எத்தனால் (Tamil Wikipedia)
Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "எத்தனால்" in Tamil language version.
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alcoholrehab.com
- "Alcohol effects on the digestive system" பரணிடப்பட்டது 2013-04-30 at the வந்தவழி இயந்திரம். Alcoholrehab.com
americanheart.org
- "Triglycerides". American Heart Association. Archived from the original on 27 August 2007. பார்க்கப்பட்ட நாள் 4 September 2007.
archive.org
- Adams, K. E.; Rans, T. S. (Dec 2013). "Adverse reactions to alcohol and alcoholic beverages". Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 111 (6): 439–45. doi:10.1016/j.anai.2013.09.016. பப்மெட்:24267355. https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-allergy-asthma-and-immunology_2013-12_111_6/page/439.
- Spanagel R (April 2009). "Alcoholism: a systems approach from molecular physiology to addictive behavior". Physiol. Rev. 89 (2): 649–705. doi:10.1152/physrev.00013.2008. பப்மெட்:19342616. https://archive.org/details/sim_physiological-reviews_2009-04_89_2/page/649.
- McCoy, HG; Cipolle, RJ; Ehlers, SM; Sawchuk, RJ; Zaske, DE (November 1979). "Severe methanol poisoning. Application of a pharmacokinetic model for ethanol therapy and hemodialysis.". Am J Med 67 (5): 804–807. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(79)90766-6. பப்மெட்:507092. https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-medicine_1979-11_67_5/page/804.
- Lide, D. R., ed. (2000). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition. CRC press. பன்னாட்டுத் தரப்புத்தக எண் 0-8493-0481-4.
- Windholz, Martha (1976). The Merck index: an encyclopedia of chemicals and drugs (9th ed.). Rahway, N.J., U.S.A: Merck. பன்னாட்டுத் தரப்புத்தக எண் 0-911910-26-3.
- Roberts, John D.; Caserio, Marjorie C. (1977). Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry. W. A. Benjamin, Inc. பன்னாட்டுத் தரப்புத்தக எண் 0-8053-8329-8.
- Streitweiser, Andrew Jr.; Heathcock, Clayton H. (1976). Introduction to Organic Chemistry. MacMillan. பன்னாட்டுத் தரப்புத்தக எண் 0-02-418010-6.
- Naranjo CA, Bremner KE; Bremner (1993). "Behavioural correlates of alcohol intoxication". Addiction 88 (1): 25–35. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02761.x. பப்மெட்:8448514. https://archive.org/details/sim_british-journal-of-addiction_1993-01_88_1/page/25.
arquivo.pt
- Jones, T.T.M. (2008) The Clean Fuels Report: A Quantitative Comparison Of Motor (engine) Fuels, Related Pollution and Technologies பரணிடப்பட்டது 2016-05-18 at the Portuguese Web Archive. researchandmarkets.com
bnf.fr
gallica.bnf.fr
- Faraday, M. (1825) "On new compounds of carbon and hydrogen, and on certain other products obtained during the decomposition of oil by heat," Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 115: 440–466. In a footnote on page 448, Faraday notes the action of sulfuric acid on coal gas and coal-gas distillate; specifically, "The [sulfuric] acid combines directly with carbon and hydrogen; and I find when [the resulting compound is] united with bases [it] forms a peculiar class of salts, somewhat resembling the sulphovinates [i.e., ethyl sulfates], but still different from them."
books.google.com
- For a report on the 1892 International Conference on Chemical Nomenclature, see:
- Armstrong, Henry (1892). "The International Conference on Chemical Nomenclature". Nature 46 (1177): 56–59. doi:10.1038/046056c0. Bibcode: 1892Natur..46...56A. https://books.google.com/books?id=LHkCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA56.
- Horn, Miriam; Krupp, Fred (16 March 2009). Earth: The Sequel: The Race to Reinvent Energy and Stop Global Warming. W. W. Norton. p. 85. பன்னாட்டுத் தரப்புத்தக எண் 978-0-393-06810-8.
- Sitte, Harald; Freissmuth, Michael (2 August 2006). Neurotransmitter Transporters. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 472–. பன்னாட்டுத் தரப்புத்தக எண் 978-3-540-29784-0.
- Sherwood, Lauralee; Kell, Robert; Ward, Christopher (2010). Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems. Cengage Learning. பன்னாட்டுத் தரப்புத்தக எண் 978-0-495-39184-5.
