–8375. doi:10.1002/anie.200703710. PMID 17899620. .
Tl(−5) has been observed in Na₂₃K₉Tl_15.3, see Dong, Z.-C.; Corbett, J. D. (1996). ”Na₂₃K₉Tl_15.3: An Unusual Zintl Compound Containing Apparent Tl₅^7-, Tl₄⁸⁻, Tl₃⁷⁻, and Tl⁵⁻ Anions”. Inorganic Chemistry 35 (11): sid. 3107–12. doi:10.1021/ic960014z.
Tl(+2) has been observed in tetrakis(hypersilyl)dithallium ([(Me₃Si)Si]₂Tl—Tl[Si(SiMe₃)]₂), see Sonja Henkel; Dr. Karl Wilhelm Klinkhammer; Dr. Wolfgang Schwarz (1994). ”Tetrakis(hypersilyl)dithallium(Tl—Tl): A Divalent Thallium Compound”. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 33 (6): sid. 681–683. doi:10.1002/anie.199406811. .
Pb(−2) has been observed in BaPb, see Ferro, Riccardo (2008). Nicholas C. Norman. red. Intermetallic Chemistry. Elsevier. Sid. 505. ISBN 978-0-08-044099-6. and Todorov, Iliya; Sevov, Slavi C. (2004). ”Heavy-Metal Aromatic Rings: Cyclopentadienyl Anion Analogues Sn₅⁶⁻ and Pb₅⁶⁻ in the Zintl Phases Na₈BaPb₆, Na₈BaSn₆, and Na₈EuSn₆.”. Inorganic Chemistry 43 (20): sid. 6490–94. doi:10.1021/ic000333x.
Pb(+1) and Pb(+3) have been observed in organolead compounds, e.g. hexamethyldiplumbane Pb₂(CH₃)₆; for Pb(I), see Siew-Peng Chia; Hong-Wei Xi; Yongxin Li; Kok Hwa Lim; Cheuk-Wai So (2013). ”A Base-Stabilized Lead(I) Dimer and an Aromatic Plumbylidenide Anion”. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 52 (24): sid. 6298–6301. doi:10.1002/anie.201301954. .
Bi(+2) has been observed in dibismuthines (R₂Bi—BiR₂), see Arthur J. Ashe III (1990). ”Thermochromic Distibines and Dibismuthines”. Advances in Organometallic Chemistry 30: sid. 77–97. doi:10.1016/S0065-3055(08)60499-2.
Bi(IV) has been observed; see A. I. Aleksandrov, I. E. Makarov (1987). ”Formation of Bi(II) and Bi(IV) in aqueous hydrochloric solutions of Bi(III)”. Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Division of chemical science 36 (2): sid. 217–220. doi:10.1007/BF00959349.
Po(V) has been observed in dioxidopolonium(1+) (Mall:Chem); see Thayer, John S. (2010). Relativistic Effects and the Chemistry of the Heavier Main Group Elements. Sid. 78. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9975-5_2.
Rn(II) has been observed in radon difluoride (RnF₂); see Stein, L. (1970). ”Ionic Radon Solution”. Science 168 (3929): sid. 362–4. doi:10.1126/science.168.3929.362. PMID 17809133. Bibcode: 1970Sci...168..362S. and Kenneth S. Pitzer (1975). ”Fluorides of radon and element 118”. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (18): sid. 760b – 761. doi:10.1039/C3975000760b.
Ac(II) is known in actinium dihydride (AcH₂); see Farr, J; Giorgi, A.L.; Bowman, M.G.; Money, R.K. (1961). ”The crystal structure of actinium metal and actinium hydride”. Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry 18: sid. 42–47. doi:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80369-2.
Th(I) is known in thorium(I) bromide (ThBr); see Wickleder, Mathias S.; Fourest, Blandine; Dorhout, Peter K. (2006). ”Thorium”. i Morss, Lester R.; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean. The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements. "3" (3rd). Dordrecht, Nederländerna: Springer. sid. 52–160. doi:10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_3. http://radchem.nevada.edu/classes/rdch710/files/thorium.pdf. Läst 22 februari 2016 Arkiverad 7 mars 2016 hämtat från the Wayback Machine.
Pa(II) is known in protactinium(II) oxide (PaO); see Sellers, Philip A.; Fried, Sherman; Elson, Robert E.; Zachariasen, W. H. (1954). ”The Preparation of Some Protactinium Compounds and the Metal”. Journal of the American Chemical Society 76 (23): sid. 5935–5938. doi:10.1021/ja01652a011.
