Nowell K, Jackson P (1996). "Panthera Leo" (PDF). Wild Cats: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group. pp. 17–21. ISBN 2-8317-0045-0.
Breitenmoser, U., Mallon, D.P., Ahmad Khan, J. & Driscoll, C. 2008 Panthera leo ssp. persica Från: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.1 <www.iucnredlist.org>. Läst 21 november 2011.
oldredlist.iucnredlist.org
Breitenmoser, U., Mallon, D.P., Ahmad Khan, J. & Driscoll, C. 2008 Panthera leo ssp. persica Från: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.1 <www.iucnredlist.org>. Läst 21 november 2011.
Ross Barnett et al.: The origin, current diversity and future conservation of the modern lion (Panthera leo). I: Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 273, nr. 1598, 2006, s. 2119–2125 (doi:)
Jean Dubach et al.: Molecular genetic variation across the southern and eastern geographic ranges of the African lion, Panthera leo. I: Conservation Genetics. 6, nr. 1, januari 2005, s. 15–24 (doi:)
Lars Werdelin: Plio-Pleistocene Carnivora of eastern Africa: species richness and turnover patterns, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, Volume 144, Issue 2, Page 121 – June 2005 online
Bertola et al. (2011). Genetic diversity, evolutionary history and implications for conservation of the lion (Panthera leo) in West and Central Africa. Journal of Biogeography. Volume 38, Issue 7, pages 1356–1367. online link