கௌதம புத்தர் (Tamil Wikipedia)

Bopearachchi, Osmund (1 January 2021). "GREEK HELIOS OR INDIAN SŪRYA? THE SPREAD OF THE SUN GOD IMAGERY FROM INDIA TO GANDHĀRA". Connecting the Ancient West and East. Studies Presented to Prof. Gocha R. Tsetskhladze, Edited by J. Boardman, J. Hargrave, A. Avram and A. Podossinov, Monographs in Antiquity: 946. https://www.academia.edu/50839613. பார்த்த நாள்: 18 August 2022.
Bronkhorst, Johannes (2016). "Appendix X Was there Buddhism in Gandhāra at the Time of Alexander?". How the Brahmins Won. Brill. pp. 483–489, page 6 of the appendix. doi:10.1163/9789004315518_016. ISBN 978-90-04-31551-8. Archived from the original on 24 April 2022. Retrieved 1 May 2022.
Eiland, Murray (2020). Interview with Richard Gombrich. "What the Buddha Thought". Antiqvvs 3 (1): 42. https://www.academia.edu/89897129. பார்த்த நாள்: 26 December 2022.

accesstoinsight.org (Global: 3,865^th place; Tamil: 791^st place)

According to Mahaparinibbana Sutta (see Äccess to insight, Maha-parinibbana Sutta), Gautama died in Kushinagar, which is located in present-day உத்தரப் பிரதேசம், India.
Buswell & Lopez 2014, ப. entry "Sakyamuni" refer to the Ariyapariyesana Sutta, noting: "Buddha's quest for enlightenment occurs in the ARIYAPARIYESANĀSUTTA. It is noteworthy that many of the most familiar events in the Buddha's life are absent in some of the early accounts."
The Ariyapariyesana Sutta says: "So, at a later time, while still young, a black-haired young man endowed with the blessings of youth in the first stage of life — and while my parents, unwilling, were crying with tears streaming down their faces — I shaved off my hair & beard, put on the ochre robe and went forth from the home life into homelessness. Buswell, Robert E. Jr.; Lopez, Donald S. Jr., eds. (2014), The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism, Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-15786-3
Minor Rock Edict Nb3: "These Dhamma texts – Extracts from the Discipline, the Noble Way of Life, the Fears to Come, the Poem on the Silent Sage, the Discourse on the Pure Life, Upatisa's Questions, and the Advice to Rahula which was spoken by the Buddha concerning false speech – these Dhamma texts, reverend sirs, I desire that all the monks and nuns may constantly listen to and remember. Likewise the laymen and laywomen."^[43]

Dhammika: "There is disagreement amongst scholars concerning which Pali suttas correspond to some of the text. Vinaya samukose: probably the Atthavasa Vagga, Anguttara Nikaya, 1:98–100. Aliya vasani: either the Ariyavasa Sutta, Anguttara Nikaya, V:29, or the Ariyavamsa Sutta, Anguttara Nikaya, II: 27–28. Anagata bhayani: probably the Anagata Sutta, Anguttara Nikaya, III:100. Muni gatha: Muni Sutta, Sutta Nipata 207–21. Upatisa pasine: Sariputta Sutta, Sutta Nipata 955–75. Laghulavade: Rahulavada Sutta, Majjhima Nikaya, I:421."^[43]

See Readings Selected by King Asoka for a translation of these texts.
See the Upaddha Sutta ("Half (of the Holy Life)") Thanissaro Bhikkhu (ytansl.), Sutta Central: "Admirable friendship, admirable companionship, admirable camaraderie is actually the whole of the holy life. When a monk has admirable people as friends, companions, & comrades, he can be expected to develop & pursue the noble eightfold path."
"That the True Dhamma Might Last a Long Time: Readings Selected by King Asoka". Access to Insight. Translated by Bhikkhu, Thanissaro. 1993. Archived from the original on 28 October 2017. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
"A Sketch of the Buddha's Life: Readings from the Pali Canon". Access to Insight. 2005. Archived from the original on 22 December 2010. Retrieved 24 September 2015.
"Maha-Saccaka Sutta: The Longer Discourse to Saccaka". Access to Insight. Translated by Bhikkhu, Thanissaro. 2008. (MN 36). Archived from the original on 29 December 2008. Retrieved 19 May 2007.
"Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta: Setting the Wheel of Dhamma in Motion". Access to Insight. Translated by Bhikkhu, Thanissaro. 1993. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
Bhikkhu Khantipalo (1995). "Lay Buddhist Practice, The Shrine Room, Uposatha Day, Rains Residence பரணிடப்பட்டது 2 நவம்பர் 2022 at the வந்தவழி இயந்திரம்"
"Maha-parinibbana Sutta", Digha Nikaya, Access insight, verse 56, archived from the original on 6 June 2011, retrieved 5 March 2009

aeon.co (Global: low place; Tamil: low place)

Wynne, Alexander. "Was the Buddha an awakened prince or a humble itinerant?". Aeon. Archived from the original on 15 May 2020. Retrieved 9 May 2020.

ahandfulofleaves.org (Global: low place; Tamil: 6,486^th place)

Shulman 2008, ப. 305, note 19. Shulman, Eviatar (2008), "Early Meanings of Dependent-Origination" (PDF), Journal of Indian Philosophy, 36 (2): 297–317, doi:10.1007/s10781-007-9030-8, S2CID 59132368, archived from the original (PDF) on 23 October 2022, retrieved 23 October 2022

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; Tamil: 8^th place)

According to the Buddhist tradition, following the Nidanakatha (Fausböll, Davids & Davids 1878, p. ^{[page needed]}), the introductory to the ஜாதக கதைகள், the stories of the former lives of the Buddha, Gautama was born in லும்பினி, now in modern Nepal, but then part of the territory of the Shakya-clan.^[129]^{[131] Fausböll, V. (1878), Buddhist birth-stories (Jataka tales), translated by T.W. Rhys Davids, (new & rev. ed. by C.A. Rhys Davids), London: George Routledge & Sons Ltd.; New York: E.P. Dutton & Co.}
According to the Buddhist tradition, following the Nidanakatha (Fausböll, Davids & Davids 1878, p. ^{[page needed]}), the introductory to the ஜாதக கதைகள், the stories of the former lives of the Buddha, Gautama was born in லும்பினி, now in modern Nepal, but then part of the territory of the Shakya-clan.^[129]^{[131] Fausböll, V. (1878), Buddhist birth-stories (Jataka tales), translated by T.W. Rhys Davids, (new & rev. ed. by C.A. Rhys Davids), London: George Routledge & Sons Ltd.; New York: E.P. Dutton & Co.}
In அசோகர்'s Rummindei Edict அண். 260 BCE, in (Hultzsch 1925, ப. 164) Hultzsch, E. (1925). Inscriptions of Asoka (in சமஸ்கிருதம்). p. 164.
Hultzsch (1925), ப. 164. Hultzsch, E. (1925). Inscriptions of Asoka (in சமஸ்கிருதம்). p. 164.
Beal (1883). Asvaghosa (1883), The Fo-sho-hing-tsan-king, a life of Buddha, translated by Beal, Samuel, Oxford: Clarendon
Cowell (1894). Cowell, Edward Byles, transl. (1894), "The Buddha-Karita of Ashvaghosa", in Müller, Max (ed.), Sacred Books of the East, vol. XLIX, Oxford: Clarendon{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Beal (1875). Beal, Samuel (1875), The romantic legend of Sâkya Buddha (Abhiniṣkramaṇa Sūtra), London: Trübner
Smith 1924, ப. 34, 48. Smith, Vincent (1924), The Early History of India (4th ed.), Oxford: Clarendon
Lopez 1995, ப. 16. Lopez, Donald S. (1995), Buddhism in Practice, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-04442-2
Jones (1956), ப. ^{[page needed]}. ——— (1956), The Mahāvastu, Sacred Books of the Buddhists, vol. 3, London: Luzac & Co.
Beal (1875), ப. 37. Beal, Samuel (1875), The romantic legend of Sâkya Buddha (Abhiniṣkramaṇa Sūtra), London: Trübner
Jones (1952), ப. 11. Jones, J.J. (1952), The Mahāvastu, Sacred Books of the Buddhists, vol. 2, London: Luzac & Co.
Beal (1875), ப. 41. Beal, Samuel (1875), The romantic legend of Sâkya Buddha (Abhiniṣkramaṇa Sūtra), London: Trübner
Marshall (1918), ப. 65. Marshall, John (1918). A Guide To Sanchi.
Boisselier, Jean (1994). The wisdom of the Buddha. New York: Harry N. Abrams. ISBN 0-8109-2807-8. கணினி நூலகம் 31489012.
Lopez (1995), ப. 4. Lopez, Donald S. (1995), Buddhism in Practice, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-04442-2
Moore, Matthew J. (2016). Buddhism and Political Theory. Oxford University Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-19-046551-3.

bdkamerica.org (Global: low place; Tamil: low place)

