உதுமானியப் பேரரசு (Tamil Wikipedia)

Edhem, Eldem (21 May 2010). "Istanbul". In Gábor, Ágoston; Masters, Bruce Alan (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Infobase. p. 286. ISBN 978-1-4381-1025-7. With the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and the establishment of the Republic of Turkey, all previous names were abandoned and Istanbul came to designate the entire city.
Shaw & Shaw 1977b, ப. 386, volume 2; Robinson (1965). The First Turkish Republic. p. 298.; Society (2014-03-04). "Istanbul, not Constantinople" (in ஆங்கிலம்). National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 7 July 2020. Retrieved 2019-03-28.)
Flynn, Thomas O. (2017). The Western Christian Presence in the Russias and Qājār Persia, c. 1760–c. 1870 (in ஆங்கிலம்). Brill. p. 30. ISBN 978-90-04-31354-5. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
Fortna, B. (2012). Learning to Read in the Late Ottoman Empire and the Early Turkish Republic. Springer. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-230-30041-5. Archived from the original on 21 October 2022. Retrieved 21 October 2022. Although in the late Ottoman period Persian was taught in the state schools...
Spuler, Bertold (2003). Persian Historiography and Geography. Pustaka Nasional Pte. p. 68. ISBN 978-9971-77-488-2. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2022. On the whole, the circumstance in Turkey took a similar course: in Anatolia, the Persian language had played a significant role as the carrier of civilization. [...] where it was at time, to some extent, the language of diplomacy [...] However Persian maintained its position also during the early Ottoman period in the composition of histories and even Sultan Salim I, a bitter enemy of Iran and the Shi'ites, wrote poetry in Persian. Besides some poetical adaptations, the most important historiographical works are: Idris Bidlisi's flowery "Hasht Bihist", or Seven Paradises, begun in 1502 by the request of Sultan Bayazid II and covering the first eight Ottoman rulers...
Fetvacı, Emine (2013). Picturing History at the Ottoman Court. Indiana University Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-253-00678-3. Archived from the original on 21 October 2022. Retrieved 21 October 2022. Persian literature, and belles-lettres in particular, were part of the curriculum: a Persian dictionary, a manual on prose composition; and Sa'dis 'Gulistan', one of the classics of Persian poetry, were borrowed. All these titles would be appropriate in the religious and cultural education of the newly converted young men.
Yarshater, Ehsan; Melville, Charles, eds. (359). Persian Historiography: A History of Persian Literature. Vol. 10. Bloomsbury. p. 437. ISBN 978-0-85773-657-4. Archived from the original on 21 October 2022. Retrieved 21 October 2022. Persian held a privileged place in Ottoman letters. Persian historical literature was first patronized during the reign of Mehmed II and continued unabated until the end of the 16th century.
Ayşe Gül Sertkaya (2002). "Şeyhzade Abdurrezak Bahşı". In György Hazai (ed.). Archivum Ottomanicum. Vol. 20. pp. 114–115. Archived from the original on 24 October 2022. Retrieved 23 October 2022. As a result, we can claim that Şeyhzade Abdürrezak Bahşı was a scribe lived in the palaces of Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror and his son Bayezid-i Veli in the 15th century, wrote letters (bitig) and firmans (yarlığ) sent to Eastern Turks by Mehmed II and Bayezid II in both Uighur and Arabic scripts and in East Turkestan (Chagatai) language.
Pamuk, Şevket (2000). A Monetary History of the Ottoman Empire. Cambridge University Press. pp. 30–31. ISBN 0-521-44197-8. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2022. The Ottomans began to strike coins in the name of Orhan Bey in 1326. These earliest coins carried inscriptions such as "the great Sultan, Orhan son of Osman" [...] Ottoman historiography has adopted 1299 as the date for the foundation of the state. 1299 might represent the date at which the Ottomans finally obtained their independence from the Seljuk sultan at கொன்யா. Probably, they were forced at the same time, or very soon thereafter, to accept the overlordship of the ஈல்கானரசு [...] Numismatic evidence thus suggest that independence did not really occur until 1326.