U(II) has been observed in uranium monoxide (UO), uranium monosulfide (US), uranium acetylide (UC₂), and uranium sesquicarbide (U₂C₃); see Bowman, A.L.; Arnold, G.P.; Witteman, W.G.; Wallace, T.C.; Nereson, N.G. (1966). ”Test”. Acta Crystallographica 21: sid. 670–671. doi:10.1107/s0365110x66003670.
Pu(I) has been observed in plutonium monofluoride (PuF); see Kent, R. A. (1968). ”Mass spectrometric studies of plutonium compounds at high temperatures. II. Enthalpy of sublimation of plutonium(III) fluoride and the dissociation energy of plutonium(I) fluoride”. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 90 (21): sid. 5657–59. doi:10.1021/ja01023a002.
Unstable Pu(VIII) complexes can form in alkaline solutions; see Kiselev, Yu. M.; Nikonov, M. V.; Tananaev, I. G.; Myasoedov, B. F. (2009). ”On the Existence of Plutonium Tetroxide”. Doklady Akademii Nauk (Pleiades Publishing, Ltd.) 425 (5): sid. 634–637. doi:10.1134/S0012501609040022. ISSN 0012-5016. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S0012501609040022. Läst 25 februari 2012.
Am(VIII) has been observed; see Nikonov, M. V.; Kiselev, Yu. M.; Myasoedov, B. F. (January 2014). ”Americium volatility from ozonized alkaline solutions”. Radiochemistry 56 (1): sid. 11–18. doi:10.1134/S1066362214010032. Läst 8 mars 2015.
Cm(VI) has been observed in curium trioxide (CmO₃) and dioxidocurium(2+) (Mall:Chem); see Domanov, V. P.; Lobanov, Yu. V. (October 2011). ”Formation of volatile curium(VI) trioxide CmO₃”. Radiochemistry (SP MAIK Nauka/Interperiodica) 53 (5): sid. 453–6. doi:10.1134/S1066362211050018.
Cm(VIII) has been reported to possibly occur in curium tetroxide (CmO₄); see Domanov, V. P. (January 2013). ”Possibility of generation of octavalent curium in the gas phase in the form of volatile tetraoxide CmO₄”. Radiochemistry (SP MAIK Nauka/Interperiodica) 55 (1): sid. 46–51. doi:10.1134/S1066362213010098. However, new experiments seem to indicate its nonexistence: Zaitsevskii, Andréi; Schwarz, W H Eugen (April 2014). ”Structures and stability of AnO4 isomers, An = Pu, Am, and Cm: a relativistic density functional study.”. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 2014 (16): sid. 8997–9001. doi:10.1039/c4cp00235k. Läst 8 mars 2015.
Bk(II) has been observed in berkelium(II) oxide (BkO); see Peterson J. R. and Hobart D. E. "The Chemistry of Berkelium" in Harry Julius Emeléus (Ed.) Advances in inorganic chemistry and radiochemistry, Volume 28, Academic Press, 1984 ISBN 0-12-023628-1, p. 51, doi:10.1016/S0898-8838(08)60204-4
Es(IV) is known in einsteinium(IV) fluoride (EsF₄); see Kleinschmidt, P (1994). ”Thermochemistry of the actinides”. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 213–214: sid. 169–172. doi:10.1016/0925-8388(94)90898-2.
Sg(VI) has been observed in seaborgium oxide hydroxide (SgO₂(OH)₂); see Huebener et al.; Taut, S.; Vahle, A.; Dressler, R.; Eichler, B.; Gäggeler, H. W.; Jost, D.T.; Piguet, D.; et al. (2001). ”Physico-chemical characterization of seaborgium as oxide hydroxide”. Radiochim. Acta 89 (11–12_2001): sid. 737–741. doi:10.1524/ract.2001.89.11-12.737. Arkiverad från originalet den 25 oktober 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141025201143/http://www-w2k.gsi.de/kernchemie/images/pdf_Artikel/Radiochim_Acta_89_737_2001.pdf. Läst 22 februari 2016.
Langmuir, Irving (1919). ”The arrangement of electrons in atoms and molecules”. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 41 (6): sid. 868–934. doi:10.1021/ja02227a002.