- Harold A. Wittcoff; Bryan G. Reuben; Jeffery S. Plotkin (2004). Industrial Organic Chemicals. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 136–. பன்னாட்டுத் தரப்புத்தக எண் 978-0-471-44385-8.
- Bansal, Raj K.; Bernthsen, August (2003). A Textbook of Organic Chemistry. New Age International Limited. pp. 402–. பன்னாட்டுத் தரப்புத்தக எண் 978-81-224-1459-2.
- Andrews, Sudhir (1 August 2007). Textbook Of Food & Bevrge Mgmt. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. pp. 268–. பன்னாட்டுத் தரப்புத்தக எண் 978-0-07-065573-7.
- Lowitz, T. (1796). "Anzeige eines, zur volkommen Entwasserung des Weingeistes nothwendig zu beobachtenden, Handgriffs" (Report of a task that must be done for the complete dehydration of wine spirits [i.e., alcohol-water azeotrope])"]. Chemische Annalen für die Freunde der Naturlehre, Aerznengelartheit, Haushaltungskunde und Manufakturen (Lorenz Von Crell) 1. https://books.google.com/books?id=Zws_AAAAcAAJ. See pp. 197–198: Lowitz dehydrated the azeotrope by mixing it with a 2:1 excess of anhydrous alkali and then distilling the mixture over low heat.
- de Saussure, Théodore (1807). "Mémoire sur la composition de l'alcohol et de l'éther sulfurique". Journal de physique, de chimie, d'histoire naturelle et des arts (Fuchs) 64. https://books.google.com/books?id=G-UPAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA316. In his 1807 paper, Saussure determined ethanol's composition only roughly; a more accurate analysis of ethanol appears on page 300 of his 1814 paper: de Saussure, Théodore (1814). "Nouvelles observations sur la composition de l'alcool et de l'éther sulfurique". Annales de chimie et de physique (Masson) 89: 273–305. https://books.google.com/books?id=ch8zAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA273.
- Hennell, H. (1826). "On the mutual action of sulphuric acid and alcohol, with observations on the composition and properties of the resulting compound". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London: Giving Some Accounts of the Present Undertakings, Studies, and Labours, of the Ingenious, in Many Considerable Parts of the World (Royal Society (London)) 116. https://books.google.com/books?id=f05FAAAAcAAJ. On page 248, Hennell mentions that Faraday gave him some sulfuric acid in which coal gas had dissolved and that he (Hennell) found that it contained "sulphovinic acid" (ethyl hydrogen sulfate).
- Hennell, H. (1828). "On the mutual action of sulfuric acid and alcohol, and on the nature of the process by which ether is formed". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 118: 365–371. doi:10.1098/rstl.1828.0021. https://books.google.com/books?id=X-9FAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA365. On page 368, Hennell produces ethanol from "sulfovinic acid" (ethyl hydrogen sulfate).
- Sérullas, Georges-Simon (1828). "De l'action de l'acide sulfurique sur l'alcool, et des produits qui en résultent". Annales de chimie et de physique (Masson) 39. https://books.google.com/books?id=ZxUAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA152. On page 158, Sérullas mentions the production of alcohol from "sulfate acid d'hydrogène carboné" (hydrocarbon acid sulfate).
- Myers, Richard L.; Myers, Rusty L. (2007). The 100 most important chemical compounds: a reference guide. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. p. 122. பன்னாட்டுத் தரப்புத்தக எண் 0-313-33758-6.
braeunig.us
- Braeunig, Robert A. "Rocket Propellants." (Website). Rocket & Space Technology, 2006. Retrieved 23 August 2007.
bris.ac.uk
chemlabs.bris.ac.uk
- Harrison, Tim (May 2014) Catalysis Web Pages for Pre-University Students V1_0. Bristol ChemLabS, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol
cdc.gov
- "More than 3 million US women at risk for alcohol-exposed pregnancy". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. பார்க்கப்பட்ட நாள் 3 March 2016.
chemcases.com
- Boggan, Bill. "Metabolism of Ethyl Alcohol in the Body". Chemases.com. Archived from the original on 2 October 2007. பார்க்கப்பட்ட நாள் 29 September 2007.
- Boggan, Bill. "Effects of Ethyl Alcohol on Organ Function". Chemases.com. Archived from the original on 5 October 2007. பார்க்கப்பட்ட நாள் 29 September 2007.
cleanairtrust.org
- "Availability of Sources of E85". Clean Air Trust. பார்க்கப்பட்ட நாள் 2015-07-27.
daviddarling.info
- Darling, David. "The Internet Encyclopedia of Science: V-2".
doi.org
dx.doi.org
- Brust, J. C. M. (2010). "Ethanol and Cognition: Indirect Effects, Neurotoxicity and Neuroprotection: A Review". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 7 (4): 1540–57. doi:10.3390/ijerph7041540. பப்மெட்:20617045.