Bang, Peter Fibiger; Bayly, C. A.; Scheidel, Walter (2020). The Oxford World History of Empire: Volume One: The Imperial Experience (in ஆங்கிலம்). Oxford University Press. pp. 92–94. ISBN 978-0-19-977311-4.
Stone, Norman (2005). "Turkey in the Russian Mirror". In Mark Erickson, Ljubica Erickson (ed.). Russia War, Peace And Diplomacy: Essays in Honour of John Erickson. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-297-84913-1. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
Stone, Norman (2005). "Turkey in the Russian Mirror". In Mark Erickson, Ljubica Erickson (ed.). Russia War, Peace And Diplomacy: Essays in Honour of John Erickson. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-297-84913-1. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
V. Necla Geyikdagi (15 March 2011). Foreign Investment in the Ottoman Empire: International Trade and Relations 1854–1914. I.B.Tauris. p. 32. ISBN 978-1-84885-461-1. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
Douglas Arthur Howard (2001). The History of Turkey. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-313-30708-9. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
Richmond, Walter (29 July 2008). The Northwest Caucasus: Past, Present, Future. Taylor & Francis US. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-415-77615-8. Retrieved 11 February 2013. the plan of action decided upon for 1860 was to cleanse [ochistit'] the mountain zone of its indigenous population
Charlotte Mathilde Louise Hille (2010). State building and conflict resolution in the Caucasus. BRILL. p. 50. ISBN 978-90-04-17901-1. Retrieved 4 May 2013.
Daniel Chirot; Clark McCauley (1 July 2010). Why Not Kill Them All?: The Logic and Prevention of Mass Political Murder (New in Paper). Princeton University Press. p. 23. ISBN 978-1-4008-3485-3. Retrieved 4 May 2013.
Jelavich, Charles; Jelavich, Barbara (1986). The Establishment of the Balkan National States, 1804–1920. p. 139. ISBN 9780295803609..
Mann, Michael (1 November 2004). The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing. Cambridge University Press. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-521-53854-1. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
Matthew J. Gibney; Randall A. Hansen (30 June 2005). Immigration and Asylum: From 1900 to the Present. ABC-CLIO. p. 437. ISBN 978-1-57607-796-2. Retrieved 11 February 2013. Muslims had been the majority in Anatolia, the Crimea, the Balkans and the Caucasus and a plurality in southern Russia and sections of Romania. Most of these lands were within or contiguous with the Ottoman Empire. By 1923, only Anatolia, eastern Thrace and a section of the south-eastern Caucasus remained to the Muslim land.^{[தொடர்பிழந்த இணைப்பு]}
Justin McCarthy (1995). Death and exile: the ethnic cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821–1922. Darwin Press. ISBN 978-0-87850-094-9. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
Cathie Carmichael (12 November 2012). Ethnic Cleansing in the Balkans: Nationalism and the Destruction of Tradition. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-47953-5. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
"During the period from 1821 to 1922 alone, Justin McCarthy estimates that the ethnic cleansing of Ottoman Muslims led to the death of several million individuals and the expulsion of a similar number."
Oxford University Press (1 May 2010). Islam in the Balkans: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide. Oxford University Press. pp. 9–. ISBN 978-0-19-980381-1. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
Şevket Pamuk (2009). "The Ottoman Economy in World War I". In Broadberry/Harrison (ed.). The Economics of World War I. Cambridge University Press. p. 112. ISBN 978-1-139-44835-2. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
Spencer C. Tucker, ed. (2005). World War I: A – D. ABC-CLIO. p. 1080. ISBN 978-1-85109-420-2. Retrieved 15 February 2013.
Peter Balakian (13 October 2009). The Burning Tigris. HarperCollins. p. xvii. ISBN 978-0-06-186017-1. Retrieved 8 June 2013.
Kemal H Karpat (2004). Studies on Turkish politics and society: selected articles and essays. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-13322-8. Retrieved 24 May 2013.^{[தொடர்பிழந்த இணைப்பு]}
Hakan Ozoglu (24 June 2011). From Caliphate to Secular State: Power Struggle in the Early Turkish Republic. ABC-CLIO. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-313-37957-4. Retrieved 8 June 2013.