google.ru

books.google.ru

B(−1) has been observed in magnesium diboride (MgB₂), see James Keeler, Peter Wothers (2014). Chemical Structure and Reactivity: An Integrated Approach. Oxford University Press. https://books.google.ru/books?id=2RgbAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA315&lpg=PA315#v=onepage&q&f=false.
Negative oxidation states of p-block metals (Al, Ga, In, Sn, Tl, Pb, Bi, Po) and metalloids (Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, At) may occur in Zintl phases, see: [1], p. 259 and [2] (both in German).
Ti(−2), V(−3), Cr(−4), Co(−3), Zr(−2), Nb(−3), Mo(−4), Ru(−2), Rh(−3), Hf(−2), Ta(−3), and W(−4) occur in anionic binary metal carbonyls; see [3], p. 4 (in German); [4], pp. 97–100; [5], p. 239
In(−2) has been observed in Na₂In, see [6], p. 69.

gsi.de

Bh(VII) has been observed in bohrium oxychloride (BhO₃Cl); see "Gas chemical investigation of bohrium (Bh, element 107)" Arkiverad 28 februari 2008 hämtat från the Wayback Machine., Eichler et al., GSI Annual Report 2000. Retrieved on 2008-02-29
Hs(VIII) has been observed in hassium tetroxide (HsO₄); see ”Chemistry of Hassium” (PDF). Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung mbH. 2002. http://www.gsi.de/documents/DOC-2003-Jun-29-2.pdf. Läst 31 januari 2007.

www-w2k.gsi.de

Sg(VI) has been observed in seaborgium oxide hydroxide (SgO₂(OH)₂); see Huebener et al.; Taut, S.; Vahle, A.; Dressler, R.; Eichler, B.; Gäggeler, H. W.; Jost, D.T.; Piguet, D.; et al. (2001). ”Physico-chemical characterization of seaborgium as oxide hydroxide”. Radiochim. Acta 89 (11–12_2001): sid. 737–741. doi:10.1524/ract.2001.89.11-12.737. Arkiverad från originalet den 25 oktober 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141025201143/http://www-w2k.gsi.de/kernchemie/images/pdf_Artikel/Radiochim_Acta_89_737_2001.pdf. Läst 22 februari 2016.

harvard.edu

adsabs.harvard.edu

Low valent magnesium compounds with Mg(I) have been obtained using bulky ligands; see Green, S. P.; Jones C.; Stasch A. (December 2007). ”Stable Magnesium(I) Compounds with Mg-Mg Bonds”. Science 318 (5857): sid. 1754–1757. doi:10.1126/science.1150856. PMID 17991827. Bibcode: 2007Sci...318.1754G.
Al(II) has been observed in aluminium(II) oxide (AlO); see D. C. Tyte (1964). ”Red (B2Π–A2σ) Band System of Aluminium Monoxide”. Nature 202 (4930): sid. 383–384. doi:10.1038/202383a0. Bibcode: 1964Natur.202..383T. , and in dialanes (R₂Al—AlR₂); see Uhl, Werner "Organoelement Compounds Possessing Al—Al, Ga—Ga, In—In, and Tl—Tl Single Bonds" Advances in Organometallic Chemistry Volume 51, 2004, Pages 53–108. doi:10.1016/S0065-3055(03)51002-4
The Ca⁻ ion is known: see ”Evidence for a stable negative ion of calcium”. Phys. Rev. Lett. 59: sid. 2267–2270. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.59.2267. Bibcode: 1987PhRvL..59.2267P.
Pd(VI) complexes have been observed; see Chen, W.; Shimada, Shigeru; Tanaka, Masato (2002). ”Synthesis and Structure of Formally Hexavalent Palladium Complexes”. Science 295 (5553): sid. 308–310. doi:10.1126/science.1067027. Bibcode: 2002Sci...295..308C.
Rn(II) has been observed in radon difluoride (RnF₂); see Stein, L. (1970). ”Ionic Radon Solution”. Science 168 (3929): sid. 362–4. doi:10.1126/science.168.3929.362. PMID 17809133. Bibcode: 1970Sci...168..362S. and Kenneth S. Pitzer (1975). ”Fluorides of radon and element 118”. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (18): sid. 760b – 761. doi:10.1039/C3975000760b.

chem.harvard.edu

Pd(III) has been observed; see Powers, D. C.; Ritter, T. (2011). ”Palladium(III) in Synthesis and Catalysis”. Top. Organomet. Chem. 35: sid. 129–156. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-17429-2_6. Arkiverad från originalet den 12 juni 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130612065217/http://www.chem.harvard.edu/groups/ritter/pdf/2011-129t.pdf. Läst 22 februari 2016.

iaea.org

inis.iaea.org

Hf(I) has been observed in hafnium monobromide (HfBr), see Marek, G.S.; Troyanov, S.I.; Tsirel'nikov, V.I. (1979). ”Кристаллическое строение и термодинамические характеристики монобромидов циркония и гафния / Crystal structure and thermodynamic characteristics of monobromides of zirconium and hafnium” (på ryska). Журнал неорганической химии / Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry 24 (4): sid. 890–893. https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:11520917.