Willemen (2009). Willemen, Charles, transl. (2009), Buddhacarita: In Praise of Buddha's Acts (PDF), Berkeley, CA: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, ISBN 978-1-886439-42-9, archived from the original (PDF) on 27 August 2014{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

bl.uk (Global: 1,234^th place; Tamil: 491^st place)

blogs.bl.uk

"The Jatakas: Birth Stories of the Bodhisatta". British Library. 13 March 2015. Retrieved 28 June 2023.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; Tamil: 6^th place)

Based on stone inscriptions, there is also speculation that Lumbei, Kapileswar village, ஒடிசா, at the east coast of India, was the site of ancient Lumbini.(Mahāpātra 1977 Mohāpātra 2000, ப. 114Tripathy 2014) Hartmann 1991, ப. 38–39 discusses the hypothesis and states, "The inscription has generally been considered spurious (…)" He quotes Sircar: "There can hardly be any doubt that the people responsible for the Kapilesvara inscription copied it from the said facsimile not much earlier than 1928." Mahāpātra, Cakradhara (1977), The real birth place of Buddha, Grantha Mandir, archived from the original on 11 January 2023, retrieved 6 May 2020 Mohāpātra, Gopinath (2000), "Two Birth Plates of Buddha" (PDF), Indologica Taurinensia, 26: 113–119, archived from the original (PDF) on 4 October 2012 Tripathy, Ajit Kumar (Jan 2014), "The Real Birth Place of Buddha. Yesterday's Kapilavastu, Today's Kapileswar" (PDF), The Orissa Historical Research Journal, 47 (1), Orissa State museum, archived from the original (PDF) on 18 March 2012
Scholars have noted inconsistencies in the presentations of the Buddha's enlightenment, and the Buddhist path to liberation, in the oldest sutras. These inconsistencies show that the Buddhist teachings evolved, either during the lifetime of the Buddha, or thereafter. See:
* (Bareau 1963)
* (Schmithausen 1981)
* (Norman 2003)
* (Vetter 1988)
* (Gombrich 2006a, Chapter 4)
* (Bronkhorst 1993, Chapter 7)
* (Anderson 1999) Bareau, André (1963), Recherches sur la biographie du Buddha dans les Sutrapitaka et les Vinayapitaka anciens (in பிரெஞ்சு), Ecole Francaise d'Extreme-Orient Schmithausen, Lambert (1981), "On some Aspects of Descriptions or Theories of 'Liberating Insight' and 'Enlightenment' in Early Buddhism", in von Klaus, Bruhn; Wezler, Albrecht (eds.), Studien zum Jainismus und Buddhismus (Gedenkschrift für Ludwig Alsdorf) [Studies on Jainism and Buddhism (Schriftfest for Ludwig Alsdorf)] (in ஜெர்மன்), Wiesbaden, pp. 199–250{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ——— (2003), "The Four Noble Truths", K.R. Norman Collected Papers, vol. II, Oxford: Pali Text Society, pp. 210–223 Vetter, Tilmann (1988), The Ideas and Meditative Practices of Early Buddhism, Brill ——— (2006a). How Buddhism Began: The Conditioned Genesis of the Early Teachings. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-19639-5. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2016. Bronkhorst, Johannes (1993), The Two Traditions of Meditation In Ancient India, Motilal Banarsidass Anderson, Carol (1999), Pain and Its Ending: The Four Noble Truths in the Theravada Buddhist Canon, Routledge
*Laumakis, Stephen J. (2023). An Introduction to Buddhist Philosophy. Cambridge University Press. p. xii. ISBN 978-1-009-33708-3. As far as we know, the man who became "the Buddha" or "the Awakened One" was neither a skeptic nor a fideist (i.e. a blind-faith believer) in religious and philosophical matters.
- Seager, Richard Hughes (2012). Buddhism in America. Columbia University Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-231-15973-9. As a result of his discoveries, Siddhartha became known as the Buddha, the "awakened one" or "enlightened one."
- Bary (2011), ப. 8. Bary, William Theodore de (16 March 2011). The Buddhist Tradition: In India, China and Japan. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-307-77879-6. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 2 May 2022.
- Fogelin (2015). Fogelin, Lars (1 April 2015). An Archaeological History of Indian Buddhism. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-026692-9. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 2 May 2022.
- Sir Monier Monier-Williams; Ernst Leumann; Carl Cappeller (2002). A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 733. ISBN 978-81-208-3105-6. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
- உரோசன் தலால் (2014). The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths. Penguin Books. ISBN 9788184753967. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 6 May 2020. Entry: "Jina"
- Beckwith, Christopher I. (2017). Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia. Princeton University Press. p. 168. ISBN 978-0-691-17632-1. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 1 May 2022.
- Prebish, Charles S. (1 November 2010). Buddhism: A Modern Perspective. Penn State Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-271-03803-2.
- Sarao, K. T. S. (16 September 2020). The History of Mahabodhi Temple at Bodh Gaya. Springer Nature. p. 80. ISBN 978-981-15-8067-3. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 1 May 2022.
- Leoshko, Janice (2017). Sacred Traces: British Explorations of Buddhism in South Asia. Routledge. p. 64. ISBN 978-1-351-55030-7. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
- India: A History. Revised and Updated, by John Keay: "The date [of Buddha's meeting with Bimbisara] (given the Buddhist 'short chronology') must have been around 400 BCE."
- Strong, John, ix–x in "Forward" to The Thousand and One Lives of the Buddha, by Bernard Faure, 2022, University of Hawaii Press, ISBN 9780824893545, google books பரணிடப்பட்டது 2 நவம்பர் 2022 at the வந்தவழி இயந்திரம்
- Collins (2009), ப. 199–200. Collins, Randall (2009), The Sociology of Philosophies, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-02977-4, archived from the original on 11 January 2023, retrieved 13 February 2016, 1120 pp.
- Nakamura (1980), ப. 20. Nakamura, Hajime (1980), Indian Buddhism: a survey with bibliographical notes, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-0272-8
- Warder (1998), ப. 45. Warder, A.K. (1998). "Lokayata, Ajivaka, and Ajnana Philosophy". A Course in Indian Philosophy (2nd ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. ISBN 978-81-208-1244-4.
- Fogelin 2015, ப. 74. Fogelin, Lars (1 April 2015). An Archaeological History of Indian Buddhism. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-026692-9. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 2 May 2022.
- Verma, Archana (2007). Cultural and Visual Flux at Early Historical Bagh in Central India. Archana Verma. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-4073-0151-8. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
- Carrithers (2001), ப. 15. Carrithers, M. (2001), The Buddha: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-02-865910-7, archived from the original on 11 January 2023, retrieved 1 October 2018
- Carrithers (2001), ப. ^{[page needed]}. Carrithers, M. (2001), The Buddha: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-02-865910-7, archived from the original on 11 January 2023, retrieved 1 October 2018
- Nagendra, Kumar Singh (1997). "Buddha as depicted in the Purāṇas". Encyclopaedia of Hinduism. Vol. 7. Anmol Publications. pp. 260–275. ISBN 978-81-7488-168-7. Retrieved 16 April 2012.
- Trainor (2010), ப. 436–437. Trainor, Kevin (2010), "Kapilavastu", in: Keown, Damien; Prebish, Charles S. Encyclopedia of Buddhism, London: Routledge, ISBN 978-1-136-98588-1
- Nakamura (1980), ப. 18. Nakamura, Hajime (1980), Indian Buddhism: a survey with bibliographical notes, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-0272-8
- Hiltebeitel (2013). Hiltebeitel, Alf (2013) [2002], "Hinduism", in Kitagawa, Joseph (ed.), The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture, Routledge, ISBN 978-1-136-87597-7, archived from the original on 11 January 2023, retrieved 7 November 2015
- Penner (2009), ப. 28. Penner, Hans H. (2009), Rediscovering the Buddha: The Legends and Their Interpretations, ஒக்ஸ்போர்ட் பல்கலைக்கழகப் பதிப்பகம், ISBN 978-0-19-538582-3, archived from the original on 11 January 2023, retrieved 6 May 2020
- Malalasekera (1960), ப. 291–292. Malalasekera, G.P. (1960), Dictionary of Pali Proper Names, Vol. 1, London: Pali Text Society/Luzac, ISBN 9788120618237
- Jain (1991), ப. 79. Jain, Kailash Chand (1991), Lord Mahāvīra and His Times, மோதிலால் பனர்சிதாசு, ISBN 978-81-208-0805-8, archived from the original on 11 January 2023, retrieved 22 April 2017
- Gombrich (2006b), ப. 21. ——— (2006b), Theravada Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo, The Library of Religious Beliefs and Practices Series, Routledge and Kegan Paul, ISBN 978-1-134-21718-2, archived from the original on 11 January 2023, retrieved 14 March 2021
- Steven M. Emmanuel (2015). A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 587–588. ISBN 978-1-119-14466-3. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
- David J. Kalupahana (1975). Causality: The Central Philosophy of Buddhism. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 6–7. ISBN 978-0-8248-0298-1.
- Boisvert 1995, ப. 147–150. Boisvert, Mathieu (1995), The Five Aggregates: Understanding Theravada Psychology and Soteriology, Wilfrid Laurier University Press, ISBN 978-0-88920-257-3

britannica.com (Global: 40^th place; Tamil: 21^st place)