bridging-the-divide.org

Schaller, Dominik J; Zimmerer, Jürgen (2008). "Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies – introduction". Journal of Genocide Research 10 (1): 7–14. doi:10.1080/14623520801950820. http://bridging-the-divide.org/sites/default/files/files/Late%20Ottoman%20genocides-%20the%20dissolution%20of%20the%20Ottoman%20Empire%20and%20Young%20Turkish%20population%20and%20extermination%20policies%281%29.pdf. பார்த்த நாள்: 2014-12-05. "The genocidal quality of the murderous campaigns against Greeks and Assyrians is obvious"

brill.com

Szabó, János B. (2019). "The Ottoman Conquest in Hungary: Decisive Events (Belgrade 1521, Mohács 1526, Vienna 1529, Buda 1541) and Results". The Battle for Central Europe (in ஆங்கிலம்). Brill. pp. 263–275. doi:10.1163/9789004396234_013. ISBN 978-90-04-39623-4. Retrieved 2023-12-19.
Moačanin, Nenad (2019). "The Ottoman Conquest and Establishment in Croatia and Slavonia". The Battle for Central Europe (in ஆங்கிலம்). Brill. pp. 277–286. doi:10.1163/9789004396234_014. ISBN 978-90-04-39623-4. Archived from the original on 15 January 2024. Retrieved 2023-12-19.
Moačanin, Nenad (2019). "The Ottoman Conquest and Establishment in Croatia and Slavonia". The Battle for Central Europe (in ஆங்கிலம்). Brill. pp. 277–286. doi:10.1163/9789004396234_014. ISBN 978-90-04-39623-4. Archived from the original on 15 January 2024. Retrieved 2023-12-19.

britannica.com

"Origins of the Magyars". Hungary. Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
Encyclopædia Britannica. "Armenian massacres (Turkish-Armenian history)". Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved 26 August 2010.

dergipark.org.tr

Baykara, Prof. Tuncer (2017). "A Study into the Concepts of Turkey and Turkistan which were used for the Ottoman State in XIXth Century". Journal of Atatürk and the History of Turkish Republic 1: 179–190. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/330026. பார்த்த நாள்: 26 March 2024.

doi.org

dx.doi.org

McDonald, Sean; Moore, Simon (2015-10-20). "Communicating Identity in the Ottoman Empire and Some Implications for Contemporary States". Atlantic Journal of Communication 23 (5): 269–283. doi:10.1080/15456870.2015.1090439. பன்னாட்டுத் தர தொடர் எண்:1545-6870. https://doi.org/10.1080/15456870.2015.1090439. பார்த்த நாள்: 24 March 2021.
Rein Taagepera (September 1997). "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia". International Studies Quarterly 41 (3): 498. doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00053. பன்னாட்டுத் தர தொடர் எண்:0020-8833. http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/3cn68807. பார்த்த நாள்: 8 July 2019.
P., E. A. (1916). "Review of The Caliph's Last Heritage: A Short History of the Turkish Empire". The Geographical Journal 47 (6): 470–472. doi:10.2307/1779249. பன்னாட்டுத் தர தொடர் எண்:0016-7398. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1779249. பார்த்த நாள்: 10 July 2022.
Savory, R. M. (1960). "The Principal Offices of the Ṣafawid State during the Reign of Ismā'īl I (907-30/1501-24)". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 23 (1): 91–105. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00149006.
Hess, Andrew C. (January 1973). "The Ottoman Conquest of Egypt (1517) and the Beginning of the Sixteenth-Century World War". International Journal of Middle East Studies 4 (1): 55–76. doi:10.1017/S0020743800027276. https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-middle-east-studies_1973-01_4_1/page/55.
Williams, Bryan Glynn (2000). "Hijra and forced migration from nineteenth-century Russia to the Ottoman Empire". Cahiers du Monde russe 41 (1): 79–108. doi:10.4000/monderusse.39. http://monderusse.revues.org/39.
Schaller, Dominik J; Zimmerer, Jürgen (2008). "Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies – introduction". Journal of Genocide Research 10 (1): 7–14. doi:10.1080/14623520801950820. http://bridging-the-divide.org/sites/default/files/files/Late%20Ottoman%20genocides-%20the%20dissolution%20of%20the%20Ottoman%20Empire%20and%20Young%20Turkish%20population%20and%20extermination%20policies%281%29.pdf. பார்த்த நாள்: 2014-12-05. "The genocidal quality of the murderous campaigns against Greeks and Assyrians is obvious"