nevada.edu

radchem.nevada.edu

Th(I) is known in thorium(I) bromide (ThBr); see Wickleder, Mathias S.; Fourest, Blandine; Dorhout, Peter K. (2006). ”Thorium”. i Morss, Lester R.; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean. The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements. "3" (3rd). Dordrecht, Nederländerna: Springer. sid. 52–160. doi:10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_3. http://radchem.nevada.edu/classes/rdch710/files/thorium.pdf. Läst 22 februari 2016 Arkiverad 7 mars 2016 hämtat från the Wayback Machine.

nih.gov

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Low valent magnesium compounds with Mg(I) have been obtained using bulky ligands; see Green, S. P.; Jones C.; Stasch A. (December 2007). ”Stable Magnesium(I) Compounds with Mg-Mg Bonds”. Science 318 (5857): sid. 1754–1757. doi:10.1126/science.1150856. PMID 17991827. Bibcode: 2007Sci...318.1754G.
Ca(I) has been observed; see Krieck, Sven; Görls, Helmar; Westerhausen, Matthias (2010). ”Mechanistic Elucidation of the Formation of the Inverse Ca(I) Sandwich Complex [(thf)₃Ca(μ-C₆H₃-1,3,5-Ph₃)Ca(thf)₃] and Stability of Aryl-Substituted Phenylcalcium Complexes”. Journal of the American Chemical Society 132 (35): sid. 12492–501. doi:10.1021/ja105534w. PMID 20718434.
Ti(−1) has been reported in [Ti(bipy)₃]⁻, but was later shown to be Ti(+3); see Bowman, A. C.; England, J.; Sprouls, S.; Weihemüller, T.; Wieghardt, K. (2013). ”Electronic structures of homoleptic [tris(2,2'-bipyridine)M]n complexes of the early transition metals (M = Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta; n = 1+, 0, 1-, 2-, 3-): an experimental and density functional theoretical study.”. Inorganic Chemistry 52 (4): sid. 2242–56. doi:10.1021/ic302799s. PMID 23387926. However, Ti(−1) occurs in [Ti(η-C₆H₆]⁻ and [Ti(η-C₆H₅CH₃)]⁻, see Bandy, J. A.; Berry, A.; Green, M. L. H.; Perutz, R. N.; Prout, K.; Verpeautz, J.-N. (1984). ”Synthesis of anionic sandwich compounds: [Ti(η-C₆H₅R)₂]^– and the crystal structure of [K(18-crown-6)(µ-H)Mo(η-C₅H₅)₂]”. Inorganic Chemistry 52 (4): sid. 729–731. doi:10.1039/C39840000729.
As(I) has been observed in arsenic(I) iodide (AsI); see Ellis, Bobby D.; MacDonald, Charles L. B. (2004). ”Stabilized Arsenic(I) Iodide: A Ready Source of Arsenic Iodide Fragments and a Useful Reagent for the Generation of Clusters”. Inorganic Chemistry 43 (19): sid. 5981–6. doi:10.1021/ic049281s. PMID 15360247.
Zr(−1) has been reported in [Zr(bipy)₃]⁻ (see Mall:Greenwood&Earnshaw and Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (1995). ”Zirconium” (på german). Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (101). Walter de Gruyter. Sid. 1413. ISBN 3-11-012641-9. ), but was later shown to be Zr(+4); see Bowman, A. C.; England, J.; Sprouls, S.; Weihemüller, T.; Wieghardt, K. (2013). ”Electronic structures of homoleptic [tris(2,2'-bipyridine)M]n complexes of the early transition metals (M = Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta; n = 1+, 0, 1-, 2-, 3-): an experimental and density functional theoretical study.”. Inorganic Chemistry 52 (4): sid. 2242–56. doi:10.1021/ic302799s. PMID 23387926.
Pt(−1) and Pt(−2) have been observed in the barium platinides Ba₂Pt and BaPt, respectively: see Karpov, Andrey; Konuma, Mitsuharu; Jansen, Martin (2006). ”An experimental proof for negative oxidation states of platinum: ESCA-measurements on barium platinides”. Chemical Communications (8): sid. 838–840. doi:10.1039/b514631c. PMID 16479284.
Hg(IV) has been observed in mercury(IV) fluoride (HgF₄); see Xuefang Wang; Lester Andrews; Sebastian Riedel; Martin Kaupp (2007). ”Mercury Is a Transition Metal: The First Experimental Evidence for HgF₄”. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 46 (44): sid. 8371–8375. doi:10.1002/anie.200703710. PMID 17899620. .
Rn(II) has been observed in radon difluoride (RnF₂); see Stein, L. (1970). ”Ionic Radon Solution”. Science 168 (3929): sid. 362–4. doi:10.1126/science.168.3929.362. PMID 17809133. Bibcode: 1970Sci...168..362S. and Kenneth S. Pitzer (1975). ”Fluorides of radon and element 118”. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (18): sid. 760b – 761. doi:10.1039/C3975000760b.