Lopez, Donald "Four Noble Truths". Encyclopædia Britannica.
"nirvana". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
Lopez, Donald "The Buddha's relics". Encyclopædia Britannica.
Skandha பரணிடப்பட்டது 3 சனவரி 2018 at the வந்தவழி இயந்திரம் Encyclopædia Britannica (2013)

buddhanet.net (Global: 9,459^th place; Tamil: 961^st place)

"The Golden Bowl". Life of the Buddha. Archived from the original on 3 March 2013. Retrieved 25 December 2012 – via BuddhaNet.
Bhikkhu, Mettanando (15 May 2001). "How the Buddha died". Bangkok Post. Archived from the original on 14 November 2012. Retrieved 25 December 2012 – via BuddhaNet.
Bodhi, Bhikkhu (1995). Transcendental Dependent Arising. A Translation and Exposition of the Upanisa Sutta பரணிடப்பட்டது 6 திசம்பர் 2019 at the வந்தவழி இயந்திரம்.

calpoly.edu (Global: low place; Tamil: low place)

digitalcommons.calpoly.edu

Moore, Matthew J. (2015). "Political theory in Canonical Buddhism". Philosophy East & West 65 (1): 36–64. doi:10.1353/pew.2015.0002. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F&httpsredir=1&article=1026&context=poli_fac. பார்த்த நாள்: 9 February 2020.

colostate.edu (Global: 3,616^th place; Tamil: 641^st place)

cs.colostate.edu

Dhammika (1993). ——— (1993), The Edicts of King Asoka: An English Rendering, The Wheel Publication, Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society, ISBN 978-955-24-0104-6, archived from the original on 28 October 2013

dhammatalks.net (Global: low place; Tamil: low place)

Dhammananda, Ven. Dr. K. Sri, Great Virtues of the Buddha (PDF), Dhamma talks, archived (PDF) from the original on 26 August 2013, retrieved 28 July 2013

dharmafarer.org (Global: low place; Tamil: low place)

Tan, Piya (21 December 2009), Ambaṭṭha Sutta. Theme: Religious arrogance versus spiritual openness (PDF), Dharma farer, archived from the original (PDF) on 9 January 2016, retrieved 22 October 2014
Tan, Piya (trans) (2010). "The Discourse to Sandaka (trans. of Sandaka Sutta, Majjhima Nikāya 2, Majjhima Paṇṇāsaka 3, Paribbājaka Vagga 6)" (PDF). The Dharmafarers. The Minding Centre. pp. 17–18. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 January 2016. Retrieved 24 September 2015.

dickinson.edu (Global: low place; Tamil: low place)

blogs.dickinson.edu

Prebish (2008). Prebish, Charles S. (2008), "Cooking the Buddhist Books: The Implications of the New Dating of the Buddha for the History of Early Indian Buddhism" (PDF), Journal of Buddhist Ethics, 15: 1–21, ISSN 1076-9005, archived from the original (PDF) on 28 January 2012
Prebish (2008), ப. 2. Prebish, Charles S. (2008), "Cooking the Buddhist Books: The Implications of the New Dating of the Buddha for the History of Early Indian Buddhism" (PDF), Journal of Buddhist Ethics, 15: 1–21, ISSN 1076-9005, archived from the original (PDF) on 28 January 2012

dictionary.com (Global: 794^th place; Tamil: 671^st place)

"Definition of dhamma". Dictionary.com. Archived from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 27 October 2020.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; Tamil: 4^th place)

doi.org

Bronkhorst, Johannes (2016). "Appendix X Was there Buddhism in Gandhāra at the Time of Alexander?". How the Brahmins Won. Brill. pp. 483–489, page 6 of the appendix. doi:10.1163/9789004315518_016. ISBN 978-90-04-31551-8. Archived from the original on 24 April 2022. Retrieved 1 May 2022.
Ruegg (1999), ப. 82–87. Ruegg, Seyford (1999), "A new publication on the date and historiography of Buddha's decease (nirvana): a review article", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 62 (1): 82–87, doi:10.1017/s0041977x00017572, S2CID 162902049
Sarao, K. T. S. (2003), "The Ācariyaparamparā and Date of the Buddha.", Indian Historical Review, 30 (1–2): 1–12, doi:10.1177/037698360303000201, S2CID 141897826
Meeks (2016), ப. 139. Meeks, Lori (27 June 2016), "Imagining Rāhula in Medieval Japan" (PDF), Japanese Journal of Religious Studies, 43 (1): 131–151, doi:10.18874/jjrs.43.1.2016.131-151, archived (PDF) from the original on 5 November 2018, retrieved 14 November 2018
Wayman 1971. Wayman, Alex (1971), "Buddhist Dependent Origination", History of Religions, 10 (3): 185–203, doi:10.1086/462628, JSTOR 1062009, S2CID 161507469
Shulman 2008, ப. 305, note 19. Shulman, Eviatar (2008), "Early Meanings of Dependent-Origination" (PDF), Journal of Indian Philosophy, 36 (2): 297–317, doi:10.1007/s10781-007-9030-8, S2CID 59132368, archived from the original (PDF) on 23 October 2022, retrieved 23 October 2022

dx.doi.org

Michael Witzel (2009). "Moving Targets? Texts, language, archaeology and history in the Late Vedic and early Buddhist periods". Indo-Iranian Journal 52 (2–3): 287–310. doi:10.1163/001972409X12562030836859. பன்னாட்டுத் தர தொடர் எண்:0019-7246. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:8457940.
Witzel, Michael (2019). "Early 'Aryans' and their neighbors outside and inside India". Journal of Biosciences 44 (3): 58. doi:10.1007/s12038-019-9881-7. பன்னாட்டுத் தர தொடர் எண்:0973-7138. பப்மெட்:31389347.
Bronkhorst, J. (2007). "Greater Magadha, Studies in the culture of Early India", p. 6. Leiden, Boston, MA: Brill. எஆசு:10.1163/ej.9789004157194.i-416
Karunamuni ND (May 2015). "The Five-Aggregate Model of the Mind". SAGE Open 5 (2): 215824401558386. doi:10.1177/2158244015583860.
Moore, Matthew J. (2015). "Political theory in Canonical Buddhism". Philosophy East & West 65 (1): 36–64. doi:10.1353/pew.2015.0002. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F&httpsredir=1&article=1026&context=poli_fac. பார்த்த நாள்: 9 February 2020.

e-reading.link (Global: low place; Tamil: low place)

Wynne (2007), ப. 8–23, ch. 2. ——— (2007), The Origin of Buddhist Meditation (PDF), Routledge, ISBN 978-0-203-96300-5, archived (PDF) from the original on 20 October 2020, retrieved 2 January 2015
Wynne (2007), ப. 112. ——— (2007), The Origin of Buddhist Meditation (PDF), Routledge, ISBN 978-0-203-96300-5, archived (PDF) from the original on 20 October 2020, retrieved 2 January 2015

equinoxpub.com (Global: low place; Tamil: low place)

journals.equinoxpub.com

Levman, Bryan Geoffrey (2013). "Cultural Remnants of the Indigenous Peoples in the Buddhist Scriptures". Buddhist Studies Review 30 (2): 145–180. பன்னாட்டுத் தர தொடர் எண்:1747-9681. https://journals.equinoxpub.com/BSR/article/view/17899/pdf. பார்த்த நாள்: 23 February 2020.

frogbear.org (Global: low place; Tamil: low place)

Meeks (2016), ப. 139. Meeks, Lori (27 June 2016), "Imagining Rāhula in Medieval Japan" (PDF), Japanese Journal of Religious Studies, 43 (1): 131–151, doi:10.18874/jjrs.43.1.2016.131-151, archived (PDF) from the original on 5 November 2018, retrieved 14 November 2018

handle.net (Global: 102^nd place; Tamil: 649^th place)

hdl.handle.net

Hirakawa (1990), ப. 21. Hirakawa, Akira (1990), A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna, University of Hawaii Press, hdl:10125/23030, ISBN 0-8248-1203-4, archived from the original on 8 March 2021, retrieved 17 January 2021
Hirakawa (1990), ப. 24. Hirakawa, Akira (1990), A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna, University of Hawaii Press, hdl:10125/23030, ISBN 0-8248-1203-4, archived from the original on 8 March 2021, retrieved 17 January 2021
Hirakawa (1990), ப. 25. Hirakawa, Akira (1990), A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna, University of Hawaii Press, hdl:10125/23030, ISBN 0-8248-1203-4, archived from the original on 8 March 2021, retrieved 17 January 2021
Hirakawa (1990), ப. 26. Hirakawa, Akira (1990), A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna, University of Hawaii Press, hdl:10125/23030, ISBN 0-8248-1203-4, archived from the original on 8 March 2021, retrieved 17 January 2021

harvard.edu (Global: 18^th place; Tamil: 39^th place)

nrs.harvard.edu

Michael Witzel (2009). "Moving Targets? Texts, language, archaeology and history in the Late Vedic and early Buddhist periods". Indo-Iranian Journal 52 (2–3): 287–310. doi:10.1163/001972409X12562030836859. பன்னாட்டுத் தர தொடர் எண்:0019-7246. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:8457940.