doi.org

McDonald, Sean; Moore, Simon (2015-10-20). "Communicating Identity in the Ottoman Empire and Some Implications for Contemporary States". Atlantic Journal of Communication 23 (5): 269–283. doi:10.1080/15456870.2015.1090439. பன்னாட்டுத் தர தொடர் எண்:1545-6870. https://doi.org/10.1080/15456870.2015.1090439. பார்த்த நாள்: 24 March 2021.
Shaw, Stanford J.; Shaw, Ezel Kural (1977b). History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. Vol. 2: Reform, Revolution, and Republic: The Rise of Modern Turkey 1808–1975. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511614972. ISBN 9780511614972.
Ingrao, Charles; Samardžić, Nikola; Pešalj, Jovan, eds. (2011-08-12). The Peace of Passarowitz, 1718. Purdue University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctt6wq7kw.12. ISBN 978-1-61249-179-0. JSTOR j.ctt6wq7kw. Archived from the original on 20 December 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
Szabó, János B. (2019). "The Ottoman Conquest in Hungary: Decisive Events (Belgrade 1521, Mohács 1526, Vienna 1529, Buda 1541) and Results". The Battle for Central Europe (in ஆங்கிலம்). Brill. pp. 263–275. doi:10.1163/9789004396234_013. ISBN 978-90-04-39623-4. Retrieved 2023-12-19.
Moačanin, Nenad (2019). "The Ottoman Conquest and Establishment in Croatia and Slavonia". The Battle for Central Europe (in ஆங்கிலம்). Brill. pp. 277–286. doi:10.1163/9789004396234_014. ISBN 978-90-04-39623-4. Archived from the original on 15 January 2024. Retrieved 2023-12-19.
Moačanin, Nenad (2019). "The Ottoman Conquest and Establishment in Croatia and Slavonia". The Battle for Central Europe (in ஆங்கிலம்). Brill. pp. 277–286. doi:10.1163/9789004396234_014. ISBN 978-90-04-39623-4. Archived from the original on 15 January 2024. Retrieved 2023-12-19.

econstor.eu

On the economic troubles see Hakan Berument and Asli Gunay 1. "Inflation Dynamics and its Sources in the Ottoman Empire: 1586–1913." International Review of Applied Economics (2007) 21#2 pp: 207-245. online

escholarship.org

Rein Taagepera (September 1997). "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia". International Studies Quarterly 41 (3): 498. doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00053. பன்னாட்டுத் தர தொடர் எண்:0020-8833. http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/3cn68807. பார்த்த நாள்: 8 July 2019.

faith-matters.org

Ishtiaq, Hussain. "The Tanzimat: Secular reforms in the Ottoman Empire" (PDF). Faith Matters.

islamansiklopedisi.org.tr

"Edirne". TDV Encyclopedia of Islam (44+2 vols.). (1988–2016). Istanbul: Presidency of Religious Affairs, Centre for Islamic Studies.

istanbulcityguide.com

"Beylerbeyi Palace". Istanbul City Guide. Archived from the original on 10 அக்டோபர் 2007. Retrieved 11 February 2013.

jstor.org

P., E. A. (1916). "Review of The Caliph's Last Heritage: A Short History of the Turkish Empire". The Geographical Journal 47 (6): 470–472. doi:10.2307/1779249. பன்னாட்டுத் தர தொடர் எண்:0016-7398. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1779249. பார்த்த நாள்: 10 July 2022.
Ingrao, Charles; Samardžić, Nikola; Pešalj, Jovan, eds. (2011-08-12). The Peace of Passarowitz, 1718. Purdue University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctt6wq7kw.12. ISBN 978-1-61249-179-0. JSTOR j.ctt6wq7kw. Archived from the original on 20 December 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2023.