openmopac.net

Y(I) has been observed in yttrium(I) bromide (YBr); see ”Yttrium: yttrium(I) bromide compound data”. OpenMOPAC.net. Arkiverad från originalet den 23 juli 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110723233118/http://www.openmopac.net/data_normal/yttrium%28i%29%20bromide_jmol.html. Läst 10 december 2007.

psi.ch

lch.web.psi.ch

Db(V) has been observed in dubnium pentachloride (DbCl₅); see H. W. Gäggeler (2007). ”Gas Phase Chemistry of Superheavy Elements”. Paul Scherrer Institute. sid. 26–28. Arkiverad från originalet den 20 februari 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120220090755/http://lch.web.psi.ch/files/lectures/TexasA%26M/TexasA%26M.pdf.

researchgate.net

Sn(−3) has been observed in [Sn₂]⁶⁻, e.g. in (Ba₂)⁴⁺(Mg₄)⁸⁺Sn⁴⁻(Sn₂)⁶⁻Sn²⁻ (with square (Sn²⁻)_n sheets), see Papoian, Garegin A.; Hoffmann, Roald (2000). ”Hypervalent Bonding in One, Two, and Three Dimensions: Extending the Zintl–Klemm Concept to Nonclassical Electron-Rich Networks”. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2000 (39): sid. 2408–2448. doi:10.1002/1521-3773(20000717)39:14<2408::aid-anie2408>3.0.co;2-u. http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Garegin_Papoian/publication/12379848_Hypervalent_Bonding_in_One_Two_and_Three_Dimensions_Extending_the_Zintl-Klemm_Concept_to_Nonclassical_Electron-Rich_Networks/links/09e4150a69ac2aa4c5000000.pdf. Läst 1 februari 2015.
Te(III) has been observed in [Te(N(SiMe₃)₂)₂]⁺, see Heinze, Thorsten; Roesky, Herbert W.; Pauer, Frank; Stalke, Dietmar; Sheldrick, George M. (1991). ”Synthesis and Structure of the First Tellurium(III) Radical Cation”. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 30 (12): sid. 1678. doi:10.1002/anie.199116771. http://www.researchgate.net/publication/237225046_Synthesis_and_Structure_of_the_First_Tellurium%28III%29_Radical_Cation. Läst 1 februari 2015. .

sciencedirect.com

Fe(−4), Ru(−4), and Os(−4) have been observed in metal-rich compounds containing octahedral complexes [MIn_6−xSn_x]; Pt(−3) (as a dimeric anion [Pt–Pt]⁶⁻), Cu(−2), Zn(−2), Ag(−2), Cd(−2), Au(−2), and Hg(−2) have been observed (as dimeric and monomeric anions; dimeric ions were initially reported to be [T–T]²⁻ for Zn, Cd, Hg, but later shown to be [T–T]⁴⁻ for all these elements) in La₂Pt₂In, La₂Cu₂In, Ca₅Au₃, Ca₅Ag₃, Ca₅Hg₃, Sr₅Cd₃, Ca₅Zn₃(structure (AE²⁺)₅(T–T)⁴⁻T²⁻⋅4e⁻), Yb₃Ag₂, Ca₅Au₄, and Ca₃Hg₂; Au(–3) has been observed in ScAuSn and in other 18-electron half-Heusler compounds. See Changhoon Lee; Myung-Hwan Whangbo (2008). ”Late transition metal anions acting as p-metal elements”. Frontiers in Solid State Chemistry 10 (4): sid. 444–449. doi:10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2007.12.001. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1293255807003883. and Changhoon Lee; Myung-Hwan Whangbo; Jürgen Köhler (2010). ”Analysis of Electronic Structures and Chemical Bonding of Metal-rich Compounds. 2. Presence of Dimer (T–T)^4– and Isolated T^2– Anions in the Polar Intermetallic Cr₅B₃-Type Compounds AE₅T₃ (AE = Ca, Sr; T = Au, Ag, Hg, Cd, Zn)”. ZAAC 636 (1): sid. 36–40. doi:10.1002/zaac.200900421.
Ag(IV) has been observed in potassium hexafluoroargentate (K₂AgF₆) and caesium hexafluoroargentate (Cs₂AgF₆); see Riedel, Sebastian; Kaupp, Martin (2009). ”The highest oxidation states of the transition metal elements”. Coordination Chemistry Reviews (Elsevier) 253 (5–6): sid. 606–624. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2008.07.014. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0010854508001355?via%3Dihub.