- For a report on the 1892 International Conference on Chemical Nomenclature, see:
- Armstrong, Henry (1892). "The International Conference on Chemical Nomenclature". Nature 46 (1177): 56–59. doi:10.1038/046056c0. Bibcode: 1892Natur..46...56A. https://books.google.com/books?id=LHkCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA56.
- Adams, K. E.; Rans, T. S. (Dec 2013). "Adverse reactions to alcohol and alcoholic beverages". Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 111 (6): 439–45. doi:10.1016/j.anai.2013.09.016. பப்மெட்:24267355. https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-allergy-asthma-and-immunology_2013-12_111_6/page/439.
- Zuccotti, Gian Vincenzo; Fabiano, Valentina (21 March 2011). "Safety issues with ethanol as an excipient in drugs intended for pediatric use". Expert Opinion on Drug Safety 10 (4): 499–502. doi:10.1517/14740338.2011.565328. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Valentina_Fabiano/publication/50591545_Safety_issues_with_ethanol_as_an_excipient_in_drugs_intended_for_pediatric_use/links/0912f50d205d6acfc6000000.pdf.
- Badwal, S.P.S.; Giddey, S.; Kulkarni, A.; Goel, J.; Basu, S. (May 2015). "Direct ethanol fuel cells for transport and stationary applications – A comprehensive review". Applied Energy 145: 80–103. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.02.002.
- Patel, Sheena; Behara, Rama; Swanson, Garth R.; Forsyth, Christopher B.; Voigt, Robin M.; Keshavarzian, Ali (December 2015). "Alcohol and the Intestine". Biomolecules 5 (4): 2573–2588. doi:10.3390/biom5042573. பப்மெட்:26501334.
- Karahanian, E.; Quintanilla, M. A. E.; Tampier, L.; Rivera-Meza, M.; Bustamante, D.; Gonzalez-Lira, V. C.; Morales, P.; Herrera-Marschitz, M. et al. (2011). "Ethanol as a Prodrug: Brain Metabolism of Ethanol Mediates its Reinforcing Effects". Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 35 (4): 606–612. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01439.x. பப்மெட்:21332529.
- Melis, M.; Enrico, P.; Peana, A. T.; Diana, M. (2007). "Acetaldehyde mediates alcohol activation of the mesolimbic dopamine system". European Journal of Neuroscience 26 (10): 2824–2833. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05887.x. பப்மெட்:18001279.
- Ruffle JK (November 2014). "Molecular neurobiology of addiction: what's all the (Δ)FosB about?". Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 40 (6): 428–437. doi:10.3109/00952990.2014.933840. பப்மெட்:25083822. "
ΔFosB as a therapeutic biomarker
The strong correlation between chronic drug exposure and ΔFosB provides novel opportunities for targeted therapies in addiction (118), and suggests methods to analyze their efficacy (119). Over the past two decades, research has progressed from identifying ΔFosB induction to investigating its subsequent action (38). It is likely that ΔFosB research will now progress into a new era – the use of ΔFosB as a biomarker. If ΔFosB detection is indicative of chronic drug exposure (and is at least partly responsible for dependence of the substance), then its monitoring for therapeutic efficacy in interventional studies is a suitable biomarker (Figure 2). Examples of therapeutic avenues are discussed herein. ...
