WHEREAS, differentiating species into biologically defined "races" has proven meaningless and unscientific as a way of explaining variation (whether in intelligence or other traits), American; Anthropological, Physical. ”Statement on Biological Aspects of Race”. American Journal Physical Anthropology 569: sid. 1996.
Pettersson, Ulf (12 april 2009). ”Ny dna-teknik visar att det inte finns raser”. http://www.dn.se/debatt/ny-dna-teknik-visar-att-det-inte-finns-raser. Läst 15 juni 2011. ”Resultaten har väsentligen bekräftat den amerikanska forskaren Lewontins slutsats från 1972 som utgått från ett litet antal individer och litet antal dna-bokstäver. Han hade visat att de genetiska skillnaderna mellan så kallade människoraser är små och uppgår till bara några få procent av all genetisk variation som finns hos människosläktet. Av den sammantagna genetiska variationen finner man att cirka 85 procent hos alla befolkningsgrupper är oberoende av geografiskt ursprung.”
Bouchard, TJ (25 februari 2004). ”Genetic influence on human psychological traits - A survey”. Current Directions in Psychological Science "13" (4): ss. 148–151. doi:10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.00295.x.
Neisser, U., Boodoo, G., Bouchard, T.J. Jr., Boykin, A.W., Brody, N., Ceci, S.J., et al. (25 februari 1996). ”Intelligence: Knowns and unknowns”. American Psychologist "51" (2): ss. 77–101. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.51.2.77. Arkiverad från originalet den 16 augusti 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100816090612/http://www.psych.illinois.edu/~broberts/Neisser%20et%20al,%201996,%20intelligence.pdf. Läst 19 juni 2011. "The differential between the mean intelligence test scores of Blacks and Whites (about one standard deviation, although it may be diminishing) does not result from any obvious biases in test construction and administration, nor does it simply reflect differences in socio-economic status. Explanations based on factors of caste and culture may be appropriate, but so far have little direct empirical support. There is certainly no such support for a genetic interpretation. At present, no one knows what causes this differential."
Neisser, U., Boodoo, G., Bouchard, T.J. Jr., Boykin, A.W., Brody, N., Ceci, S.J., et al. (25 februari 1996). ”Intelligence: Knowns and unknowns”. American Psychologist "51" (2): ss. 77–101. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.51.2.77. Arkiverad från originalet den 16 augusti 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100816090612/http://www.psych.illinois.edu/~broberts/Neisser%20et%20al,%201996,%20intelligence.pdf. Läst 19 juni 2011. "The differential between the mean intelligence test scores of Blacks and Whites (about one standard deviation, although it may be diminishing) does not result from any obvious biases in test construction and administration, nor does it simply reflect differences in socio-economic status. Explanations based on factors of caste and culture may be appropriate, but so far have little direct empirical support. There is certainly no such support for a genetic interpretation. At present, no one knows what causes this differential."
American Association of Physical Anthropologists, 1996Arkiverad 28 september 2011 hämtat från the Wayback Machine. - "all peoples possess equal biological ability to assimilate any human culture", "racist political doctrines find no foundation in scientific knowledge concerning modern or past human populations."
The ambiguities and confusion associated with determining the boundaries of racial categories have over time provoked a widespread scholarly consensus that discrete or essentialist races are socially constructed, not biologically real. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, uppslagsordet "Race".
"The Race Question", Unesco, 1950, "there is no proof that the groups of mankind differ in their innate mental characteristics, whether in respect of intelligence or temperament."
Neisser, U., Boodoo, G., Bouchard, T.J. Jr., Boykin, A.W., Brody, N., Ceci, S.J., et al. (25 februari 1996). ”Intelligence: Knowns and unknowns”. American Psychologist "51" (2): ss. 77–101. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.51.2.77. Arkiverad från originalet den 16 augusti 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100816090612/http://www.psych.illinois.edu/~broberts/Neisser%20et%20al,%201996,%20intelligence.pdf. Läst 19 juni 2011. "The differential between the mean intelligence test scores of Blacks and Whites (about one standard deviation, although it may be diminishing) does not result from any obvious biases in test construction and administration, nor does it simply reflect differences in socio-economic status. Explanations based on factors of caste and culture may be appropriate, but so far have little direct empirical support. There is certainly no such support for a genetic interpretation. At present, no one knows what causes this differential."
American Association of Physical Anthropologists, 1996Arkiverad 28 september 2011 hämtat från the Wayback Machine. - "all peoples possess equal biological ability to assimilate any human culture", "racist political doctrines find no foundation in scientific knowledge concerning modern or past human populations."