springer.com

link.springer.com

Unstable Pu(VIII) complexes can form in alkaline solutions; see Kiselev, Yu. M.; Nikonov, M. V.; Tananaev, I. G.; Myasoedov, B. F. (2009). ”On the Existence of Plutonium Tetroxide”. Doklady Akademii Nauk (Pleiades Publishing, Ltd.) 425 (5): sid. 634–637. doi:10.1134/S0012501609040022. ISSN 0012-5016. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S0012501609040022. Läst 25 februari 2012.

uni-freiburg.de

ruby.chemie.uni-freiburg.de

Negative oxidation states of p-block metals (Al, Ga, In, Sn, Tl, Pb, Bi, Po) and metalloids (Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, At) may occur in Zintl phases, see: [1], p. 259 and [2] (both in German).

uni-kassel.de

Ga(−2), Ga(−4), and Ga(−5) have been observed in the magnesium gallides MgGa, Mg₂Ga, and Mg₅Ga₂, respectively; see Patrick Hofmann. ”Colture. Ein Programm zur interaktiven Visualisierung von Festkörperstrukturen sowie Synthese, Struktur und Eigenschaften von binären und ternären Alkali- und Erdalkalimetallgalliden” (på tyska). s. 72. http://www.uni-kassel.de/upress/online/frei/978-3-7281-2597-2.volltext.frei.pdf.

uwaterloo.ca

bernath.uwaterloo.ca

Be(I) has been observed in beryllium monohydride (BeH); see Shayesteh, A.; Tereszchuk, K.; Bernath, P. F.; Colin, R. (2003). ”Infrared Emission Spectra of BeH and BeD”. J. Chem. Phys. (bernath.uwaterloo.ca) 118 (3): sid. 1158. doi:10.1063/1.1528606. Arkiverad från originalet den 2 december 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071202130342/http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/252.pdf. Läst 10 december 2007.
Ti(I) has been observed in titanium monohydride (TiH); see Andersson, N.; Balfour, Walter J.; Bernath, Peter F.; Lindgren, Bo; Ram, Ram S. (2003). ”Emission spectra of TiH and TiD near 938 nm”. J. Chem. Phys. 118 (8): sid. 10543. doi:10.1063/1.1539848. Arkiverad från originalet den 9 februari 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120209151538/http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/257.pdf. Läst 22 februari 2016.
Sr(I) has been observed in strontium monofluoride (SrF); see P. Colarusso; Guo, B.; Zhang, K.-Q.; Bernath, P.F. (1996). ”High-Resolution Infrared Emission Spectrum of Strontium Monofluoride”. J. Molecular Spectroscopy 175: sid. 158–171. doi:10.1006/jmsp.1996.0019. Arkiverad från originalet den 8 mars 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120308063843/http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/149.pdf. Läst 22 februari 2016.
Nb(I) has been observed in niobium monochloride (NbCl); see Ram, R.S. (2004). ”Fourier transform emission spectroscopy and ab initio calculations on NbCl”. Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy 228 (2): sid. 544–553. doi:10.1016/j.jms.2004.02.001. Arkiverad från originalet den 28 februari 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140228220758/http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/270.pdf. Läst 22 februari 2016.
Ba(I) has been observed in barium monofluoride (BaF); see P. Colarusso; Guo, B.; Zhang, K.-Q.; Bernath, P.F. (1995). ”High-Resolution Fourier Transform Infrared Emission Spectrum of Barium Monofluoride”. J. Molecular Spectroscopy 170: sid. 59. doi:10.1006/jmsp.1996.0019. Arkiverad från originalet den 10 mars 2005. https://web.archive.org/web/20050310180822/http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/126.pdf. Läst 22 februari 2016.
La(I) has been observed in lanthanum monohydride (LaH); see Ram, R. S.; Bernath, P. F. (1996). ”Fourier Transform Emission Spectroscopy of New Infrared Systems of LaH and LaD”. J. Molecular Spectroscopy 104: sid. 6444. doi:10.1063/1.471365. Arkiverad från originalet den 10 mars 2005. https://web.archive.org/web/20050310194449/http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/143.pdf. Läst 22 februari 2016.