hawaii.edu (Global: 1,308^th place; Tamil: 684^th place)

scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu

Hirakawa (1990), ப. 21. Hirakawa, Akira (1990), A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna, University of Hawaii Press, hdl:10125/23030, ISBN 0-8248-1203-4, archived from the original on 8 March 2021, retrieved 17 January 2021
Hirakawa (1990), ப. 24. Hirakawa, Akira (1990), A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna, University of Hawaii Press, hdl:10125/23030, ISBN 0-8248-1203-4, archived from the original on 8 March 2021, retrieved 17 January 2021
Hirakawa (1990), ப. 25. Hirakawa, Akira (1990), A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna, University of Hawaii Press, hdl:10125/23030, ISBN 0-8248-1203-4, archived from the original on 8 March 2021, retrieved 17 January 2021
Hirakawa (1990), ப. 26. Hirakawa, Akira (1990), A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna, University of Hawaii Press, hdl:10125/23030, ISBN 0-8248-1203-4, archived from the original on 8 March 2021, retrieved 17 January 2021

indologica.com (Global: low place; Tamil: low place)

Based on stone inscriptions, there is also speculation that Lumbei, Kapileswar village, ஒடிசா, at the east coast of India, was the site of ancient Lumbini.(Mahāpātra 1977 Mohāpātra 2000, ப. 114Tripathy 2014) Hartmann 1991, ப. 38–39 discusses the hypothesis and states, "The inscription has generally been considered spurious (…)" He quotes Sircar: "There can hardly be any doubt that the people responsible for the Kapilesvara inscription copied it from the said facsimile not much earlier than 1928." Mahāpātra, Cakradhara (1977), The real birth place of Buddha, Grantha Mandir, archived from the original on 11 January 2023, retrieved 6 May 2020 Mohāpātra, Gopinath (2000), "Two Birth Plates of Buddha" (PDF), Indologica Taurinensia, 26: 113–119, archived from the original (PDF) on 4 October 2012 Tripathy, Ajit Kumar (Jan 2014), "The Real Birth Place of Buddha. Yesterday's Kapilavastu, Today's Kapileswar" (PDF), The Orissa Historical Research Journal, 47 (1), Orissa State museum, archived from the original (PDF) on 18 March 2012

jstor.org (Global: 26^th place; Tamil: 86^th place)

Wayman 1971. Wayman, Alex (1971), "Buddhist Dependent Origination", History of Religions, 10 (3): 185–203, doi:10.1086/462628, JSTOR 1062009, S2CID 161507469

lionsroar.com (Global: low place; Tamil: low place)

Salomon, Richard (20 January 2020). "How the Gandharan Manuscripts Change Buddhist History". Lion's Roar. Archived from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2020.

mcgill.ca (Global: 2,527^th place; Tamil: 5,101^st place)

mrsp.mcgill.ca

Turpie (2001), ப. 3. Turpie, D (2001), Wesak And The Re-Creation of Buddhist Tradition (PDF) (master's thesis), Montreal, QC: McGill University, archived from the original (PDF) on 15 April 2007

nationalgeographic.com (Global: 344^th place; Tamil: 141^st place)

news.nationalgeographic.com

Vergano, Dan (25 November 2013). "Oldest Buddhist Shrine Uncovered In Nepal May Push Back the Buddha's Birth Date". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 26 November 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2013.

newmandala.org (Global: low place; Tamil: low place)

Mazard, Eisel (2010). "The Buddha was bald", பரணிடப்பட்டது 3 பெப்ரவரி 2020 at the வந்தவழி இயந்திரம் New Mandala.

nih.gov (Global: 4^th place; Tamil: 5^th place)

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Witzel, Michael (2019). "Early 'Aryans' and their neighbors outside and inside India". Journal of Biosciences 44 (3): 58. doi:10.1007/s12038-019-9881-7. பன்னாட்டுத் தர தொடர் எண்:0973-7138. பப்மெட்:31389347.

ntu.edu.tw (Global: 2,798^th place; Tamil: 9,850^th place)

ccbs.ntu.edu.tw

Chalmers, Robert. The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1898. pp.103–115 பரணிடப்பட்டது 13 ஆகத்து 2012 at the வந்தவழி இயந்திரம்
Waley (1932), ப. 343–354. Waley, Arthur (July 1932), "Did Buddha die of eating pork?: with a note on Buddha's image", Melanges Chinois et Bouddhiques: 1931–1932, NTU: 343–354, archived from the original on 3 June 2011

orissa.gov.in (Global: low place; Tamil: 1,509^th place)

Based on stone inscriptions, there is also speculation that Lumbei, Kapileswar village, ஒடிசா, at the east coast of India, was the site of ancient Lumbini.(Mahāpātra 1977 Mohāpātra 2000, ப. 114Tripathy 2014) Hartmann 1991, ப. 38–39 discusses the hypothesis and states, "The inscription has generally been considered spurious (…)" He quotes Sircar: "There can hardly be any doubt that the people responsible for the Kapilesvara inscription copied it from the said facsimile not much earlier than 1928." Mahāpātra, Cakradhara (1977), The real birth place of Buddha, Grantha Mandir, archived from the original on 11 January 2023, retrieved 6 May 2020 Mohāpātra, Gopinath (2000), "Two Birth Plates of Buddha" (PDF), Indologica Taurinensia, 26: 113–119, archived from the original (PDF) on 4 October 2012 Tripathy, Ajit Kumar (Jan 2014), "The Real Birth Place of Buddha. Yesterday's Kapilavastu, Today's Kapileswar" (PDF), The Orissa Historical Research Journal, 47 (1), Orissa State museum, archived from the original (PDF) on 18 March 2012

osu.edu (Global: 2,333^rd place; Tamil: 1,278^th place)

huntingtonarchive.osu.edu

Huntington (1986). Huntington, John C. (September 1986), "Sowing the Seeds of the Lotus: A Journey to the Great Pilgrimage Sites of Buddhism, part V" (PDF), Orientations, 17 (9): 46–58, archived (PDF) from the original on 28 November 2014

palitext.com (Global: low place; Tamil: low place)

Jurewicz 2000. Jurewicz, Joanna (2000), "Playing with Fire: The pratityasamutpada from the perspective of Vedic thought" (PDF), Journal of the Pali Text Society, 26: 77–103, archived (PDF) from the original on 9 April 2015, retrieved 9 April 2015

princeton.edu (Global: 741^st place; Tamil: 480^th place)

press.princeton.edu

Beckwith (2015), ப. 30. Beckwith, Christopher I. (2015). Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia (PDF). Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400866328. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 November 2016. Retrieved 13 November 2022.

psu.edu (Global: 207^th place; Tamil: 454^th place)

citeseerx.ist.psu.edu

Roy (1984), ப. 1. Roy, Ashim Kumar (1984), A history of the Jains, New Delhi: Gitanjali, p. 179, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.132.6107
Roy (1984), ப. 7. Roy, Ashim Kumar (1984), A history of the Jains, New Delhi: Gitanjali, p. 179, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.132.6107

sagepub.com (Global: 731^st place; Tamil: 781^st place)

journals.sagepub.com

Sarao, K. T. S. (2003), "The Ācariyaparamparā and Date of the Buddha.", Indian Historical Review, 30 (1–2): 1–12, doi:10.1177/037698360303000201, S2CID 141897826

santifm.org (Global: low place; Tamil: low place)

Bhikkhu Sujato (2012), "Why Devadatta Was No Saint, A critique of Reginald Ray's thesis of the 'condemned saint'" பரணிடப்பட்டது 30 சனவரி 2020 at the வந்தவழி இயந்திரம்

scielo.org.za (Global: low place; Tamil: low place)

Clasquin-Johnson, Michel. "Will the real Nigantha Nātaputta please stand up? Reflections on the Buddha and his contemporaries". Journal for the Study of Religion 28 (1): 100–114. பன்னாட்டுத் தர தொடர் எண்:1011-7601. http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S1011-76012015000100006&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en. பார்த்த நாள்: 4 July 2016.

scribd.com (Global: 482^nd place; Tamil: 444^th place)

Warder (2004), ப. ^{[page needed]}. ——— (2004). Indian Buddhism (reprint ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. Archived from the original on 15 April 2022. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
ஸ்ரீமத் பாகவதம்

