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ภาษาฮินดูสตานี (Thai Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "ภาษาฮินดูสตานี" in Thai language version.

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5books.google.com
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3web.archive.org
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1ethnologue.com
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1wikipedia.org
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1hindinideshalaya.nic.in
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1urducouncil.nic.in
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1skynet.be
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1ncsu.edu
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1britannica.com
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1thefederal.com
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1irshadbhat.github.io
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books.google.com

  • Mohammad Tahsin Siddiqi (1994), Hindustani-English code-mixing in modern literary texts, University of Wisconsin, ... Hindustani is the lingua franca of both India and Pakistan ...
  • Trask, R. L., "Hindi-Urdu", Dictionary of Historical and Comparative Linguistics, Edinburgh University Press, pp. 149–150, Hindi-Urdu The most important modern Indo-Aryan language, spoken by well over 250 million people, mainly in India and Pakistan. At the spoken level Hindi and Urdu are the same language (called Hindustani before the political partition), but the two varieties are written in different alphabets and differ substantially in their abstract and technical vocabularies
  • Crystal, David (2001), A Dictionary of Language, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, (p. 115) Figure: A family of languages: the Indo-European family tree, reflecting geographical distribution. Proto Indo-European>Indo-Iranian>Indo-Aryan (Sanskrit)> Midland (Rajasthani, Bihari, Hindi/Urdu); (p. 149) Hindi There is little structural difference between Hindi and Urdu, and the two are often grouped together under the single label Hindi/Urdu, sometimes abbreviated to Hirdu, and formerly often called Hindustani; (p. 160) India ... With such linguistic diversity, Hindi/Urdu has come to be widely used as a lingua franca.
  • Gandhi, M. K.; Desai, Mahadev (translator); Suhrud, Tridip (annotation) (2018), An Autobiography or The Story of My Experiments with Truth: A Critical Edition, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, (p. 737) I was handicapped for want of suitable Hindi or Urdu words. This was my first occasion for delivering an argumentative speech before an audience especially composed of Mussalmans of the North. I had spoken in Urdu at the Muslim League at Calcutta, but it was only for a few minutes, and the speech was intended only to be a feeling appeal to the audience. Here, on the contrary, I was faced with a critical, if not hostile, audience, to whom I had to explain and bring home my view-point. But I had cast aside all shyness. I was not there to deliver an address in the faultless, polished Urdu of the Delhi Muslims, but to place before the gathering my views in such broken Hindi as I could command. And in this I was successful. This meeting afforded me a direct proof of the fact that Hindi-Urdu alone could become the lingua franca<Footnote M8> of India. (M8: "national language" in the Gujarati original). {{citation}}: |first2= มีชื่อเรียกทั่วไป (help)
  • Pollock, Sheldon (2003). Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia. University of California Press. p. 912. ISBN 978-0-520-22821-4.

britannica.com

  • Britannica, Editors (1 November 2018). "Hindustani language". Encyclopedia Britannica. สืบค้นเมื่อ 18 October 2021. (subscription required) lingua franca of northern India and Pakistan. Two variants of Hindustani, Urdu and Hindi, are official languages in Pakistan and India, respectively. Hindustani began to develop during the 13th century CE in and around the Indian cities of Delhi and Meerut in response to the increasing linguistic diversity that resulted from Muslim hegemony. In the 19th century its use was widely promoted by the British, who initiated an effort at standardization. Hindustani is widely recognized as India’s most common lingua franca, but its status as a vernacular renders it difficult to measure precisely its number of speakers. {{cite web}}: |first= มีชื่อเรียกทั่วไป (help)

ethnologue.com

  • "Hindi" L1: 322 million (2011 Indian census), including perhaps 150 million speakers of other languages that reported their language as "Hindi" on the census. L2: 274 million (2016, source unknown). Urdu L1: 67 million (2011 & 2017 censuses), L2: 102 million (1999 Pakistan, source unknown, and 2001 Indian census): Ethnologue 21. Hindi ที่ Ethnologue (21st ed., 2018) Closed access. Urdu ที่ Ethnologue (21st ed., 2018) Closed access.

hindinideshalaya.nic.in

irshadbhat.github.io

  • Bhat, Riyaz Ahmad; Bhat, Irshad Ahmad; Jain, Naman; Sharma, Dipti Misra (2016). "A House United: Bridging the Script and Lexical Barrier between Hindi and Urdu" (PDF) (ภาษาอังกฤษ). Proceedings of COLING 2016, the 26th International Conference on Computational Linguistics. สืบค้นเมื่อ 18 October 2021. Hindi and Urdu transliteration has received a lot of attention from the NLP research community of South Asia (Malik et al., 2008; Lehal and Saini, 2012; Lehal and Saini, 2014). It has been seen to break the barrier that makes the two look different.

ncsu.edu

sasw.chass.ncsu.edu

skynet.be

users.skynet.be

thefederal.com

urducouncil.nic.in

web.archive.org

wikipedia.org

en.wikipedia.org

  • "Hindi" L1: 322 million (2011 Indian census), including perhaps 150 million speakers of other languages that reported their language as "Hindi" on the census. L2: 274 million (2016, source unknown). Urdu L1: 67 million (2011 & 2017 censuses), L2: 102 million (1999 Pakistan, source unknown, and 2001 Indian census): Ethnologue 21. Hindi ที่ Ethnologue (21st ed., 2018) Closed access. Urdu ที่ Ethnologue (21st ed., 2018) Closed access.