leidenuniv.nl

tulp.leidenuniv.nl

(PDF) Greek and Turkish refugees and deportees 1912–1924. NL: Universiteit Leiden. p. 1 இம் மூலத்தில் இருந்து 16 ஜூலை 2007 அன்று. பரணிடப்பட்டது.. https://web.archive.org/web/20070716155929/http://tulp.leidenuniv.nl/content_docs/wap/ejz18.pdf. பார்த்த நாள்: 5 டிசம்பர் 2014.

nationalgeographic.org

Shaw & Shaw 1977b, ப. 386, volume 2; Robinson (1965). The First Turkish Republic. p. 298.; Society (2014-03-04). "Istanbul, not Constantinople" (in ஆங்கிலம்). National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 7 July 2020. Retrieved 2019-03-28.)

ntvtarih.com.tr

(in Turkish) Sultan Abdülmecid: İlklerin Padişahı. NTV Tarih. p. 49. http://www.ntvtarih.com.tr/. பார்த்த நாள்: 11 February 2013.

pitt.edu

jwsr.pitt.edu

Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires". Journal of World-Systems Research 12 (2): 223. பன்னாட்டுத் தர தொடர் எண்:1076-156X. http://jwsr.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/jwsr/article/view/369/381. பார்த்த நாள்: 12 September 2016.

ptt.gov.tr

"PTT Chronology" (in Turkish). PTT Genel Müdürlüğü. 13 September 2008. Archived from the original on 13 செப்டம்பர் 2008. Retrieved 11 February 2013. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |archivedate= (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
"History of the Turkish Postal Service". Ptt.gov.tr. Archived from the original on 1 ஏப்ரல் 2013. Retrieved 6 November 2011.

reuters.com

"145th Anniversary of the Circassian Genocide and the Sochi Olympics Issue". Reuters. 22 May 2009 இம் மூலத்தில் இருந்து 2 ஜூலை 2012 அன்று. பரணிடப்பட்டது.. https://web.archive.org/web/20120702174523/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/05/22/idUS104971+22-May-2009+PRN20090522. பார்த்த நாள்: 28 November 2009.

revues.org

monderusse.revues.org

Williams, Bryan Glynn (2000). "Hijra and forced migration from nineteenth-century Russia to the Ottoman Empire". Cahiers du Monde russe 41 (1): 79–108. doi:10.4000/monderusse.39. http://monderusse.revues.org/39.

theottomans.org

"The Sultans: Osman Gazi". TheOttomans.org. Retrieved 13 December 2010.

uni-halle.de

menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de

Strauss, Johann (2010). "A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of the Kanun-ı Esasi and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages". In Herzog, Christoph; Malek Sharif (eds.). The First Ottoman Experiment in Democracy. Würzburg: Orient-Institut Istanbul. pp. 21–51. Archived from the original on 11 October 2019. Retrieved 15 September 2019. (info page on book பரணிடப்பட்டது 20 செப்டெம்பர் 2019 at the வந்தவழி இயந்திரம் at Martin Luther University) // CITED: p. 26 (PDF p. 28): "French had become a sort of semi-official language in the Ottoman Empire in the wake of the Tanzimat reforms.[...] It is true that French was not an ethnic language of the Ottoman Empire. But it was the only Western language which would become increasingly widespread among educated persons in all linguistic communities."

