Edhem, Eldem. "Istanbul." In: Ágoston, Gábor and Bruce Alan Masters. Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Infobase Publishing, 21 May 2010. ISBN1-4381-1025-1, 9781438110257. Start and CITED: p. 286. "With the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and the establishment of the Republic of Turkey, all previous names were abandoned and Istanbul came to designate the entire city."
(Stanford and Ezel Shaw (27 May 1977): History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Vol II, ISBN0-521-29166-6, 9780521291668. p. 386; Robinson (1965), The First Turkish Republic, p. 298 and Society (2014-03-04). "Istanbul, not Constantinople". National Geographic Society (ภาษาอังกฤษ). คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 2020-01-03. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2019-03-28.)
"Osman I". Encyclopedia Britannica. Osman I, also called Osman Gazi, (born c. 1258—died 1324 or 1326), ruler of a Turkmen principality in northwestern Anatolia who is regarded as the founder of the Ottoman Turkish state.
• Quataert, Donald (2005). The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922. Cambridge University Press (Kindle edition). p. 186.
• Schaller, Dominik J; Zimmerer, Jürgen (2008). "Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies – introduction". Journal of Genocide Research. 10 (1): 7–14. doi:10.1080/14623520801950820. S2CID71515470.
(Stanford and Ezel Shaw (27 May 1977): History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Vol II, ISBN0-521-29166-6, 9780521291668. p. 386; Robinson (1965), The First Turkish Republic, p. 298 and Society (2014-03-04). "Istanbul, not Constantinople". National Geographic Society (ภาษาอังกฤษ). คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 2020-01-03. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2019-03-28.)
oxfordislamicstudies.com
"Ottoman Empire". Oxford Islamic Studies Online. 6 May 2008. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 2012-05-25. สืบค้นเมื่อ 26 August 2010.
• Quataert, Donald (2005). The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922. Cambridge University Press (Kindle edition). p. 186.
• Schaller, Dominik J; Zimmerer, Jürgen (2008). "Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies – introduction". Journal of Genocide Research. 10 (1): 7–14. doi:10.1080/14623520801950820. S2CID71515470.
(Stanford and Ezel Shaw (27 May 1977): History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Vol II, ISBN0-521-29166-6, 9780521291668. p. 386; Robinson (1965), The First Turkish Republic, p. 298 and Society (2014-03-04). "Istanbul, not Constantinople". National Geographic Society (ภาษาอังกฤษ). คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 2020-01-03. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2019-03-28.)