Conclusions
ΔFosB is an essential transcription factor implicated in the molecular and behavioral pathways of addiction following repeated drug exposure. The formation of ΔFosB in multiple brain regions, and the molecular pathway leading to the formation of AP-1 complexes is well understood. The establishment of a functional purpose for ΔFosB has allowed further determination as to some of the key aspects of its molecular cascades, involving effectors such as GluR2 (87,88), Cdk5 (93) and NFkB (100). Moreover, many of these molecular changes identified are now directly linked to the structural, physiological and behavioral changes observed following chronic drug exposure (60,95,97,102). New frontiers of research investigating the molecular roles of ΔFosB have been opened by epigenetic studies, and recent advances have illustrated the role of ΔFosB acting on DNA and histones, truly as a ‘‘molecular switch’’ (34). As a consequence of our improved understanding of ΔFosB in addiction, it is possible to evaluate the addictive potential of current medications (119), as well as use it as a biomarker for assessing the efficacy of therapeutic interventions (121,122,124). Some of these proposed interventions have limitations (125) or are in their infancy (75). However, it is hoped that some of these preliminary findings may lead to innovative treatments, which are much needed in addiction.". - "Transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms of addiction". Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 12 (11): 623–637. November 2011. doi:10.1038/nrn3111. பப்மெட்:21989194. "ΔFosB has been linked directly to several addiction-related behaviors ... Importantly, genetic or viral overexpression of ΔJunD, a dominant negative mutant of JunD which antagonizes ΔFosB- and other AP-1-mediated transcriptional activity, in the NAc or OFC blocks these key effects of drug exposure14,22–24. This indicates that ΔFosB is both necessary and sufficient for many of the changes wrought in the brain by chronic drug exposure. ΔFosB is also induced in D1-type NAc MSNs by chronic consumption of several natural rewards, including sucrose, high fat food, sex, wheel running, where it promotes that consumption14,26–30. This implicates ΔFosB in the regulation of natural rewards under normal conditions and perhaps during pathological addictive-like states. ... ΔFosB serves as one of the master control proteins governing this structural plasticity.".
- Laizure, S. C.; Mandrell, T.; Gades, N. M.; Parker, R. B. (2003). "Cocaethylene metabolism and interaction with cocaine and ethanol: Role of carboxylesterases". Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals 31 (1): 16–20. doi:10.1124/dmd.31.1.16. பப்மெட்:12485948.
- Lukas, Scott E.; Orozco, Sara (2001). "Ethanol increases plasma Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) levels and subjective effects after marihuana smoking in human volunteers". Drug and Alcohol Dependence 64 (2): 143–9. doi:10.1016/S0376-8716(01)00118-1. பப்மெட்:11543984.
- "Ethanol acts directly on extrasynaptic subtypes of GABAA receptors to increase tonic inhibition". Alcohol 41 (3): 211–21. 2007. doi:10.1016/j.alcohol.2007.04.011. பப்மெட்:17591544.
- Spanagel R (April 2009). "Alcoholism: a systems approach from molecular physiology to addictive behavior". Physiol. Rev. 89 (2): 649–705. doi:10.1152/physrev.00013.2008. பப்மெட்:19342616. https://archive.org/details/sim_physiological-reviews_2009-04_89_2/page/649.
- "Acute effects of ethanol on glutamate receptors". Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology 111 (1): 4–13. July 2012. doi:10.1111/j.1742-7843.2012.00879.x. பப்மெட்:22429661.
- "Ethanol Blocks Adenosine Uptake via Inhibiting the Nucleoside Transport System in Bronchial Epithelial Cells.". Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 33 (5): 791–8. 2009. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.00897.x. பப்மெட்:19298329.
- McCoy, HG; Cipolle, RJ; Ehlers, SM; Sawchuk, RJ; Zaske, DE (November 1979). "Severe methanol poisoning. Application of a pharmacokinetic model for ethanol therapy and hemodialysis.". Am J Med 67 (5): 804–807. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(79)90766-6. பப்மெட்:507092. https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-medicine_1979-11_67_5/page/804.
- "(Liquid + liquid) phase equilibria and critical curves of (ethanol + dodecane or tetradecane or hexadecane or 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane) from 0.1 MPa to 120.0 MPa". J Chem Thermodyn 21 (9): 997–1004. 1989. doi:10.1016/0021-9614(89)90160-2.
- "The Isothermal Displacement Calorimeter: Design Modifications for Measuring Exothermic Enthalpies of Mixing". Aust. J. Chem 33 (10): 2103. 1980. doi:10.1071/CH9802103.
- "Influence of salt added to solvent on extractive distillation". Chem Eng J. 87 (2): 149–156. 2002. doi:10.1016/S1385-8947(01)00211-X.
- "Thermodynamic properties of aqueous non-electrolyte mixtures II. Vapour pressures and excess Gibbs energies for water + ethanol at 303.15 to 363.15 K determined by an accurate static method". J Chem Thermodyn 10 (9): 867–888. 1978. doi:10.1016/0021-9614(78)90160-X.
- Dudley, Robert (2004). "Ethanol, Fruit Ripening, and the Historical Origins of Human Alcoholism in Primate Frugivory". Integrative Comparative Biology 44 (4): 315–323. doi:10.1093/icb/44.4.315. பப்மெட்:21676715.