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11^th place; Tamil: 846^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Ruegg (1999), ப. 82–87. Ruegg, Seyford (1999), "A new publication on the date and historiography of Buddha's decease (nirvana): a review article", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 62 (1): 82–87, doi:10.1017/s0041977x00017572, S2CID 162902049
Sarao, K. T. S. (2003), "The Ācariyaparamparā and Date of the Buddha.", Indian Historical Review, 30 (1–2): 1–12, doi:10.1177/037698360303000201, S2CID 141897826
Wayman 1971. Wayman, Alex (1971), "Buddhist Dependent Origination", History of Religions, 10 (3): 185–203, doi:10.1086/462628, JSTOR 1062009, S2CID 161507469
Shulman 2008, ப. 305, note 19. Shulman, Eviatar (2008), "Early Meanings of Dependent-Origination" (PDF), Journal of Indian Philosophy, 36 (2): 297–317, doi:10.1007/s10781-007-9030-8, S2CID 59132368, archived from the original (PDF) on 23 October 2022, retrieved 23 October 2022

stanford.edu (Global: 179^th place; Tamil: 197^th place)

plato.stanford.edu

Siderits (2019). Siderits, Mark (2019), "Buddha", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, archived from the original on 21 May 2022, retrieved 24 January 2020

studybuddhism.com (Global: low place; Tamil: low place)

Berzin, Alexander (April 2007). "Indian Society and Thought before and at the Time of Buddha". Study Buddhism. Archived from the original on 28 June 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2016.

tamilvu.org (Global: 3,072^nd place; Tamil: 3^rd place)

கௌதம புத்தரின் வாழ்க்கை

tricycle.org (Global: low place; Tamil: low place)

Gombrich (2013). ——— (12 December 2013). "Recent discovery of "earliest Buddhist shrine" a sham?". Tricycle. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2021.

unesco.org (Global: 104^th place; Tamil: 48^th place)

unesdoc.unesco.org

Weise (2013), ப. 46–47. Weise, Kai (2013), The Sacred Garden of Lumbini – Perceptions of Buddha's Birthplace (PDF), Paris: UNESCO, ISBN 978-92-3-001208-3, archived from the original (PDF) on 30 August 2014

whc.unesco.org

"Lumbini, the Birthplace of the Lord Buddha". World Heritage Convention. UNESCO. Archived from the original on 31 July 2010. Retrieved 26 May 2011.

uni-hamburg.de (Global: 3,809^th place; Tamil: 2,383^rd place)

buddhismuskunde.uni-hamburg.de

Anālayo (2011), ப. 170. ——— (2011). A Comparative Study of the Majjhima-nikāya Volume 1 (Introduction, Studies of Discourses 1 to 90. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
Anālayo (2011), ப. 173. ——— (2011). A Comparative Study of the Majjhima-nikāya Volume 1 (Introduction, Studies of Discourses 1 to 90. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
Anālayo (2011), ப. 175. ——— (2011). A Comparative Study of the Majjhima-nikāya Volume 1 (Introduction, Studies of Discourses 1 to 90. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
Anālayo (2011), ப. 234–235. ——— (2011). A Comparative Study of the Majjhima-nikāya Volume 1 (Introduction, Studies of Discourses 1 to 90. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
Anālayo (2011), ப. 236. ——— (2011). A Comparative Study of the Majjhima-nikāya Volume 1 (Introduction, Studies of Discourses 1 to 90. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
Anālayo (2011), ப. 240. ——— (2011). A Comparative Study of the Majjhima-nikāya Volume 1 (Introduction, Studies of Discourses 1 to 90. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
Anālayo (2011), ப. 243. ——— (2011). A Comparative Study of the Majjhima-nikāya Volume 1 (Introduction, Studies of Discourses 1 to 90. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
Anālayo (2011), ப. 178. ——— (2011). A Comparative Study of the Majjhima-nikāya Volume 1 (Introduction, Studies of Discourses 1 to 90. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
Anālayo (2011), ப. 182. ——— (2011). A Comparative Study of the Majjhima-nikāya Volume 1 (Introduction, Studies of Discourses 1 to 90. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
Anālayo (2011), ப. 183. ——— (2011). A Comparative Study of the Majjhima-nikāya Volume 1 (Introduction, Studies of Discourses 1 to 90. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
Anālayo (2011), ப. 185. ——— (2011). A Comparative Study of the Majjhima-nikāya Volume 1 (Introduction, Studies of Discourses 1 to 90. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
Anālayo (2011), ப. 198. ——— (2011). A Comparative Study of the Majjhima-nikāya Volume 1 (Introduction, Studies of Discourses 1 to 90. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
Anālayo (2011), ப. 891. ——— (2011). A Comparative Study of the Majjhima-nikāya Volume 1 (Introduction, Studies of Discourses 1 to 90. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
Anālayo (2011), ப. 189. ——— (2011). A Comparative Study of the Majjhima-nikāya Volume 1 (Introduction, Studies of Discourses 1 to 90. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
Anālayo (2011), ப. 263. ——— (2011). A Comparative Study of the Majjhima-nikāya Volume 1 (Introduction, Studies of Discourses 1 to 90. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
Anālayo (2017b), ப. 137–138. ——— (2017b). Buddhapada and the Bodhisattva Path (PDF). Hamburg Buddhist Studies. Vol. 8. projekt verlag, Bochum/Freiburg. ISBN 978-3-89733-415-1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2021.

uni-heidelberg.de (Global: 1,681^st place; Tamil: 1,332^nd place)

journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de

Narain (1993), ப. 187–201. Narain, A.K. (1993), "Book Review: Heinz Bechert (ed.), The dating of the Historical Buddha, part I", Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, 16 (1): 187–201, archived from the original on 10 July 2015, retrieved 21 October 2014
Bucknell (1984). Bucknell, Robert S. (1984), "The Buddhist path to liberation: An analysis of the listing of stages", The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, archived from the original on 23 October 2022, retrieved 23 October 2022

uni-koeln.de (Global: 2,455^th place; Tamil: 821^st place)

sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de

Monier-Williams 1899, ப. 483, entry note: . Monier-Williams, Monier (1899), A Sanskrit-English Dictionary (PDF), London: Oxford University Press, archived (PDF) from the original on 25 May 2020, retrieved 13 November 2022

vam.ac.uk (Global: 2,871^st place; Tamil: 1,153^rd place)

"The Astamahapratiharya: Buddhist pilgrimage sites". Victoria and Albert Museum. Archived from the original on 31 October 2012. Retrieved 25 December 2012.

washington.edu (Global: 1,067^th place; Tamil: 851^st place)

"Ancient Buddhist Scrolls from Gandhara". UW Press. Archived from the original on 27 May 2017. Retrieved 4 September 2008.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; Tamil: 1^st place)