web.archive.org

Be(I) has been observed in beryllium monohydride (BeH); see Shayesteh, A.; Tereszchuk, K.; Bernath, P. F.; Colin, R. (2003). ”Infrared Emission Spectra of BeH and BeD”. J. Chem. Phys. (bernath.uwaterloo.ca) 118 (3): sid. 1158. doi:10.1063/1.1528606. Arkiverad från originalet den 2 december 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071202130342/http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/252.pdf. Läst 10 december 2007.
B(−5) has been observed in Al₃BC, see Melanie Schroeder. ”Eigenschaften von borreichen Boriden und Scandium-Aluminium-Oxid-Carbiden” (på tyska). sid. 139. Arkiverad från originalet den 2 april 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150402094025/https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/binary/KKUKEQ5AXZBNJVU7NJCHZB4UXT2HAGJE/full/1.pdf. Läst 22 februari 2016.
Ti(I) has been observed in titanium monohydride (TiH); see Andersson, N.; Balfour, Walter J.; Bernath, Peter F.; Lindgren, Bo; Ram, Ram S. (2003). ”Emission spectra of TiH and TiD near 938 nm”. J. Chem. Phys. 118 (8): sid. 10543. doi:10.1063/1.1539848. Arkiverad från originalet den 9 februari 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120209151538/http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/257.pdf. Läst 22 februari 2016.
Sr(I) has been observed in strontium monofluoride (SrF); see P. Colarusso; Guo, B.; Zhang, K.-Q.; Bernath, P.F. (1996). ”High-Resolution Infrared Emission Spectrum of Strontium Monofluoride”. J. Molecular Spectroscopy 175: sid. 158–171. doi:10.1006/jmsp.1996.0019. Arkiverad från originalet den 8 mars 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120308063843/http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/149.pdf. Läst 22 februari 2016.
Y(I) has been observed in yttrium(I) bromide (YBr); see ”Yttrium: yttrium(I) bromide compound data”. OpenMOPAC.net. Arkiverad från originalet den 23 juli 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110723233118/http://www.openmopac.net/data_normal/yttrium%28i%29%20bromide_jmol.html. Läst 10 december 2007.
Nb(I) has been observed in niobium monochloride (NbCl); see Ram, R.S. (2004). ”Fourier transform emission spectroscopy and ab initio calculations on NbCl”. Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy 228 (2): sid. 544–553. doi:10.1016/j.jms.2004.02.001. Arkiverad från originalet den 28 februari 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140228220758/http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/270.pdf. Läst 22 februari 2016.
Pd(III) has been observed; see Powers, D. C.; Ritter, T. (2011). ”Palladium(III) in Synthesis and Catalysis”. Top. Organomet. Chem. 35: sid. 129–156. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-17429-2_6. Arkiverad från originalet den 12 juni 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130612065217/http://www.chem.harvard.edu/groups/ritter/pdf/2011-129t.pdf. Läst 22 februari 2016.
Ba(I) has been observed in barium monofluoride (BaF); see P. Colarusso; Guo, B.; Zhang, K.-Q.; Bernath, P.F. (1995). ”High-Resolution Fourier Transform Infrared Emission Spectrum of Barium Monofluoride”. J. Molecular Spectroscopy 170: sid. 59. doi:10.1006/jmsp.1996.0019. Arkiverad från originalet den 10 mars 2005. https://web.archive.org/web/20050310180822/http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/126.pdf. Läst 22 februari 2016.
La(I) has been observed in lanthanum monohydride (LaH); see Ram, R. S.; Bernath, P. F. (1996). ”Fourier Transform Emission Spectroscopy of New Infrared Systems of LaH and LaD”. J. Molecular Spectroscopy 104: sid. 6444. doi:10.1063/1.471365. Arkiverad från originalet den 10 mars 2005. https://web.archive.org/web/20050310194449/http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/143.pdf. Läst 22 februari 2016.
Ir(VII) has been observed in [(η²-O₂)IrO₂]⁺; see C&EN: Iridium dressed to the nines Arkiverad 9 mars 2015 hämtat från the Wayback Machine..
Th(I) is known in thorium(I) bromide (ThBr); see Wickleder, Mathias S.; Fourest, Blandine; Dorhout, Peter K. (2006). ”Thorium”. i Morss, Lester R.; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean. The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements. "3" (3rd). Dordrecht, Nederländerna: Springer. sid. 52–160. doi:10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_3. http://radchem.nevada.edu/classes/rdch710/files/thorium.pdf. Läst 22 februari 2016 Arkiverad 7 mars 2016 hämtat från the Wayback Machine.
Am(VII) has been observed in Mall:Chem; see Americium Arkiverad 9 juni 2019 hämtat från the Wayback Machine., Das Periodensystem der Elemente für den Schulgebrauch (The periodic table of elements for schools) chemie-master.de (in German), Retrieved 28 November 2010 and Mall:Greenwood&Earnshaw
Db(V) has been observed in dubnium pentachloride (DbCl₅); see H. W. Gäggeler (2007). ”Gas Phase Chemistry of Superheavy Elements”. Paul Scherrer Institute. sid. 26–28. Arkiverad från originalet den 20 februari 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120220090755/http://lch.web.psi.ch/files/lectures/TexasA%26M/TexasA%26M.pdf.
Sg(VI) has been observed in seaborgium oxide hydroxide (SgO₂(OH)₂); see Huebener et al.; Taut, S.; Vahle, A.; Dressler, R.; Eichler, B.; Gäggeler, H. W.; Jost, D.T.; Piguet, D.; et al. (2001). ”Physico-chemical characterization of seaborgium as oxide hydroxide”. Radiochim. Acta 89 (11–12_2001): sid. 737–741. doi:10.1524/ract.2001.89.11-12.737. Arkiverad från originalet den 25 oktober 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141025201143/http://www-w2k.gsi.de/kernchemie/images/pdf_Artikel/Radiochim_Acta_89_737_2001.pdf. Läst 22 februari 2016.
Bh(VII) has been observed in bohrium oxychloride (BhO₃Cl); see "Gas chemical investigation of bohrium (Bh, element 107)" Arkiverad 28 februari 2008 hämtat från the Wayback Machine., Eichler et al., GSI Annual Report 2000. Retrieved on 2008-02-29