- Leblová, Sylva; Sinecká, Eva; Vaníčková, Věra (1974). "Pyruvate metabolism in germinating seeds during natural anaerobiosis". Biologia Plantarum 16 (6): 406–411. doi:10.1007/BF02922229.
- Schriver, A.; Schriver-Mazzuoli, L.; Ehrenfreund, P.; d’Hendecourt, L. (2007). "One possible origin of ethanol in interstellar medium: Photochemistry of mixed CO2–C2H6 films at 11 K. A FTIR study". Chemical Physics 334 (1–3): 128–137. doi:10.1016/j.chemphys.2007.02.018. Bibcode: 2007CP....334..128S.
- "Alcohols as Components of Transportation Fuels". Annual Review of Energy 12: 47–80. 1987. doi:10.1146/annurev.eg.12.110187.000403.
- Jeong, Jun-Seong; Jeon, Hyungjin; Ko, Kyung-mo; Chung, Bongwoo; Choi, Gi-Wook (2012). "Production of anhydrous ethanol using various PSA (Pressure Swing Adsorption) processes in pilot plant". Renewable Energy 42: 41–45. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2011.09.027.
- Rossini, Frederick D. (1937). "Heats of Formation of Simple Organic Molecules". Ind. Eng. Chem. 29 (12): 1424–1430. doi:10.1021/ie50336a024.
- Reinhard Jira, Erwin Kopp, Blaine C. McKusick, Gerhard Röderer, Axel Bosch and Gerald Fleischmann "Chloroacetaldehydes" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2007, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. எஆசு:10.1002/14356007.a06_527.pub2
- Hennell, H. (1828). "On the mutual action of sulfuric acid and alcohol, and on the nature of the process by which ether is formed". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 118: 365–371. doi:10.1098/rstl.1828.0021. https://books.google.com/books?id=X-9FAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA365. On page 368, Hennell produces ethanol from "sulfovinic acid" (ethyl hydrogen sulfate).
- Naranjo CA, Bremner KE; Bremner (1993). "Behavioural correlates of alcohol intoxication". Addiction 88 (1): 25–35. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02761.x. பப்மெட்:8448514. https://archive.org/details/sim_british-journal-of-addiction_1993-01_88_1/page/25.
drivinglaws.org
dui.drivinglaws.org
- "Blood Alcohol Level Chart | Are You Legally Drunk? | BAC Level | DrivingLaws.org". drivinglaws.org. பார்க்கப்பட்ட நாள் 2016-01-28.
dummies.com
- How Your Body Processes Alcohol. Dummies.com. Retrieved 27 April 2013.
eia.gov
- DiPardo, Joseph. "Outlook for Biomass Ethanol Production and Demand" (PDF). United States Department of Energy. பார்க்கப்பட்ட நாள் 22 September 2007.
energyfuturecoalition.org
- The Biofuels FAQs பரணிடப்பட்டது 2011-02-19 at the வந்தவழி இயந்திரம், The Biofuels Source Book, Energy Future Coalition, United Nations Foundation.
engineeringtoolbox.com
- "Flash points of ethanol-based water solutions". Engineeringtoolbox.com. பார்க்கப்பட்ட நாள் 23 June 2011.
essentialchemicalindustry.org
- Ethanol. essentialchemicalindustry.org
ethanol.org
- Ethanol 101. American Coalition for Ethanol.
ethanolmarket.com
- "First Commercial U.S. Cellulosic Ethanol Biorefinery Announced". Renewable Fuels Association. 20 November 2006. பார்க்கப்பட்ட நாள் 31 May 2011.
genome.jp
- "Alcoholism – Homo sapiens (human) Database entry". KEGG Pathway. 29 October 2014. பார்க்கப்பட்ட நாள் 9 February 2015.
As one of the primary mediators of the rewarding effects of alcohol, dopaminergic ventral tegmental area (VTA) projections to the nucleus accumbens (NAc) have been identified. Acute exposure to alcohol stimulates dopamine release into the NAc, which activates D1 receptors, stimulating PKA signaling and subsequent CREB-mediated gene expression, whereas chronic alcohol exposure leads to an adaptive downregulation of this pathway, in particular of CREB function. The decreased CREB function in the NAc may promote the intake of drugs of abuse to achieve an increase in reward and thus may be involved in the regulation of positive affective states of addiction. PKA signaling also affects NMDA receptor activity and may play an important role in neuroadaptation in response to chronic alcohol exposure.