Based on stone inscriptions, there is also speculation that Lumbei, Kapileswar village, ஒடிசா, at the east coast of India, was the site of ancient Lumbini.(Mahāpātra 1977 Mohāpātra 2000, ப. 114Tripathy 2014) Hartmann 1991, ப. 38–39 discusses the hypothesis and states, "The inscription has generally been considered spurious (…)" He quotes Sircar: "There can hardly be any doubt that the people responsible for the Kapilesvara inscription copied it from the said facsimile not much earlier than 1928." Mahāpātra, Cakradhara (1977), The real birth place of Buddha, Grantha Mandir, archived from the original on 11 January 2023, retrieved 6 May 2020 Mohāpātra, Gopinath (2000), "Two Birth Plates of Buddha" (PDF), Indologica Taurinensia, 26: 113–119, archived from the original (PDF) on 4 October 2012 Tripathy, Ajit Kumar (Jan 2014), "The Real Birth Place of Buddha. Yesterday's Kapilavastu, Today's Kapileswar" (PDF), The Orissa Historical Research Journal, 47 (1), Orissa State museum, archived from the original (PDF) on 18 March 2012
Scholars have noted inconsistencies in the presentations of the Buddha's enlightenment, and the Buddhist path to liberation, in the oldest sutras. These inconsistencies show that the Buddhist teachings evolved, either during the lifetime of the Buddha, or thereafter. See:
* (Bareau 1963)
* (Schmithausen 1981)
* (Norman 2003)
* (Vetter 1988)
* (Gombrich 2006a, Chapter 4)
* (Bronkhorst 1993, Chapter 7)
* (Anderson 1999) Bareau, André (1963), Recherches sur la biographie du Buddha dans les Sutrapitaka et les Vinayapitaka anciens (in பிரெஞ்சு), Ecole Francaise d'Extreme-Orient Schmithausen, Lambert (1981), "On some Aspects of Descriptions or Theories of 'Liberating Insight' and 'Enlightenment' in Early Buddhism", in von Klaus, Bruhn; Wezler, Albrecht (eds.), Studien zum Jainismus und Buddhismus (Gedenkschrift für Ludwig Alsdorf) [Studies on Jainism and Buddhism (Schriftfest for Ludwig Alsdorf)] (in ஜெர்மன்), Wiesbaden, pp. 199–250{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ——— (2003), "The Four Noble Truths", K.R. Norman Collected Papers, vol. II, Oxford: Pali Text Society, pp. 210–223 Vetter, Tilmann (1988), The Ideas and Meditative Practices of Early Buddhism, Brill ——— (2006a). How Buddhism Began: The Conditioned Genesis of the Early Teachings. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-19639-5. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2016. Bronkhorst, Johannes (1993), The Two Traditions of Meditation In Ancient India, Motilal Banarsidass Anderson, Carol (1999), Pain and Its Ending: The Four Noble Truths in the Theravada Buddhist Canon, Routledge
Prebish (2008). Prebish, Charles S. (2008), "Cooking the Buddhist Books: The Implications of the New Dating of the Buddha for the History of Early Indian Buddhism" (PDF), Journal of Buddhist Ethics, 15: 1–21, ISSN 1076-9005, archived from the original (PDF) on 28 January 2012
Bary (2011), ப. 8. Bary, William Theodore de (16 March 2011). The Buddhist Tradition: In India, China and Japan. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-307-77879-6. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 2 May 2022.
Fogelin (2015). Fogelin, Lars (1 April 2015). An Archaeological History of Indian Buddhism. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-026692-9. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 2 May 2022.
Sir Monier Monier-Williams; Ernst Leumann; Carl Cappeller (2002). A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 733. ISBN 978-81-208-3105-6. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
Chalmers, Robert. The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1898. pp.103–115 பரணிடப்பட்டது 13 ஆகத்து 2012 at the வந்தவழி இயந்திரம்
Dhammananda, Ven. Dr. K. Sri, Great Virtues of the Buddha (PDF), Dhamma talks, archived (PDF) from the original on 26 August 2013, retrieved 28 July 2013
உரோசன் தலால் (2014). The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths. Penguin Books. ISBN 9788184753967. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 6 May 2020. Entry: "Jina"
Weise (2013), ப. 46–47. Weise, Kai (2013), The Sacred Garden of Lumbini – Perceptions of Buddha's Birthplace (PDF), Paris: UNESCO, ISBN 978-92-3-001208-3, archived from the original (PDF) on 30 August 2014
Bronkhorst, Johannes (2016). "Appendix X Was there Buddhism in Gandhāra at the Time of Alexander?". How the Brahmins Won. Brill. pp. 483–489, page 6 of the appendix. doi:10.1163/9789004315518_016. ISBN 978-90-04-31551-8. Archived from the original on 24 April 2022. Retrieved 1 May 2022.
Beckwith, Christopher I. (2017). Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia. Princeton University Press. p. 168. ISBN 978-0-691-17632-1. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 1 May 2022.
"Definition of dhamma". Dictionary.com. Archived from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 27 October 2020.
Dhammika (1993). ——— (1993), The Edicts of King Asoka: An English Rendering, The Wheel Publication, Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society, ISBN 978-955-24-0104-6, archived from the original on 28 October 2013
"That the True Dhamma Might Last a Long Time: Readings Selected by King Asoka". Access to Insight. Translated by Bhikkhu, Thanissaro. 1993. Archived from the original on 28 October 2017. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
Sarao, K. T. S. (16 September 2020). The History of Mahabodhi Temple at Bodh Gaya. Springer Nature. p. 80. ISBN 978-981-15-8067-3. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 1 May 2022.
Leoshko, Janice (2017). Sacred Traces: British Explorations of Buddhism in South Asia. Routledge. p. 64. ISBN 978-1-351-55030-7. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
"Ancient Buddhist Scrolls from Gandhara". UW Press. Archived from the original on 27 May 2017. Retrieved 4 September 2008.
Willemen (2009). Willemen, Charles, transl. (2009), Buddhacarita: In Praise of Buddha's Acts (PDF), Berkeley, CA: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, ISBN 978-1-886439-42-9, archived from the original (PDF) on 27 August 2014{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Wynne, Alexander. "Was the Buddha an awakened prince or a humble itinerant?". Aeon. Archived from the original on 15 May 2020. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
Strong, John, ix–x in "Forward" to The Thousand and One Lives of the Buddha, by Bernard Faure, 2022, University of Hawaii Press, ISBN 9780824893545, google books பரணிடப்பட்டது 2 நவம்பர் 2022 at the வந்தவழி இயந்திரம்
Narain (1993), ப. 187–201. Narain, A.K. (1993), "Book Review: Heinz Bechert (ed.), The dating of the Historical Buddha, part I", Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, 16 (1): 187–201, archived from the original on 10 July 2015, retrieved 21 October 2014
Prebish (2008), ப. 2. Prebish, Charles S. (2008), "Cooking the Buddhist Books: The Implications of the New Dating of the Buddha for the History of Early Indian Buddhism" (PDF), Journal of Buddhist Ethics, 15: 1–21, ISSN 1076-9005, archived from the original (PDF) on 28 January 2012
Vergano, Dan (25 November 2013). "Oldest Buddhist Shrine Uncovered In Nepal May Push Back the Buddha's Birth Date". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 26 November 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
Gombrich (2013). ——— (12 December 2013). "Recent discovery of "earliest Buddhist shrine" a sham?". Tricycle. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2021.
Tan, Piya (21 December 2009), Ambaṭṭha Sutta. Theme: Religious arrogance versus spiritual openness (PDF), Dharma farer, archived from the original (PDF) on 9 January 2016, retrieved 22 October 2014
Collins (2009), ப. 199–200. Collins, Randall (2009), The Sociology of Philosophies, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-02977-4, archived from the original on 11 January 2023, retrieved 13 February 2016, 1120 pp.
Berzin, Alexander (April 2007). "Indian Society and Thought before and at the Time of Buddha". Study Buddhism. Archived from the original on 28 June 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2016.
Wynne (2007), ப. 8–23, ch. 2. ——— (2007), The Origin of Buddhist Meditation (PDF), Routledge, ISBN 978-0-203-96300-5, archived (PDF) from the original on 20 October 2020, retrieved 2 January 2015
Fogelin 2015, ப. 74. Fogelin, Lars (1 April 2015). An Archaeological History of Indian Buddhism. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-026692-9. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 2 May 2022.
Verma, Archana (2007). Cultural and Visual Flux at Early Historical Bagh in Central India. Archana Verma. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-4073-0151-8. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
Tan, Piya (trans) (2010). "The Discourse to Sandaka (trans. of Sandaka Sutta, Majjhima Nikāya 2, Majjhima Paṇṇāsaka 3, Paribbājaka Vagga 6)" (PDF). The Dharmafarers. The Minding Centre. pp. 17–18. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 January 2016. Retrieved 24 September 2015.
"A Sketch of the Buddha's Life: Readings from the Pali Canon". Access to Insight. 2005. Archived from the original on 22 December 2010. Retrieved 24 September 2015.
Carrithers (2001), ப. 15. Carrithers, M. (2001), The Buddha: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-02-865910-7, archived from the original on 11 January 2023, retrieved 1 October 2018
Carrithers (2001), ப. ^{[page needed]}. Carrithers, M. (2001), The Buddha: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-02-865910-7, archived from the original on 11 January 2023, retrieved 1 October 2018
"Lumbini, the Birthplace of the Lord Buddha". World Heritage Convention. UNESCO. Archived from the original on 31 July 2010. Retrieved 26 May 2011.
"The Astamahapratiharya: Buddhist pilgrimage sites". Victoria and Albert Museum. Archived from the original on 31 October 2012. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
Huntington (1986). Huntington, John C. (September 1986), "Sowing the Seeds of the Lotus: A Journey to the Great Pilgrimage Sites of Buddhism, part V" (PDF), Orientations, 17 (9): 46–58, archived (PDF) from the original on 28 November 2014
Hirakawa (1990), ப. 21. Hirakawa, Akira (1990), A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna, University of Hawaii Press, hdl:10125/23030, ISBN 0-8248-1203-4, archived from the original on 8 March 2021, retrieved 17 January 2021
Hiltebeitel (2013). Hiltebeitel, Alf (2013) [2002], "Hinduism", in Kitagawa, Joseph (ed.), The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture, Routledge, ISBN 978-1-136-87597-7, archived from the original on 11 January 2023, retrieved 7 November 2015
Hirakawa (1990), ப. 24. Hirakawa, Akira (1990), A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna, University of Hawaii Press, hdl:10125/23030, ISBN 0-8248-1203-4, archived from the original on 8 March 2021, retrieved 17 January 2021
Turpie (2001), ப. 3. Turpie, D (2001), Wesak And The Re-Creation of Buddhist Tradition (PDF) (master's thesis), Montreal, QC: McGill University, archived from the original (PDF) on 15 April 2007
Meeks (2016), ப. 139. Meeks, Lori (27 June 2016), "Imagining Rāhula in Medieval Japan" (PDF), Japanese Journal of Religious Studies, 43 (1): 131–151, doi:10.18874/jjrs.43.1.2016.131-151, archived (PDF) from the original on 5 November 2018, retrieved 14 November 2018
Anālayo (2011), ப. 170. ——— (2011). A Comparative Study of the Majjhima-nikāya Volume 1 (Introduction, Studies of Discourses 1 to 90. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
Anālayo (2011), ப. 173. ——— (2011). A Comparative Study of the Majjhima-nikāya Volume 1 (Introduction, Studies of Discourses 1 to 90. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
Monier-Williams 1899, ப. 483, entry note: . Monier-Williams, Monier (1899), A Sanskrit-English Dictionary (PDF), London: Oxford University Press, archived (PDF) from the original on 25 May 2020, retrieved 13 November 2022
Beckwith (2015), ப. 30. Beckwith, Christopher I. (2015). Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia (PDF). Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400866328. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 November 2016. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
Penner (2009), ப. 28. Penner, Hans H. (2009), Rediscovering the Buddha: The Legends and Their Interpretations, ஒக்ஸ்போர்ட் பல்கலைக்கழகப் பதிப்பகம், ISBN 978-0-19-538582-3, archived from the original on 11 January 2023, retrieved 6 May 2020
Hirakawa (1990), ப. 25. Hirakawa, Akira (1990), A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna, University of Hawaii Press, hdl:10125/23030, ISBN 0-8248-1203-4, archived from the original on 8 March 2021, retrieved 17 January 2021
Anālayo (2011), ப. 175. ——— (2011). A Comparative Study of the Majjhima-nikāya Volume 1 (Introduction, Studies of Discourses 1 to 90. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
Hirakawa (1990), ப. 26. Hirakawa, Akira (1990), A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna, University of Hawaii Press, hdl:10125/23030, ISBN 0-8248-1203-4, archived from the original on 8 March 2021, retrieved 17 January 2021
Anālayo (2011), ப. 234–235. ——— (2011). A Comparative Study of the Majjhima-nikāya Volume 1 (Introduction, Studies of Discourses 1 to 90. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
Anālayo (2011), ப. 236. ——— (2011). A Comparative Study of the Majjhima-nikāya Volume 1 (Introduction, Studies of Discourses 1 to 90. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
Anālayo (2011), ப. 240. ——— (2011). A Comparative Study of the Majjhima-nikāya Volume 1 (Introduction, Studies of Discourses 1 to 90. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
"The Golden Bowl". Life of the Buddha. Archived from the original on 3 March 2013. Retrieved 25 December 2012 – via BuddhaNet.
"Maha-Saccaka Sutta: The Longer Discourse to Saccaka". Access to Insight. Translated by Bhikkhu, Thanissaro. 2008. (MN 36). Archived from the original on 29 December 2008. Retrieved 19 May 2007.
Anālayo (2011), ப. 243. ——— (2011). A Comparative Study of the Majjhima-nikāya Volume 1 (Introduction, Studies of Discourses 1 to 90. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
"Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta: Setting the Wheel of Dhamma in Motion". Access to Insight. Translated by Bhikkhu, Thanissaro. 1993. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
"nirvana". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
Anālayo (2011), ப. 178. ——— (2011). A Comparative Study of the Majjhima-nikāya Volume 1 (Introduction, Studies of Discourses 1 to 90. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
Anālayo (2011), ப. 182. ——— (2011). A Comparative Study of the Majjhima-nikāya Volume 1 (Introduction, Studies of Discourses 1 to 90. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
Anālayo (2011), ப. 183. ——— (2011). A Comparative Study of the Majjhima-nikāya Volume 1 (Introduction, Studies of Discourses 1 to 90. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
Anālayo (2011), ப. 185. ——— (2011). A Comparative Study of the Majjhima-nikāya Volume 1 (Introduction, Studies of Discourses 1 to 90. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
Bhikkhu Khantipalo (1995). "Lay Buddhist Practice, The Shrine Room, Uposatha Day, Rains Residence பரணிடப்பட்டது 2 நவம்பர் 2022 at the வந்தவழி இயந்திரம்"
Jain (1991), ப. 79. Jain, Kailash Chand (1991), Lord Mahāvīra and His Times, மோதிலால் பனர்சிதாசு, ISBN 978-81-208-0805-8, archived from the original on 11 January 2023, retrieved 22 April 2017
Anālayo (2011), ப. 198. ——— (2011). A Comparative Study of the Majjhima-nikāya Volume 1 (Introduction, Studies of Discourses 1 to 90. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
Bhikkhu Sujato (2012), "Why Devadatta Was No Saint, A critique of Reginald Ray's thesis of the 'condemned saint'" பரணிடப்பட்டது 30 சனவரி 2020 at the வந்தவழி இயந்திரம்
"Maha-parinibbana Sutta", Digha Nikaya, Access insight, verse 56, archived from the original on 6 June 2011, retrieved 5 March 2009
Bhikkhu, Mettanando (15 May 2001). "How the Buddha died". Bangkok Post. Archived from the original on 14 November 2012. Retrieved 25 December 2012 – via BuddhaNet.
Waley (1932), ப. 343–354. Waley, Arthur (July 1932), "Did Buddha die of eating pork?: with a note on Buddha's image", Melanges Chinois et Bouddhiques: 1931–1932, NTU: 343–354, archived from the original on 3 June 2011
Wynne (2007), ப. 112. ——— (2007), The Origin of Buddhist Meditation (PDF), Routledge, ISBN 978-0-203-96300-5, archived (PDF) from the original on 20 October 2020, retrieved 2 January 2015
Warder (2004), ப. ^{[page needed]}. ——— (2004). Indian Buddhism (reprint ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. Archived from the original on 15 April 2022. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
Gombrich (2006b), ப. 21. ——— (2006b), Theravada Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo, The Library of Religious Beliefs and Practices Series, Routledge and Kegan Paul, ISBN 978-1-134-21718-2, archived from the original on 11 January 2023, retrieved 14 March 2021
Anālayo (2011), ப. 891. ——— (2011). A Comparative Study of the Majjhima-nikāya Volume 1 (Introduction, Studies of Discourses 1 to 90. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
Salomon, Richard (20 January 2020). "How the Gandharan Manuscripts Change Buddhist History". Lion's Roar. Archived from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
Siderits (2019). Siderits, Mark (2019), "Buddha", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, archived from the original on 21 May 2022, retrieved 24 January 2020
Steven M. Emmanuel (2015). A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 587–588. ISBN 978-1-119-14466-3. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
Skandha பரணிடப்பட்டது 3 சனவரி 2018 at the வந்தவழி இயந்திரம் Encyclopædia Britannica (2013)
Jurewicz 2000. Jurewicz, Joanna (2000), "Playing with Fire: The pratityasamutpada from the perspective of Vedic thought" (PDF), Journal of the Pali Text Society, 26: 77–103, archived (PDF) from the original on 9 April 2015, retrieved 9 April 2015
Shulman 2008, ப. 305, note 19. Shulman, Eviatar (2008), "Early Meanings of Dependent-Origination" (PDF), Journal of Indian Philosophy, 36 (2): 297–317, doi:10.1007/s10781-007-9030-8, S2CID 59132368, archived from the original (PDF) on 23 October 2022, retrieved 23 October 2022
Bucknell (1984). Bucknell, Robert S. (1984), "The Buddhist path to liberation: An analysis of the listing of stages", The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, archived from the original on 23 October 2022, retrieved 23 October 2022
Anālayo (2011), ப. 189. ——— (2011). A Comparative Study of the Majjhima-nikāya Volume 1 (Introduction, Studies of Discourses 1 to 90. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
Bodhi, Bhikkhu (1995). Transcendental Dependent Arising. A Translation and Exposition of the Upanisa Sutta பரணிடப்பட்டது 6 திசம்பர் 2019 at the வந்தவழி இயந்திரம்.
Anālayo (2011), ப. 263. ——— (2011). A Comparative Study of the Majjhima-nikāya Volume 1 (Introduction, Studies of Discourses 1 to 90. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
Mazard, Eisel (2010). "The Buddha was bald", பரணிடப்பட்டது 3 பெப்ரவரி 2020 at the வந்தவழி இயந்திரம் New Mandala.
Anālayo (2017b), ப. 137–138. ——— (2017b). Buddhapada and the Bodhisattva Path (PDF). Hamburg Buddhist Studies. Vol. 8. projekt verlag, Bochum/Freiburg. ISBN 978-3-89733-415-1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2021.