web.archive.org

Shaw & Shaw 1977b, ப. 386, volume 2; Robinson (1965). The First Turkish Republic. p. 298.; Society (2014-03-04). "Istanbul, not Constantinople" (in ஆங்கிலம்). National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 7 July 2020. Retrieved 2019-03-28.)
Flynn, Thomas O. (2017). The Western Christian Presence in the Russias and Qājār Persia, c. 1760–c. 1870 (in ஆங்கிலம்). Brill. p. 30. ISBN 978-90-04-31354-5. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
Fortna, B. (2012). Learning to Read in the Late Ottoman Empire and the Early Turkish Republic. Springer. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-230-30041-5. Archived from the original on 21 October 2022. Retrieved 21 October 2022. Although in the late Ottoman period Persian was taught in the state schools...
Spuler, Bertold (2003). Persian Historiography and Geography. Pustaka Nasional Pte. p. 68. ISBN 978-9971-77-488-2. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2022. On the whole, the circumstance in Turkey took a similar course: in Anatolia, the Persian language had played a significant role as the carrier of civilization. [...] where it was at time, to some extent, the language of diplomacy [...] However Persian maintained its position also during the early Ottoman period in the composition of histories and even Sultan Salim I, a bitter enemy of Iran and the Shi'ites, wrote poetry in Persian. Besides some poetical adaptations, the most important historiographical works are: Idris Bidlisi's flowery "Hasht Bihist", or Seven Paradises, begun in 1502 by the request of Sultan Bayazid II and covering the first eight Ottoman rulers...
Fetvacı, Emine (2013). Picturing History at the Ottoman Court. Indiana University Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-253-00678-3. Archived from the original on 21 October 2022. Retrieved 21 October 2022. Persian literature, and belles-lettres in particular, were part of the curriculum: a Persian dictionary, a manual on prose composition; and Sa'dis 'Gulistan', one of the classics of Persian poetry, were borrowed. All these titles would be appropriate in the religious and cultural education of the newly converted young men.
Yarshater, Ehsan; Melville, Charles, eds. (359). Persian Historiography: A History of Persian Literature. Vol. 10. Bloomsbury. p. 437. ISBN 978-0-85773-657-4. Archived from the original on 21 October 2022. Retrieved 21 October 2022. Persian held a privileged place in Ottoman letters. Persian historical literature was first patronized during the reign of Mehmed II and continued unabated until the end of the 16th century.
Ayşe Gül Sertkaya (2002). "Şeyhzade Abdurrezak Bahşı". In György Hazai (ed.). Archivum Ottomanicum. Vol. 20. pp. 114–115. Archived from the original on 24 October 2022. Retrieved 23 October 2022. As a result, we can claim that Şeyhzade Abdürrezak Bahşı was a scribe lived in the palaces of Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror and his son Bayezid-i Veli in the 15th century, wrote letters (bitig) and firmans (yarlığ) sent to Eastern Turks by Mehmed II and Bayezid II in both Uighur and Arabic scripts and in East Turkestan (Chagatai) language.
Strauss, Johann (2010). "A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of the Kanun-ı Esasi and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages". In Herzog, Christoph; Malek Sharif (eds.). The First Ottoman Experiment in Democracy. Würzburg: Orient-Institut Istanbul. pp. 21–51. Archived from the original on 11 October 2019. Retrieved 15 September 2019. (info page on book பரணிடப்பட்டது 20 செப்டெம்பர் 2019 at the வந்தவழி இயந்திரம் at Martin Luther University) // CITED: p. 26 (PDF p. 28): "French had become a sort of semi-official language in the Ottoman Empire in the wake of the Tanzimat reforms.[...] It is true that French was not an ethnic language of the Ottoman Empire. But it was the only Western language which would become increasingly widespread among educated persons in all linguistic communities."
Pamuk, Şevket (2000). A Monetary History of the Ottoman Empire. Cambridge University Press. pp. 30–31. ISBN 0-521-44197-8. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2022. The Ottomans began to strike coins in the name of Orhan Bey in 1326. These earliest coins carried inscriptions such as "the great Sultan, Orhan son of Osman" [...] Ottoman historiography has adopted 1299 as the date for the foundation of the state. 1299 might represent the date at which the Ottomans finally obtained their independence from the Seljuk sultan at கொன்யா. Probably, they were forced at the same time, or very soon thereafter, to accept the overlordship of the ஈல்கானரசு [...] Numismatic evidence thus suggest that independence did not really occur until 1326.
Ingrao, Charles; Samardžić, Nikola; Pešalj, Jovan, eds. (2011-08-12). The Peace of Passarowitz, 1718. Purdue University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctt6wq7kw.12. ISBN 978-1-61249-179-0. JSTOR j.ctt6wq7kw. Archived from the original on 20 December 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
Moačanin, Nenad (2019). "The Ottoman Conquest and Establishment in Croatia and Slavonia". The Battle for Central Europe (in ஆங்கிலம்). Brill. pp. 277–286. doi:10.1163/9789004396234_014. ISBN 978-90-04-39623-4. Archived from the original on 15 January 2024. Retrieved 2023-12-19.
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