- Kanehisa Laboratories (29 October 2014). "Alcoholism – Homo sapiens (human)". KEGG Pathway. பார்க்கப்பட்ட நாள் 31 October 2014.
harvard.edu
adsabs.harvard.edu
- For a report on the 1892 International Conference on Chemical Nomenclature, see:
- Armstrong, Henry (1892). "The International Conference on Chemical Nomenclature". Nature 46 (1177): 56–59. doi:10.1038/046056c0. Bibcode: 1892Natur..46...56A. https://books.google.com/books?id=LHkCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA56.
- Schriver, A.; Schriver-Mazzuoli, L.; Ehrenfreund, P.; d’Hendecourt, L. (2007). "One possible origin of ethanol in interstellar medium: Photochemistry of mixed CO2–C2H6 films at 11 K. A FTIR study". Chemical Physics 334 (1–3): 128–137. doi:10.1016/j.chemphys.2007.02.018. Bibcode: 2007CP....334..128S.
hathitrust.org
babel.hathitrust.org
- Liebig, Justus (1834) "Ueber die Constitution des Aethers und seiner Verbindungen" (On the constitution of ether and its compounds), Annalen der Pharmacie, 9 : 1–39. From page 18: "Bezeichnen wir die Kohlenwasserstoffverbindung 4C + 10H als das Radikal des Aethers mit E2 und nennen es Ethyl, ..." (Let us designate the hydrocarbon compound 4C + 10H as the radical of ether with E2 and name it ethyl …).
iarc.fr
monographs.iarc.fr
- Agents Classified by the IARC Monographs, Volumes 1–111 பரணிடப்பட்டது 2011-10-25 at the வந்தவழி இயந்திரம். monographs.iarc.fr
icrisat.ac.in
resourcespace.icrisat.ac.in
- Sweet sorghum for food, feed and fuel பரணிடப்பட்டது 2015-09-04 at the வந்தவழி இயந்திரம் New Agriculturalist, January 2008.
icrisat.org
exploreit.icrisat.org
- Developing a sweet sorghum ethanol value chain பரணிடப்பட்டது 2014-02-23 at the வந்தவழி இயந்திரம் ICRISAT, 2013
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ΔFosB as a therapeutic biomarker
The strong correlation between chronic drug exposure and ΔFosB provides novel opportunities for targeted therapies in addiction (118), and suggests methods to analyze their efficacy (119). Over the past two decades, research has progressed from identifying ΔFosB induction to investigating its subsequent action (38). It is likely that ΔFosB research will now progress into a new era – the use of ΔFosB as a biomarker. If ΔFosB detection is indicative of chronic drug exposure (and is at least partly responsible for dependence of the substance), then its monitoring for therapeutic efficacy in interventional studies is a suitable biomarker (Figure 2). Examples of therapeutic avenues are discussed herein. ...
Conclusions
ΔFosB is an essential transcription factor implicated in the molecular and behavioral pathways of addiction following repeated drug exposure. The formation of ΔFosB in multiple brain regions, and the molecular pathway leading to the formation of AP-1 complexes is well understood. The establishment of a functional purpose for ΔFosB has allowed further determination as to some of the key aspects of its molecular cascades, involving effectors such as GluR2 (87,88), Cdk5 (93) and NFkB (100). Moreover, many of these molecular changes identified are now directly linked to the structural, physiological and behavioral changes observed following chronic drug exposure (60,95,97,102). New frontiers of research investigating the molecular roles of ΔFosB have been opened by epigenetic studies, and recent advances have illustrated the role of ΔFosB acting on DNA and histones, truly as a ‘‘molecular switch’’ (34). As a consequence of our improved understanding of ΔFosB in addiction, it is possible to evaluate the addictive potential of current medications (119), as well as use it as a biomarker for assessing the efficacy of therapeutic interventions (121,122,124). Some of these proposed interventions have limitations (125) or are in their infancy (75). However, it is hoped that some of these preliminary findings may lead to innovative treatments, which are much needed in addiction.". - Nestler EJ (December 2013). "Cellular basis of memory for addiction". Dialogues Clin Neurosci 15 (4): 431–443. பப்மெட்:24459410. "Despite the Importance of Numerous Psychosocial Factors, at its Core, Drug Addiction Involves a Biological Process: the ability of repeated exposure to a drug of abuse to induce changes in a vulnerable brain that drive the compulsive seeking and taking of drugs, and loss of control over drug use, that define a state of addiction. ... A large body of literature has demonstrated that such ΔFosB induction in D1-type NAc neurons increases an animal's sensitivity to drug as well as natural rewards and promotes drug self-administration, presumably through a process of positive reinforcement".
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