worldcat.org (Global: 5^th place; Tamil: 20^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Prebish (2008). Prebish, Charles S. (2008), "Cooking the Buddhist Books: The Implications of the New Dating of the Buddha for the History of Early Indian Buddhism" (PDF), Journal of Buddhist Ethics, 15: 1–21, ISSN 1076-9005, archived from the original (PDF) on 28 January 2012
Prebish (2008), ப. 2. Prebish, Charles S. (2008), "Cooking the Buddhist Books: The Implications of the New Dating of the Buddha for the History of Early Indian Buddhism" (PDF), Journal of Buddhist Ethics, 15: 1–21, ISSN 1076-9005, archived from the original (PDF) on 28 January 2012
Dhammika (n.d.), ப. ^{[page needed]}. Dhammika, Shravasti (n.d.) [1990s]. The Buddha & his disciples. Singapore: Buddha Dhamma Mandala Society. ISBN 981-00-4525-5. கணினி நூலகம் 173196980.
Boisselier, Jean (1994). The wisdom of the Buddha. New York: Harry N. Abrams. ISBN 0-8109-2807-8. கணினி நூலகம் 31489012.
Schmithausen (1990). ——— (1990), Buddhism and Nature, Tokyo, கணினி நூலகம் 697272229{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Dhammika (n.d.), ப. 23–24. Dhammika, Shravasti (n.d.) [1990s]. The Buddha & his disciples. Singapore: Buddha Dhamma Mandala Society. ISBN 981-00-4525-5. கணினி நூலகம் 173196980.