webelements.com

Se(I) has been observed in selenium(I) chloride (Se₂Cl₂); see ”Selenium : Selenium(I) chloride compound data”. WebElements.com. http://www.webelements.com/webelements/compounds/text/Se/Cl2Se2-10025680.html. Läst 10 december 2007.
Te(I) has been observed in tellurium iodide (TeI), see ”Tellurium: tellurium iodide”. WebElements.com. http://www.webelements.com/compounds/tellurium/tellurium_iodide.html. Läst 23 februari 2015.

wiley.com

onlinelibrary.wiley.com

Se(III) has been observed in Se₂NBr₃; see Lau, Carsten; Neumüller, Bernhard; Vyboishchikov, Sergei F.; Frenking, Gernot; Dehnicke, Kurt; Hiller, Wolfgang; Herker, Martin (1996). ”Se₂NBr₃, Se₂NCl₅, Se₂NCl⁻₆: New Nitride Halides of Selenium(III) and Selenium(IV)”. Chemistry - A European Journal 2: sid. 1393–1396. doi:10.1002/chem.19960021108. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/chem.19960021108/abstract.
Sb(−2) has been observed in [Sb₂]⁴⁻, e.g. in RbBa₄[Sb₂][Sb][O], see Boss, Michael; Petri, Denis; Pickhard, Frank; Zönnchen, Peter; Röhr, Caroline (2005). ”Neue Barium-Antimonid-Oxide mit den Zintl-Ionen [Sb³⁻, [Sb₂]⁴⁻ und ¹_∞[Sb_n]ⁿ⁻ / New Barium Antimonide Oxides containing Zintl Ions [Sb]³⁻, [Sb₂]⁴⁻ and ¹_∞[Sb_n]ⁿ⁻”] (på tyska). Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie 631 (6–7): sid. 1181–1190. doi:10.1002/zaac.200400546. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/zaac.200400546/abstract. Läst 1 februari 2015.
Sb(I) and Sb(II) have been observed in organoantimony compounds; for Sb(I), see Šimon, Petr; de Proft, Frank; Jambor, Roman; Růžička, Aleš; Dostál, Libor (2010). ”Monomeric Organoantimony(I) and Organobismuth(I) Compounds Stabilized by an NCN Chelating Ligand: Syntheses and Structures”. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 49 (32): sid. 5468–5471. doi:10.1002/anie.201002209. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/anie.201002209/full. Läst 1 februari 2015.

worldcat.org

Unstable Pu(VIII) complexes can form in alkaline solutions; see Kiselev, Yu. M.; Nikonov, M. V.; Tananaev, I. G.; Myasoedov, B. F. (2009). ”On the Existence of Plutonium Tetroxide”. Doklady Akademii Nauk (Pleiades Publishing, Ltd.) 425 (5): sid. 634–637. doi:10.1134/S0012501609040022. ISSN 0012-5016. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S0012501609040022. Läst 25 februari 2012.