worldcat.org

Michael Witzel (2009). "Moving Targets? Texts, language, archaeology and history in the Late Vedic and early Buddhist periods". Indo-Iranian Journal 52 (2–3): 287–310. doi:10.1163/001972409X12562030836859. பன்னாட்டுத் தர தொடர் எண்:0019-7246. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:8457940.
Witzel, Michael (2019). "Early 'Aryans' and their neighbors outside and inside India". Journal of Biosciences 44 (3): 58. doi:10.1007/s12038-019-9881-7. பன்னாட்டுத் தர தொடர் எண்:0973-7138. பப்மெட்:31389347.
Levman, Bryan Geoffrey (2013). "Cultural Remnants of the Indigenous Peoples in the Buddhist Scriptures". Buddhist Studies Review 30 (2): 145–180. பன்னாட்டுத் தர தொடர் எண்:1747-9681. https://journals.equinoxpub.com/BSR/article/view/17899/pdf. பார்த்த நாள்: 23 February 2020.
Clasquin-Johnson, Michel. "Will the real Nigantha Nātaputta please stand up? Reflections on the Buddha and his contemporaries". Journal for the Study of Religion 28 (1): 100–114. பன்னாட்டுத் தர தொடர் எண்:1011-7601. http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S1011-76012015000100006&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en. பார்த்த நாள்: 4 July 2016.

கௌதம புத்தர் (Tamil Wikipedia)

academia.edu (Global: 121st place; Tamil: 221st place)

accesstoinsight.org (Global: 3,865th place; Tamil: 791st place)

aeon.co (Global: low place; Tamil: low place)

ahandfulofleaves.org (Global: low place; Tamil: 6,486th place)

archive.org (Global: 6th place; Tamil: 8th place)

bdkamerica.org (Global: low place; Tamil: low place)

bl.uk (Global: 1,234th place; Tamil: 491st place)

blogs.bl.uk

books.google.com (Global: 3rd place; Tamil: 6th place)

britannica.com (Global: 40th place; Tamil: 21st place)

buddhanet.net (Global: 9,459th place; Tamil: 961st place)

calpoly.edu (Global: low place; Tamil: low place)

digitalcommons.calpoly.edu

colostate.edu (Global: 3,616th place; Tamil: 641st place)

cs.colostate.edu

dhammatalks.net (Global: low place; Tamil: low place)

dharmafarer.org (Global: low place; Tamil: low place)

dickinson.edu (Global: low place; Tamil: low place)

blogs.dickinson.edu

dictionary.com (Global: 794th place; Tamil: 671st place)

doi.org (Global: 2nd place; Tamil: 4th place)

doi.org

dx.doi.org

e-reading.link (Global: low place; Tamil: low place)

equinoxpub.com (Global: low place; Tamil: low place)

journals.equinoxpub.com

frogbear.org (Global: low place; Tamil: low place)

handle.net (Global: 102nd place; Tamil: 649th place)

hdl.handle.net

harvard.edu (Global: 18th place; Tamil: 39th place)

nrs.harvard.edu

hawaii.edu (Global: 1,308th place; Tamil: 684th place)

scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu

indologica.com (Global: low place; Tamil: low place)

jstor.org (Global: 26th place; Tamil: 86th place)

lionsroar.com (Global: low place; Tamil: low place)

mcgill.ca (Global: 2,527th place; Tamil: 5,101st place)

mrsp.mcgill.ca

nationalgeographic.com (Global: 344th place; Tamil: 141st place)

news.nationalgeographic.com

newmandala.org (Global: low place; Tamil: low place)

nih.gov (Global: 4th place; Tamil: 5th place)

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

ntu.edu.tw (Global: 2,798th place; Tamil: 9,850th place)

ccbs.ntu.edu.tw

orissa.gov.in (Global: low place; Tamil: 1,509th place)

osu.edu (Global: 2,333rd place; Tamil: 1,278th place)

huntingtonarchive.osu.edu

palitext.com (Global: low place; Tamil: low place)

princeton.edu (Global: 741st place; Tamil: 480th place)

press.princeton.edu

psu.edu (Global: 207th place; Tamil: 454th place)

citeseerx.ist.psu.edu

sagepub.com (Global: 731st place; Tamil: 781st place)

journals.sagepub.com

santifm.org (Global: low place; Tamil: low place)

scielo.org.za (Global: low place; Tamil: low place)

scribd.com (Global: 482nd place; Tamil: 444th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11th place; Tamil: 846th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

stanford.edu (Global: 179th place; Tamil: 197th place)

plato.stanford.edu

studybuddhism.com (Global: low place; Tamil: low place)

tamilvu.org (Global: 3,072nd place; Tamil: 3rd place)

tricycle.org (Global: low place; Tamil: low place)

unesco.org (Global: 104th place; Tamil: 48th place)

unesdoc.unesco.org

whc.unesco.org

uni-hamburg.de (Global: 3,809th place; Tamil: 2,383rd place)

buddhismuskunde.uni-hamburg.de

uni-heidelberg.de (Global: 1,681st place; Tamil: 1,332nd place)

journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de

uni-koeln.de (Global: 2,455th place; Tamil: 821st place)

sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de

vam.ac.uk (Global: 2,871st place; Tamil: 1,153rd place)

washington.edu (Global: 1,067th place; Tamil: 851st place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1st place; Tamil: 1st place)

worldcat.org (Global: 5th place; Tamil: 20th place)

search.worldcat.org

academia.edu (Global: 121^st place; Tamil: 221^st place)

accesstoinsight.org (Global: 3,865^th place; Tamil: 791^st place)

ahandfulofleaves.org (Global: low place; Tamil: 6,486^th place)

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; Tamil: 8^th place)

bl.uk (Global: 1,234^th place; Tamil: 491^st place)

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; Tamil: 6^th place)

britannica.com (Global: 40^th place; Tamil: 21^st place)

buddhanet.net (Global: 9,459^th place; Tamil: 961^st place)

colostate.edu (Global: 3,616^th place; Tamil: 641^st place)

dictionary.com (Global: 794^th place; Tamil: 671^st place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; Tamil: 4^th place)

handle.net (Global: 102^nd place; Tamil: 649^th place)

harvard.edu (Global: 18^th place; Tamil: 39^th place)

hawaii.edu (Global: 1,308^th place; Tamil: 684^th place)

jstor.org (Global: 26^th place; Tamil: 86^th place)

mcgill.ca (Global: 2,527^th place; Tamil: 5,101^st place)

nationalgeographic.com (Global: 344^th place; Tamil: 141^st place)

nih.gov (Global: 4^th place; Tamil: 5^th place)

ntu.edu.tw (Global: 2,798^th place; Tamil: 9,850^th place)

orissa.gov.in (Global: low place; Tamil: 1,509^th place)

osu.edu (Global: 2,333^rd place; Tamil: 1,278^th place)

princeton.edu (Global: 741^st place; Tamil: 480^th place)

psu.edu (Global: 207^th place; Tamil: 454^th place)

sagepub.com (Global: 731^st place; Tamil: 781^st place)

scribd.com (Global: 482^nd place; Tamil: 444^th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11^th place; Tamil: 846^th place)

stanford.edu (Global: 179^th place; Tamil: 197^th place)

tamilvu.org (Global: 3,072^nd place; Tamil: 3^rd place)

unesco.org (Global: 104^th place; Tamil: 48^th place)

uni-hamburg.de (Global: 3,809^th place; Tamil: 2,383^rd place)

uni-heidelberg.de (Global: 1,681^st place; Tamil: 1,332^nd place)

uni-koeln.de (Global: 2,455^th place; Tamil: 821^st place)

vam.ac.uk (Global: 2,871^st place; Tamil: 1,153^rd place)

washington.edu (Global: 1,067^th place; Tamil: 851^st place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; Tamil: 1^st place)

worldcat.org (Global: 5^th place; Tamil: 20^th place)